滄桑變幻:歷史上有名的古子城
古城金華擁有2200多年的建城史,若想在當(dāng)下追尋其歷史蹤跡、城市記憶、民俗表達(dá),非古子城莫屬。古子城在金華這座城市的腹地,始建于唐昭宗天復(fù)三年(903)以前,距今已有1000多年歷史,給我的印象是由陌生到熟悉的過程。
古子城有許多坊巷,最有名的酒坊巷是老居民區(qū);八詠路上的古玩市場周末分外熱鬧;鼓樓里、熙春巷里的各色創(chuàng)意餐飲店是“吃貨”們的首選,也是文青們拍照的圣地;東市街上的金華市博物館是金華歷史文化的展示窗口;飄萍路邊的八詠公園和婺州公園,永遠(yuǎn)是“滿園春色惹人醉”。
近日,筆者一行走訪了古子城,那些外墻斑駁的市井街巷的建筑遺存并不緘默,屋里的人們打開話匣,就是一段家族興衰榮辱的時代故事。祖輩口中不時念及的過往,代代傳承,成為我們對一個家、一座城的認(rèn)識,而最后指向的是對我們自身的認(rèn)識。
走訪從酒坊巷開始。這條巷的得名,因明代時巷內(nèi)開設(shè)過酒坊而來。古典小說《金瓶梅》《紅樓夢》中多次提及的金華府酒,就出自此巷。“文革”初期,酒坊巷曾改名為創(chuàng)新巷,不久又更名為健康巷,1980年才恢復(fù)酒坊巷名。這里曾經(jīng)是繁華富庶之地,以前的住戶非富即貴,而今破舊殘敗,面臨拆遷。但是,在這條坊巷中,隨便推開的一扇門里都深藏著一部豐富多彩的家族生命史,配合著波瀾壯闊的歷史變遷,讓我們真切地感受著今昔滄桑變幻。
斗轉(zhuǎn)星移:大城市中的老坊巷
酒坊巷N號,院門虛掩著,輕輕地推開,沉重的木門發(fā)出“吱嘎”聲。院內(nèi)兩層三進(jìn)的房屋構(gòu)造,跟屋主方大伯和鄭大媽表明來意、得到允許進(jìn)到里屋。一棟老宅,兩個天井,樓上樓下十二間門鎖生銹的“公房”、兩間“私房”,僅這些似乎就可以大致構(gòu)想出這個家族的興衰變遷輪廓。細(xì)聊后得知,方家祖籍在衢縣大洲鎮(zhèn),方大伯的爺爺方正南是民國時期金衢地區(qū)有名的律師。此宅是清代官宦舊宅,民國時為方正南及其第三房姨太太住所,目前主要是方正南的兩個孫子即方大伯和二哥及其家人居住。方正南娶有三房妻子,膝下有子24人,新中國初期,方家興盛程度達(dá)到極致,現(xiàn)在方家族裔大都是大學(xué)生,分散在全國各地。據(jù)方大伯介紹,其父為三房所生,滿腹詩書,頗有才華,身材魁梧,儀表堂堂,曾參加過抗美援朝,轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)后擔(dān)任金華蘇孟小學(xué)的教師;其母曾是部隊的宣傳干事,不僅人長得很漂亮,尤其能歌善舞。他還告知我們,方家第三房育有五男二女,其父是老大;二叔畢業(yè)于鄭州大學(xué),后在鄭州工作;三姑畢業(yè)于北京醫(yī)科大學(xué),后在北京工作;四叔和五叔在地質(zhì)隊工作,后兩人均因公犧牲;六姑是東莞某醫(yī)院的醫(yī)生;小叔不詳。
方正南在20世紀(jì)50年代過世了。方家一共14間房,僅分到兩間私房,其余均沒收成公房?!拔母铩边^后,因不知如何申請公房轉(zhuǎn)私房,方大伯一家三口至今仍住在130平方米左右的一間私房內(nèi)。那些公房住戶都在外面買了房子,不住在這里,閑置的房間也不再屬于方家了。說到方家現(xiàn)今的狀況,方大伯透露,兄弟姐妹四人,大哥在迪耳藥業(yè)工作,二哥在某銀行印刷部工作,三姐在金華一家運輸公司做出納,自己是老四,在尖峰水泥廠工作,現(xiàn)在四人均已退休。方大伯目前拿著2000多元的退休金,和鄭大媽夫妻倆在屋旁開了個棋牌店,兒子在讀初中,基本能夠滿足生活所需。
滄海一粟:大歷史中的小家庭
筆者從這私房里看到的是繁華過后的落寞,輕嘆一聲,卻也不得不邁開腿,向那斑駁的舊門外走去。
在酒坊巷M號,徐爺爺和趙奶奶老兩口正精神地坐在門前讀報。徐爺爺愛好書法,屋舍內(nèi)掛滿了字畫,得知我們對此處的文化感興趣、欲了解尋常人家的家族史,就招呼我們進(jìn)屋,并向我們娓娓道來。
徐爺爺?shù)母赣H是民國教育部秘書長黃人望家的長工,20世紀(jì)50年代初期,徐家的成分被劃為貧農(nóng)。而趙奶奶是出身落魄官僚家庭,也是革命烈士的后代,她與徐爺爺?shù)慕Y(jié)合或許可以看作是政治婚姻。趙奶奶的大外公姚勇忱留學(xué)日本,后追隨孫中山加入同盟會,1915年,被袁世凱秘密殺害,年35歲,墓在杭州辛亥革命烈士園內(nèi)。趙奶奶的外公姚是忱曾擔(dān)任金華縣長。趙奶奶的父親是國立英士大學(xué)工學(xué)院的教師,家里是做石灰生意,且品性善良,了解母親家情況,對母親家照顧有加,兩家就訂了這門親事,婚后生了四個女兒,趙奶奶排行老三。她笑著說:“年輕的時候總是抱怨環(huán)境,終日愁眉不展,現(xiàn)在年紀(jì)大了,想開了,和老伴退休在家,日子過得很清閑。母親今年90高齡,身體還很硬朗,姊妹家都富裕起來了,自己的一雙兒女在金華工作,也都很有孝心,一有空就會來看望我們?!?/p>
方家和趙家的百年興衰,可以說是中國近代史的縮影。通過追溯家族的歷史記憶,飲水思源,讓我們對今日的幸福生活倍感珍惜。
見微知著:小人物中的大情懷
酒坊巷84號,我國現(xiàn)存唯一見證兩岸人民共同抗日的臺灣義勇隊紀(jì)念館。管理員蔣阿姨詳細(xì)、耐心地向我們解說了臺灣義勇隊在金華的光榮事跡,并講述她自己的人生經(jīng)歷及對酒坊巷、對紀(jì)念館的深厚情感。從她激情洋溢的言談、抑揚(yáng)頓挫的語調(diào)中,足以看出她對這份工作的一片熱忱。
東市街50號,金華市剪紙博物館。館長詹東明先生是浙江省工藝美術(shù)大師,長發(fā)長須,很有藝術(shù)家氣息。詹先生是金華本地人,這里的每一幢老屋、每一口水井、每一塊石碑,都深深吸引著他將這些歷史符號運用于剪紙藝術(shù)中。他告訴我們這座從義烏遷建的清代建筑是他申請認(rèn)養(yǎng)的,他希冀自己能為展示、保護(hù)、傳承、搶救和研究金華剪紙?zhí)泶u加瓦。
蔣阿姨和詹館長將自己全部的光和熱投入到了工作中,與他們交談時,深深地被其眼眸里的光芒所吸引。前者致力于弘揚(yáng)和傳播愛國主義教育精神,后者力求能夠創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展民間剪紙文化,從這兩個普通人身上,我們看到了心系社會的大情懷。endprint
值得在古子城一游的,尚有酒坊巷128號的《浙江潮》舊址,123號的胡步蟾故居,103號的李友邦將軍辦公處,98號的真神堂舊址及旁邊的酒泉井,80號的湘巖試館;將軍路81號的永康考寓;八詠路上的八詠樓以及東側(cè)的蓉峰書院、休文井,192號的黃賓虹故居,188號的徐家故里,123號的狀元坊;飄萍路489號的婺州公園及其東邊的八詠公園,153號的保寧門,98號的滿堂書苑;鼓樓里76號的將軍樓,70號的太平天國侍王府;熙春巷58號和69號的古戲臺;東市街上的攔路井,76號的福音醫(yī)院,66號的何氏三杰陳列館。
通過這次對古子城的尋訪,我再一次感受到了“人文世界處處皆田野”,無論在鄉(xiāng)野村落,還是在街巷里弄,追訪普通人的家族生命史,將其置于廣闊的歷史脈絡(luò)之中來審視,“個體”“家族”“社會”“時代”等因素?zé)o疑是緊密相連的,彼此鑲嵌在社會結(jié)構(gòu)之中,相輔相成。
(本文攝影:蔣惠婷)
A Stroll into the Ancient Inner City of Jinhua
By Jiang Huiting
With a history dating back at least 1,700 years, the ancient inner city serves as an ideal case study to look into the 2,200-year city history of Jinhua in Zhejiang Province. For a glimpse of the most authentic historic sediments of the ancient city, the alley labyrinth of the inner city together with its peripheral blocks is a must-see.
Located in the heart of downtown Jinhua, the ancient inner city was first built in the years of Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Today, the well-conserved town area is a bustling lived-in place hosting an array of cultural spots including the Jinhua Museum located on Dongshi Street and a dazzling variety of restaurants in Xichun Alley. The weekend antique market on Bayong Street has always been a favorite rendezvous of the citys old-timers flocking to browse through knick-knacks and engage in small talks.
Jiufang Alley, named after the wineries in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), is a good place to start the promenade in the ancient inner city. It is believed that the ‘Jinhua Wine, mentioned repeatedly in published in the Qing Dynasty, was produced here. The alley was renamed twice during the countrys Cultural Revolution period, but regained its original name in 1980.
Surprising glimpses into the locals life are stumbled upon. One moment you are gazing into a busy café, and the next you are peering into someones dimly lit home. However, the houses are not just ghostly shells of the past, but are still inhabited today. Towards the outskirts of the old town, brown antique roof tiles contrast against imposing white apartment buildings, marking the end of the walled-in example of past living.
One of the houses in the ‘winery alley is a sprawling courtyard residence lived in by the third generation of Fang Zhengnan, a famous lawyer who had three wives and 24 children. The heyday of the extended family in the 1950s is told by the sheer size of the two-storey, lavish mansion that has a total of 14 rooms, one of which is inhabited by one of the grandsons of Fang Zhengnan.endprint
The house a few meters away is the home of an old couple who also has a stormy life story to tell. The mans father was a family laborer hired by Huang Renwang, Secretary-general of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. His wife is the granddaughter of Yao Yongchen, who was a follower of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and was killed by Yuan Shih-kai at the age of 35.
The small alley also hosts the Taiwan Volunteer Corps Memorial Museum, where a glorious chapter in Chinas resistance war against Japanese aggression is commemorated. A Qing-style house relocated from Yiwu is the Jinhua Paper-cutting Museum, located at No. 50 on Dongshi Street and now hosted by Zhan Dongming, a local artist dedicated to the rescue and protection of the paper-cutting culture of Jinhua.
The vicissitudes of the old inner city is also witnessed by a cluster of historical attractions in the Jiufang Alley, such as the former residence of the editorial office of Zhejiang Tides, the former residence of famous educator and biologist Hu Buchan, and the former site of a Christian church called Zhen Shen Tang.
One can also take in the cultural glory of the city on Bayong Street, where the former residence of Huang Binhong, one of 20th-century Chinas most famous literati painters, is located. One of the houses on Dongshi Street is the former site of a charity hospital that wrote a special ‘chapter of love in the history of Jinhua.endprint