宋梁棟,馮文濤,陳志堅(jiān),王太泉,王忠娣
( 1.陜西省興平市植保植檢站,陜西興平 713100;2.陜西省興平市種子管理站,陜西興平 713100 )
除草劑對(duì)小麥生長(zhǎng)及產(chǎn)量的影響
宋梁棟1,馮文濤1,陳志堅(jiān)2,王太泉1,王忠娣1
( 1.陜西省興平市植保植檢站,陜西興平 713100;2.陜西省興平市種子管理站,陜西興平 713100 )
近幾年,興平市麥田經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)小麥不結(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)象,為探明其與除草劑噴施的關(guān)系,選用6種玉米田除草劑和一種殺蟲劑,在小麥?zhǔn)蓟ㄆ诤凸酀{期分別噴施,研究其對(duì)小麥生長(zhǎng)及產(chǎn)量的影響。結(jié)果表明,始花期噴施煙嘧磺隆致使小麥不能正常結(jié)實(shí)和升漿,收獲后千粒質(zhì)量減少92%以上,噴施莠去津和甲·乙·莠致使小麥旗葉干枯,收獲后千粒質(zhì)量減少35%以上;灌漿期噴施w=8%煙嘧磺隆致使小麥千粒質(zhì)量減少12.9%,噴施莠去津、煙嘧磺隆+莠去津和甲·乙·莠致使旗葉干枯,收獲后千粒質(zhì)量分別減少28.2%、33.4%和21.0%;在小麥?zhǔn)蓟ㄆ谂c灌漿期噴施毒死蜱與二甲四氯鈉對(duì)小麥生長(zhǎng)與千粒質(zhì)量無(wú)影響。
小麥;除草劑;千粒質(zhì)量;不結(jié)實(shí)
麥田闊葉雜草有播娘蒿、豬殃殃、繁縷、婆婆納、薺菜、澤漆、酸膜葉蓼、打碗花、刺兒菜等[1-2],主要禾本科雜草有看麥娘、野燕麥、節(jié)節(jié)麥、雀麥等[3-4]。目前,中國(guó)麥田雜草仍然以化學(xué)藥劑防除為主[5-6]。在小麥播種前后,以禾本科雜草和豬殃殃、繁縷、薺菜、大巢菜等為重點(diǎn)防治對(duì)象,進(jìn)行早期防除;在小麥返青以后,以闊葉雜草為重點(diǎn),進(jìn)行補(bǔ)治。常用的化學(xué)除草劑有唑草酮、苯磺隆、氯氟吡氧乙酸、二甲四氯鈉等[6]。由于廣大種植業(yè)者對(duì)除草劑品種的選擇、用藥濃度、用藥量及用藥時(shí)間等技術(shù)掌握欠缺,常導(dǎo)致施藥后效果不理想,甚至造成嚴(yán)重藥害等問題[7-8]。
自2010年以來,興平市每年都發(fā)生小麥不結(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)象,受害的小麥株型、花器均正常,但花粉沒有吐出小穗,小穗空癟,不結(jié)實(shí)或僅有個(gè)別結(jié)實(shí)籽粒,成熟時(shí)植株穗部和葉片發(fā)綠。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),麥田雜草節(jié)節(jié)麥也不能正常結(jié)實(shí),雜草豬殃殃心葉發(fā)紫。據(jù)調(diào)查,陜西、安徽、河南等地都曾發(fā)生過類似現(xiàn)象[9-11]。農(nóng)技部門給出3種不同的可能原因:種子質(zhì)量問題、凍害引致的問題、小麥除草劑造成的藥害問題。陜西省興平市植保植檢站通過連續(xù)5 a的田間觀察和小區(qū)試驗(yàn),明確造成這種問題的根源,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)道如下,以期指導(dǎo)麥田除草劑的科學(xué)使用,減輕除草劑造成的藥害。
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
小麥品種為‘百農(nóng)207’,購(gòu)自陜西德鑫種業(yè)有限公司。
試驗(yàn)中所使用的藥劑及來源見表1。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)地設(shè)在陜西興平市豐儀鎮(zhèn)東溫坊村種子試驗(yàn)基地(N34.2727°, E108.4175°),面積720 m2,土壤為褐土。田間施肥、灌水按照當(dāng)?shù)爻R?guī)管理方法進(jìn)行。
1.2.1 小麥?zhǔn)蓟ㄆ趪娝?試驗(yàn)共設(shè)8個(gè)處理,即處理A,w=8%煙嘧磺隆0.75 L/hm2;處理B,w=38%莠去津1.5 L/hm2;處理C,w=15%硝磺草酮0.99 L/hm2;處理D,w=56% 二甲四氯鈉1.8 kg/hm2;處理E,w=48%毒死蜱562.5 mL/hm2;處理F,w=42%甲·乙·莠3 L/hm2;處理G,對(duì)照;處理H,w=4%煙嘧磺隆1.5 L/hm2。每個(gè)處理15 m2,四周設(shè)保護(hù)行,按照隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列,每處理3次重復(fù)(區(qū)組)。在小麥?zhǔn)蓟ㄆ?2016-04-27),用手動(dòng)噴霧器噴藥1次,用藥量為450 kg/hm2。
1.2.2 小麥灌漿期噴藥 試驗(yàn)共設(shè)8個(gè)處理,即處理A,w=8%煙嘧磺隆1.5 L/hm2;處理B,w=38%莠去津3 L/hm2;處理C,w=15%硝磺草酮0.99 L/hm2;處理D,w=56%二甲四氯鈉1.8 kg/hm2;處理E,w=48%毒死蜱562.5 mL/hm2;處理F,w=42%甲·乙·莠3 L/hm2;處理G,CK;處理I,w=8%煙嘧磺隆1.5 L/hm2+w=38%莠去津3 L/hm2。每個(gè)處理15 m2,四周設(shè)保護(hù)行,隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列,每處理3次重復(fù)(區(qū)組)。在小麥灌漿期(2016-05-03),用手動(dòng)噴霧器噴藥1次,用藥量為450 kg/hm2。
1.3 試驗(yàn)調(diào)查方法
對(duì)于始花期噴藥試驗(yàn),分別在噴藥后6、12、19、26和41 d(收獲期),記錄小麥?zhǔn)芎ΠY狀,隨機(jī)采集20穗,測(cè)千粒質(zhì)量。對(duì)于灌漿期噴藥試驗(yàn),分別在噴藥后6、13、20和36 d(收獲期),記錄小麥?zhǔn)芎ΠY狀,隨機(jī)采集20穗,測(cè)千粒質(zhì)量。
表1 供試農(nóng)藥特征Table 1 Characteristic of pesticides used in this study
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析方法
小麥千粒質(zhì)量的測(cè)量方法是將每個(gè)處理中隨機(jī)采集的20穗麥粒的質(zhì)量換算成千粒質(zhì)量。每個(gè)處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率按下式計(jì)算:
千粒質(zhì)量損失率(%)=(對(duì)照千粒質(zhì)量-處理千粒質(zhì)量)/對(duì)照千粒質(zhì)量×100%
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的方差分析及多重比較采用SAS (Statistical Analysis System) ver 8.01 的PROC ANOVA過程及Duncan’s比較的方法進(jìn)行。
2.1 除草劑對(duì)小麥的藥害癥狀
在小麥?zhǔn)蓟ㄆ趪娝? d后,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆致使小麥籽粒偏小,顏色黃白,其他處理均植株正常,籽粒色綠正常;12 d后,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理小麥植株正常,籽粒偏小干癟,黃白色。莠去津和甲·乙·莠致使小麥旗葉1/3干枯,籽粒偏小,其他處理植株正常;19 d后,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理致使小麥穗發(fā)嫩、發(fā)綠、細(xì)小、緊縮,籽粒干枯發(fā)白,莠去津和甲·乙·莠致使小麥旗葉1/3干枯,籽粒偏小,其他處理植株正常;26 d后,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理的小麥穗細(xì)、穗軸暗紅、個(gè)別旗葉葉鞘發(fā)紫、葉片發(fā)綠,個(gè)別植株籽粒呈水泡,大部籽??诊?、干枯,莠去津和甲·乙·莠處理致使小麥旗葉2/3干枯,籽粒偏小,其他處理植株正常(表2)。
在小麥灌漿期噴藥6 d后,各個(gè)處理均植株正常;13 d后,莠去津和w=8%煙嘧磺隆+w=38%莠去津處理旗葉1/6干枯,籽粒正常,其他處理植株正常;20 d后,莠去津、甲·乙·莠和w=8%煙嘧磺隆+w=38%莠去津3個(gè)處理小麥的旗葉1/6干枯,籽粒色正常、偏小,其他處理植株正常。
2.2 除草劑類型及噴施時(shí)期對(duì)小麥千粒質(zhì)量的影響
在小麥?zhǔn)蓟ㄆ趪娛┎煌輨?duì)收獲后小麥千粒質(zhì)量有重大影響,除毒死蜱、硝磺草酮和二甲四氯鈉外,其他除草劑處理的千粒質(zhì)量均顯著低于對(duì)照(圖1)。噴藥6 d后,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為34.5%、54.3%,損失最大,其他各處理的損失率在11%以下;藥后12 d,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為70.2%、72.9%,莠去津和甲·乙·莠處理千粒質(zhì)量的損失率為22.6%、27.4%,其他各處理的損失率在15%以下;藥后19 d,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為84.2%、75.6%,莠去津和甲·乙·莠處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為 25.3%、32.4%,其他各處理的損失率在15%以下;藥后26 d,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為90.3%、90.0%,莠去津和甲·乙·莠處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為34.2%、41.8%,其他各處理?yè)p失率在10%左右;藥后41 d成熟后,w=8%和w=4%煙嘧磺隆處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為92.6%、92.2%,絕收,莠去津甲·乙·莠處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為 35.7%、36.3%,損失1/3以上,其他各處理的損失率在10%以內(nèi)(表3)。
表2 始花期施藥對(duì)小麥植株的影響Table 2 Effect of herbicide application during initial flowering period on wheat plants
A.w=8%煙嘧磺隆w=8% Nicosulfuron;B.w=38%莠去津w=38% Atrazine;C.w=15%硝磺草酮w=15% Mesotrione;D.w=56%二甲四氯鈉w=56% MCPA-Na;E.w=48%毒死蜱w=48% Chlorpyrifos;F.w=42%甲·乙·莠w=42% Alachlor-Acetochlor-Atrazine;G.對(duì)照 CK;H.w=4%煙嘧磺隆w=4% Nicosulfuron;I.w=8%煙嘧磺隆+w=38%莠去津w=8% Nicosulfuron+w=38% Atrazine
圖柱上不同小寫字母表示經(jīng)Duncan氏新復(fù)極差法檢驗(yàn)差異顯著(P<0.05)。下同 Different letters indicate significant difference atP<0.05 level by Duncan’s new multiple range test.The same below
圖1 始花期噴施除草劑對(duì)收獲后小麥千粒質(zhì)量的影響
Fig.1 Effect of herbicide application during initial flowering stage on the thousand-seed mass of harvested wheat
在小麥灌漿期噴施不同除草劑對(duì)收獲后小麥千粒質(zhì)量有一定影響,除毒死蜱和二甲四氯鈉外,其他除草劑處理的千粒質(zhì)量均顯著低于對(duì)照(圖2)。小麥灌漿期噴藥后6 d,各個(gè)處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率在12%以內(nèi);藥后13 d,各個(gè)處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率在16%以下,差異不大;藥后20 d,莠去津、甲·乙·莠和w=8%煙嘧磺隆+w=38%莠去津3個(gè)處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率在20%左右,其他處理在10%以內(nèi);藥后36 d,莠去津、甲·乙·莠,w=8%煙嘧磺隆+w=38%莠去津和硝磺草酮4個(gè)處理的千粒質(zhì)量損失率為28.2%、21.0%、33.4%、17.1%,其他各處理的損失率在13%以下(表4)。
表3 始花期噴施除草劑小麥的千粒質(zhì)量損失率Table 3 The loss rate of wheat thousand-seed mass when herbicide applied at initial flowering period %
表4 灌漿期噴噴施除草劑小麥的千粒質(zhì)量損失率Table 4 The loss rate of wheat thousand-seed mass when herbicide applied at grain-filling stage %
圖2 灌漿期噴施除草劑對(duì)收獲后小麥千粒質(zhì)量的影響Fig.2 Effects of herbicide application during grain-filling stage on the thousand-seed mass of harvested wheat
通過以上綜合分析,在小麥?zhǔn)蓟ㄆ趪娛熰谆锹?duì)小麥產(chǎn)量影響最大,可以使小麥千粒質(zhì)量減少92%以上。莠去津和甲·乙·莠導(dǎo)致小麥旗葉受損干枯,可以造成約35%的千粒質(zhì)量損失;硝磺草酮、二甲四氯鈉、毒死蜱對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響甚微。而在小麥灌漿期噴施莠去津、甲·乙·莠、煙嘧磺隆+莠去津常常引致旗葉干枯,可使收獲后小麥千粒質(zhì)量損失20%以上;煙嘧磺隆和硝磺草酮可以造成10%以上的損失,二甲四氯鈉和毒死蜱對(duì)產(chǎn)量無(wú)影響。
“一噴三防”是指在小麥生長(zhǎng)后期,通過一次噴施殺菌劑、殺蟲劑、植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑、葉面肥等混配劑達(dá)到防病、防蟲、防早衰,實(shí)現(xiàn)增粒增量的目的[12-13]。目前“一噴三防”已被廣大農(nóng)民認(rèn)可,成為保障小麥高產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的必不可少的措施之一[14-15]。自2010年以來,興平市曾多次出現(xiàn)小麥不結(jié)實(shí)的情況,可能是在小麥中后期“一噴三防”噴藥時(shí),群眾誤加入含有煙嘧磺隆成分的玉米除草劑。有研究表明,在小麥拔節(jié)后施用除草劑,易造成小麥籽粒停止發(fā)育并死亡,導(dǎo)致小麥嚴(yán)重減產(chǎn)[11,16]。含有煙嘧磺隆和莠去津成分的玉米田除草劑,從2007年開始在夏播玉米區(qū)大面積推廣使用,因群眾當(dāng)年沒有用完,家里剩余的較多,第2年在小麥花期進(jìn)行防治病蟲害時(shí),容易把歷年剩余的玉米除草劑煙嘧磺隆等一起加入,從而導(dǎo)致小麥?zhǔn)芎?,田間出現(xiàn)不結(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)象,損失很大,因不能說明原因,導(dǎo)致糾紛,成為社會(huì)不穩(wěn)定因素之一。建議群眾一定要把剩余的玉米除草劑妥善保存,使用前認(rèn)真閱讀說明書,堅(jiān)決杜絕在小麥花期把玉米除草劑誤用于小麥田,以免造成不必要的損失。
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(責(zé)任編輯:郭柏壽 Responsible editor:GUO Baishou)
Effect of Herbicides on Growth and Production of Wheat
SONG Liangdong1, FENG Wentao1, CHEN Zhijian2,WANG Taiquan1and WANG Zhongdi1
(1.Xingping Plant Protection and Quaratine Station, Xingping Shaanxi 713100, China;2.Xingping Seed Control Station, Xingping Shaanxi 713100, China)
Over the past few years, wheat barrenness has been reported frequently in the field of Xingping, Shaanxi province.In order to determine the relationship between barrenness and herbicides application, six herbicides and one insecticide were selected and sprayed at initial flowering period and grain-filling stage to explore the effect of herbicides on wheat growth and production.Results showed that abnormal seed-setting and grain-filling were both caused by Nicosulfuron applied at initial flowering period.The thousand-seed mass of harvested wheat was reduced by more than 92%.Application of Atrazine or Alachlor-Acetochlor-Atrazine resulted in dried wheat flag leaves and reduction of the thousand-seed mass of harvested wheat by more than 35%.At grain-filling stage,w=8% Nicosulfuron led to thousand-seed mass of harvested wheat reduction by 12.9%.The Atrazine, Nicosulfuron plus Atrazine, and Alachlor-Acetochlor-Atrazine led to dried wheat flag leaves and the reduction of thousand-seed mass of harvested wheat by 28.2%, 33.4% and 21.0%, respectively.Results indicated that there was no effect on wheat growth and production when Chlorpyrifos or MCPA-Na was applied at initial flowering period and grain-filling stage of wheat.
Wheat; Herbicides; Thousand-seed mass; Non-seed-setting
2016-09-05 Returned 2017-03-21
SONG Liangdong,male,senior agronomist.Research area:plant protection technique extension.E-mail:1062468303@qq.com
FENG Wentao,male,senior agronomist.Research area:plant protection technique extension.E-mail:fengwentao1965@126.com
日期:2017-08-18
2016-09-05
2017-03-21 第一作者:宋梁棟,男,高級(jí)農(nóng)藝師,主要從事植保技術(shù)推廣工作。E-mail:1062468303@qq.com
馮文濤,男,高級(jí)農(nóng)藝師,主要從事植保技術(shù)推廣工作。E-mail:fengwentao1965@126.com
S482.4
A
1004-1389(2017)08-1253-06
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20170818.0939.038.html