閆躍
短文改錯(cuò)的設(shè)題類(lèi)型有三種:加詞、刪詞和改詞。在十處錯(cuò)誤中,加詞與刪詞一般占據(jù)2~3處,盡管比例不高,卻是同學(xué)們失分的“重災(zāi)區(qū)”。本文結(jié)合近五年的全國(guó)卷高考真題,對(duì)短文改錯(cuò)中加詞與刪詞的考點(diǎn)作一歸納,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們平時(shí)的備考有所啟發(fā)。
[加詞類(lèi)]
1. 添加限定詞
(1)添加定冠詞
例1 (2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself ... Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
解析 此句中介詞in后面的名詞picture已經(jīng)在上文出現(xiàn)過(guò),這里是重復(fù)出現(xiàn),屬于特指,所以它的前面應(yīng)加定冠詞the。
例2 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) If we stay at home, it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.
解析 本句中,名詞world表示的是“我們所居住的世界”,屬于特指,因此它前面需要加定冠詞the。
(2)添加不定冠詞
例3 (2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
解析 固定詞組as a result表示“結(jié)果,因此”。很明顯,上句中result之前需要加上不定冠詞a。
(3)添加形容詞性物主代詞
例4 (2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
解析 名詞復(fù)數(shù)前面如果沒(méi)有限定詞,表示的是泛指,但這里的parents指的是Tony的“父母”,所以它前面應(yīng)加上指代Tony的形容詞性物主代詞his。
例5 (2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.
解析 除在某些固定用法中,用來(lái)限定名詞的序數(shù)詞之前通常應(yīng)該有個(gè)物主代詞或者定冠詞,所以上句first之前需要加上my。(本題中first之前加the也可以。)
2. 添加介詞
例6 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steadily.
解析 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“夢(mèng)想做某事”的正確翻譯應(yīng)是dream of/about doing sth.,故本句中dreams之后需加上介詞of/about。
例7 (2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.
解析 本句中的listening是現(xiàn)在分詞,用作動(dòng)詞sit的伴隨狀語(yǔ),但listening是不及物動(dòng)詞,不可以直接用music作賓語(yǔ),所以本句listening之后應(yīng)加上介詞to。
3. 添加人稱(chēng)代詞
例8 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
解析 本句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ),根據(jù)句意,是“我”在需要幫助時(shí)向父母求助,所以need之前應(yīng)加上人稱(chēng)代詞I。
4. 添加連詞
例9 (2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
解析 上面是一個(gè)包含定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句以及一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,二者均是獨(dú)立分句,但獨(dú)立分句是不能直接用逗號(hào)連接的,需要根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系加上連詞。鑒于上面兩個(gè)獨(dú)立句之間是順承關(guān)系,所以he之前需添加并列連詞and。
5. 添加不定式的標(biāo)記詞
例10 (2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables.
解析 動(dòng)詞詞組“邀請(qǐng)某人做某事”的正確翻譯為invite sb. to do sth.,不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。所以,上句的pick之前應(yīng)該加上不定式的標(biāo)記詞to。
[加詞類(lèi)]
1. 添加限定詞
(1)添加定冠詞
例1 (2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself ... Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.endprint
解析 此句中介詞in后面的名詞picture已經(jīng)在上文出現(xiàn)過(guò),這里是重復(fù)出現(xiàn),屬于特指,所以它的前面應(yīng)加定冠詞the。
例2 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) If we stay at home, it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.
解析 本句中,名詞world表示的是“我們所居住的世界”,屬于特指,因此它前面需要加定冠詞the。
(2)添加不定冠詞
例3 (2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
解析 固定詞組as a result表示“結(jié)果,因此”。很明顯,上句中result之前需要加上不定冠詞a。
(3)添加形容詞性物主代詞
例4 (2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
解析 名詞復(fù)數(shù)前面如果沒(méi)有限定詞,表示的是泛指,但這里的parents指的是Tony的“父母”,所以它前面應(yīng)加上指代Tony的形容詞性物主代詞his。
例5 (2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.
解析 除在某些固定用法中,用來(lái)限定名詞的序數(shù)詞之前通常應(yīng)該有個(gè)物主代詞或者定冠詞,所以上句first之前需要加上my。(本題中first之前加the也可以。)
2. 添加介詞
例6 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steadily.
解析 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“夢(mèng)想做某事”的正確翻譯應(yīng)是dream of/about doing sth.,故本句中dreams之后需加上介詞of/about。
例7 (2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.
解析 本句中的listening是現(xiàn)在分詞,用作動(dòng)詞sit的伴隨狀語(yǔ),但listening是不及物動(dòng)詞,不可以直接用music作賓語(yǔ),所以本句listening之后應(yīng)加上介詞to。
3. 添加人稱(chēng)代詞
例8 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
解析 本句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ),根據(jù)句意,是“我”在需要幫助時(shí)向父母求助,所以need之前應(yīng)加上人稱(chēng)代詞I。
4. 添加連詞
例9 (2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
解析 上面是一個(gè)包含定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句以及一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,二者均是獨(dú)立分句,但獨(dú)立分句是不能直接用逗號(hào)連接的,需要根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系加上連詞。鑒于上面兩個(gè)獨(dú)立句之間是順承關(guān)系,所以he之前需添加并列連詞and。
5. 添加不定式的標(biāo)記詞
例10 (2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables.
解析 動(dòng)詞詞組“邀請(qǐng)某人做某事”的正確翻譯為invite sb. to do sth.,不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。所以,上句的pick之前應(yīng)該加上不定式的標(biāo)記詞to。
不難看出,近五年全國(guó)卷的短文改錯(cuò)中,被添加的詞語(yǔ)一般都是虛詞,而被刪除的詞語(yǔ)除了虛詞之外,還有可能是實(shí)詞,但僅限于副詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。建議同學(xué)們?cè)诮獯鸲涛母腻e(cuò)時(shí),應(yīng)先從添加和刪除的詞類(lèi)入手,從而提高答題的正確率。endprint