賞析/陳榕
安妮.普魯(Annie Proulx) 1935年出生于康涅狄格州的諾維奇,父親是從事紡織業(yè)的商人,母親是一位畫家。她1969年獲得佛蒙特大學(xué)本科學(xué)位,1973年獲得位于加拿大蒙特利爾的喬治.威廉斯大學(xué)的碩士學(xué)位。其后她回到佛蒙特定居,成為一名雜志自由撰稿人。普魯于1980年代開始小說創(chuàng)作,1988年出版第一部短篇小說集《心靈之歌及其他小說》(Heart Songs and Other Stories),1992年發(fā)表第一部長篇小說《明信片》(Postcards),贏得了當(dāng)年的福克納筆會獎。她的第二部長篇小說《船訊》(The Shipping News)一年后出版,獲得了普利策獎。1994年,普魯離開新英格蘭地區(qū),定居懷俄明州。她以這里的生活經(jīng)驗為素材完成了《近距離:懷俄明故事集》(Close Range: Wyoming Stories, 1999)、《惡土:懷俄明故事集2》(Bad Dirt: Wyoming Stories 2,2004)和《適得其所:懷俄明故事集3》(Fine Just the Way It Is: Wyoming Stories 3, 2008)。由李安導(dǎo)演執(zhí)導(dǎo)的影片《斷背山》(Brokeback Mountain)就出自《近距離》這部小說集,該電影于 2005年獲得了最佳導(dǎo)演、最佳改編劇本以及最佳配樂三項奧斯卡獎。本文賞析的就是《近距離》這部小說集。
Excerpts1)
He traveled against curdled2) sky. In the last sixty miles the snow began again. He climbed out of Buffalo. Pallid3) flakes as distant from each other as galaxies flew past, then more and in ten minutes he was crawling at twenty miles an hour, the windshield wipers thumping like a stick dragged down the stairs.
The light was falling out of the day when he reached the pass, the blunt mountains lost in snow, the greasy hairpin turns ahead. He drove slowly and steadily in a low gear; he had not forgotten how to drive a winter mountain. But the wind was up again, rocking and slapping the car, blotting out all but whipping snow and he was sweating with the anxiety of keeping to the road, dizzy with the altitude. Twelve more miles, sliding and buffeted, before he reached Ten Sleep where streetlights glowed in revolving circles like Van Goghs sun. There had not been electricity when he left the place. In those days there were seventeen black, lightless miles between the town and the ranch4), and now the long arch of years compressed into that distance. His headlights picked up a sign: 20 MILES TO DOWN UNDER WYOMING. Emus5) and bison6) leered above the letters.
He turned onto the snowy road marked with a single set of tracks, faint but still discernible, the heater fan whirring, the radio silent, all beyond the headlights blurred. Yet everything was as it had been, the shape of the road achingly familiar, sentinel7) rocks looming as they had in his youth. There was an eerie dream quality in seeing the deserted Farrier place leaning east as it had leaned sixty years ago, the Banner ranch gate, where the companionable tracks he had been following turned off, the gate ghostly in the snow but still flying its wrought iron flag, unmarked by the injuries of weather, and the taut8) five-strand fences and dim shifting forms of cattle. Next would come the road to their ranch, a left-hand turn just over the crest of a rise. He was running now on the unmarked road through great darkness.endprint
How could he not recognize the turnoff to the ranch? It was so clear and sharp in his mind: the dusty crimp9) of the corner, the low section where the snow drifted, the run where willows slapped the side of the truck. He went a mile, watching for it, but the turn didnt come up, then watched for the Bob Kitchen place two miles beyond, but the distance unrolled and there was nothing. He made a three-point turn and backtracked. Rollo must have given up the old entrance road, for it wasnt there. The Kitchen place was gone to fire or wind. If he didnt find the turn it was no great loss; back to Ten Sleep and scout a motel. But he hated to quit when he was close enough to spit, hated to retrace black miles on a bad night when he was maybe twenty minutes away from the ranch.
He drove very slowly, following his tracks, and the ranch entrance appeared on the right although the gate was gone and the sign down. That was why hed missed it, that and a clump of sagebrush that obscured the gap.
He turned in, feeling a little triumph. But the road under the snow was rough and got rougher until he was bucking along over boulders and slanted rock and knew wherever he was it was not right.
He couldnt turn around on the narrow track and began backing gingerly, the window down, craning his stiff neck, staring into the redness cast by the taillights. The cars right rear tire rolled up over a boulder, slid and sank into a quaggy10) hole. The tires spun in the snow, but he got no purchase.
Ill sit here, he said aloud. Ill sit here until its light and then walk down to the Banner place and ask for a cup of coffee. Ill be cold but I wont freeze to death. It played like a joke the way he imagined it with Bob Banner opening the door and saying, why, its Mero, come on in and have some java and a hot biscuit, before he remembered that Bob Banner would have to be 120 years old to play that role. He was maybe three miles from Banners gate, and the Banner ranch house was another seven miles beyond the gate. Say a ten-mile hike at altitude in a snowstorm. On the other hand he had half a tank of gas. He could run the car for a while, then turn it off, start it again all through the night. It was bad luck, but thats all. The trick was patience.
1.節(jié)選部分選自開篇故事《半剝皮的閹?!罚═he Half-Skinned Steer),主要描寫了主人公在崎嶇的山路上開車遭遇暴風(fēng)雪的情景。
2.curdle [?k??(r)d(?)l] vt. 凝固;凝結(jié)
3.pallid [?p?l?d] adj. 蒼白的;暗淡的
4.ranch [rɑ?nt?] n. 大農(nóng)場;大牧場endprint
5.emu [?i?mju?] n. 鴯鹋(產(chǎn)于澳大利亞的一種體形大而不會飛的鳥)
6.bison [?ba?s(?)n] n. (尤指北美)野牛
7.sentinel [?sent?n(?)l] n. 崗哨;哨兵
8.taut [t??t] adj. 拉緊的,繃緊的
9.crimp [kr?mp] n. 折痕;起褶部分
10.quaggy ['kw?ɡi] adj. 沼地的;泥濘的
作品賞析
在介紹美國西部的風(fēng)光片中,我們常常能夠看到懷俄明的身影:它不僅是黃石、大提頓兩個國家公園所在地,而且處處有風(fēng)景。它的西部是綿延的落基山脈,山巒峻拔,峽谷幽深。東部是大平原,隨處可見碧藍(lán)的天,還有一望無際的草場,大群的牛羊徜徉其間。對于觀光客來說,這是美國最富有詩意的土地:天大地大,人安居在自然之中。美國作家安妮.普魯?shù)亩唐≌f集《近距離:懷俄明故事集》就將目光聚焦于生活在這一方水土間的人們。在她的近距離呈現(xiàn)中,生活不再是旅行者浮光掠影的印象,它褪去了浪漫的光暈,暴露出粗糲的生活紋理。
首先,對于懷俄明的定居者來說,自然是他們需要面對的生存環(huán)境,而不是僅供觀賞的風(fēng)景。山岳險峻,作為景觀甚美,對于生活在其中的人們,則意味著日復(fù)一日需要攀登的崎嶇山路,意味著驅(qū)趕大群牛羊經(jīng)過時的艱難;草原廣闊,作為景觀甚美,對于生活在其中的人們,則意味著長距離的跋涉,意味著放牧途中容易走失的牛羊。在當(dāng)代,人們依賴技術(shù)獲得了對自然的征服感:飛機從空中俯視世界,高山只是小丘,大河只是涓流;火車穿過草原,百里的風(fēng)景只是車窗里迅速閃過的十幾分鐘;傲岸的絕壁和湍急的激流在攝影鏡頭中馴服成一幀幀凝固的畫面??墒?,當(dāng)人類真正將肉身置身于自然,需要用自己的雙足去丈量這個世界時,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這種征服自然的感受有它虛幻可笑的一面。小說集開篇故事《半剝皮的閹牛》就是一篇充分展現(xiàn)自然威力的作品。男主人公梅羅青年時代離家后就沒有再回過故鄉(xiāng)。他參過戰(zhàn),經(jīng)過商,從過政,現(xiàn)在以83歲高齡定居在馬薩諸塞州。當(dāng)他收到弟弟去世的消息時,他決定開車橫穿大半個美國,到故鄉(xiāng)參加弟弟的葬禮。他是卡迪拉克車的擁躉,喜歡它張揚的風(fēng)格和動力澎湃的引擎??ǖ侠嗽谥蓦H公路上能夠縱橫馳騁,可是行進(jìn)到懷俄明山區(qū)卻無能為力。故鄉(xiāng)以常年肆虐在這片土地上的暴風(fēng)雪迎接他。盡管他在崎嶇的山路上開車十分謹(jǐn)慎,車輛依然拋錨了,他夜半凍死在歸鄉(xiāng)的路上。死神在小說中以當(dāng)?shù)貍髌婀适吕锉粍兞艘话肫s還會逃跑的閹牛為象征,它代表即將逝去的生命最后的抗?fàn)?。?dāng)梅羅逆著狂風(fēng)艱難地行進(jìn)在大雪覆蓋、空無一人的山路上,他仿佛看到閹牛正在用血紅的獨眼盯著他,那是死神的凝視,也是自然對生命掙扎的冷眼旁觀。
而且,懷俄明是美國人口密度最為稀少的州,自然空間的廣袤尺度不僅對人的生存提出了挑戰(zhàn),更增加了人類的孤獨感,有時甚至?xí)ぐl(fā)人遠(yuǎn)離文明監(jiān)控的野性?!都佑驼揪啻宋迨逵⒗铩肥切≌f集中的倒數(shù)第二篇故事。它改編自西方經(jīng)典童話《藍(lán)胡子》。在原童話中,藍(lán)胡子新娶的妻子出于好奇打開了丈夫不許她打開的房間,發(fā)現(xiàn)里面裝滿被藍(lán)胡子殺死的各位妻子的尸體。她的忤逆行為被丈夫發(fā)現(xiàn)后,她也被殺死。在安妮.普魯?shù)母木幹校适碌谋尘皬臍W洲古堡變成了懷俄明的曠野:農(nóng)場工克魯姆住在方圓數(shù)十里渺無人煙的鄉(xiāng)間,一個夜晚,他醉酒跳下山崖墜亡。他的妻子終于可以不用擔(dān)心他的威脅,她爬上屋頂,用斧子劈開了他用重重鎖鏈鎖著的閣樓,往下一望,發(fā)現(xiàn)果不其然,里面尸骨累累,堆滿了被他虐待殺死的女性。布魯姆是一個連環(huán)殺人犯,野性的空間給了他釋放人性惡的機會。
值得注意的是,安妮.普魯對懷俄明的勾勒,強調(diào)的不僅是它的自然性,還有它的時代性。它不是一片純自然的飛地,而是時刻感應(yīng)著時代的影響。在當(dāng)代,工業(yè)文明體系以及資本體系不停地向這片曾經(jīng)屬于自然的領(lǐng)地進(jìn)行滲透?!豆ぷ魇贰愤@個短篇用李蘭德.李的工作變動說明了歷史進(jìn)程對傳統(tǒng)畜牧業(yè)的影響。主人公生于20世紀(jì)40年代,父母經(jīng)營著一個破敗的小農(nóng)場。他不甘于農(nóng)場生活,先到加油站工作,后入伍當(dāng)兵。退伍后他回到故鄉(xiāng),在建筑工地打過工,開過運油卡車,辦過農(nóng)場用品店,從事過冷藏肉類加工行業(yè),開過加油站和便利店……李蘭德一家總在搬家,總在尋找新的賺錢的行業(yè),不停地想要趕上時代的大潮,卻無法掌握它變幻莫測的方向,一再被拋棄。他們無法適應(yīng)社會的新節(jié)奏,也回不到鄉(xiāng)居時代。懷俄明的自然空間依然廣闊,他們的生存空間卻越來越逼仄。
安妮.普魯筆下有很多李蘭德這樣的失意人。懷俄明的形成源于19世紀(jì)美國的西部大開發(fā),它1890年才正式成為聯(lián)邦州。在當(dāng)代,這片土地上還定居著許多邊疆拓荒者的后代。在美國的國族文化想象中,拓荒者在沒有人煙的地方定居,將蠻荒變成農(nóng)莊和牧場,和野獸搏斗,馴服野馬,蓄養(yǎng)成群的牲畜,驅(qū)趕著它們遷徙。他們的性格堅韌頑強,敢于面對挑戰(zhàn),被美國文化推崇為英雄主義的代言人。安妮.普魯在《近距離》中卻對這種文化想象進(jìn)行了祛魅。小說中沒有一個主人公符合西部小說中的英雄形象,他們是一個個普通人,沒有英雄事跡,倒是各有悲懷。《腳下泥巴》中男主人公因為幼年被父親拋棄,成年后成了一個流浪藝人,表演騎野牛,每一場表演都是以命相搏,留下一身傷。《荒草天涯盡頭》中女主人公一直在父親的農(nóng)場干活,到了適齡時沒有愛人,于是愛上了一臺拖拉機,對它喃喃囈語。《斷背山》中杰克和恩尼斯的同性之愛挑戰(zhàn)了人們對牛仔男性氣概的定義,他們只能借放牧以及打獵垂釣的機會團(tuán)聚,把空寂的自然作為避難所。從創(chuàng)傷的角度而言,這些人是脆弱的;同時他們又是強悍的,以各自的方式堅持所追求的,以及不肯與命運妥協(xié)。
在《近距離》的世界中,風(fēng)景是粗糲的,甚至是陰暗的,其中的蕓蕓眾生也沒有英雄光環(huán)的浪漫加持。然而,他們的形象卻透露出人類的生命意志之光。這種生命意志的歸宿不是超越性的人定勝天的浪漫劇,而是不肯接受宿命安排的執(zhí)拗和頑強,憑借著它,人類將根系深深地扎在了這片土地。安妮.普魯近乎冷酷的筆調(diào)里有著對天地力量的敬畏,對生活在此方水土的普通人冷峻的憐憫和肅穆的尊重。endprint