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兒子眼中的莎翁譯者朱生豪

2017-09-07 22:02王湛
文化交流 2017年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:朱生豪之江情書(shū)

王湛

被稱為綜藝界清流的《朗讀者》里,捧紅了很多人,也捧紅了一句話:朱生豪和他的那句“醒來(lái)覺(jué)得甚是愛(ài)你”。一對(duì)來(lái)自成都的夫婦,朗讀了一段《朱生豪情書(shū)》,感人至深。作為浙江人的朱生豪,也被網(wǎng)友稱為“世上最會(huì)說(shuō)情話的人”。

父親去世70多年后突然以這種方式走紅,朱生豪的兒子朱尚剛卻感到有點(diǎn)不適應(yīng)。他在接受采訪時(shí)說(shuō):“節(jié)目中好幾次提到‘朱生豪情詩(shī),其實(shí)那不是詩(shī),雖然的確很有詩(shī)味。”

朱尚剛:不想讓人片面了解我父親

朱生豪生于1912年,嘉興人,畢業(yè)于杭州之江大學(xué),也就是現(xiàn)在的浙大之江校區(qū)。他的兒子朱尚剛畢業(yè)于老浙大電機(jī)系,父子倆算是校友。

“《朗讀者》中念的詞句,并不是來(lái)自同一封信中,而是從不同信件中摘抄出來(lái)的?!敝焐袆傉f(shuō),“我父親1929年進(jìn)入之江大學(xué)讀書(shū),我母親則在1932年入校,他們?cè)诖髮W(xué)只相處了一年時(shí)間。之后,我父親前往上海工作,只能與母親鴻雁傳情?!?/p>

這些書(shū)信,都收錄在《朱生豪情書(shū)全集》里?!俺霭嫔缬X(jué)得要用‘情書(shū)集這個(gè)名字較能吸引人,其實(shí)我覺(jué)得這些書(shū)信應(yīng)該比情書(shū)的內(nèi)涵更廣。據(jù)說(shuō)《朗讀者》播出以后,這本書(shū)更熱銷了,出版社馬上要加印。”

“很多人給我發(fā)了那段視頻,我也看到很多網(wǎng)上的評(píng)論,發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些人心目中,父親更多地成了一個(gè)‘談情說(shuō)愛(ài)的達(dá)人?!敝焐袆傉f(shuō),“尤其是年輕人,很少有人知道朱生豪其實(shí)是一個(gè)將畢生都獻(xiàn)給文學(xué)藝術(shù)的翻譯家?!?/p>

的確,在中國(guó)的翻譯界,朱生豪是一個(gè)了不起的存在。他的主要譯作是31個(gè)莎士比亞劇本。那是他在日本侵華戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,譯稿兩度被毀,三次從頭開(kāi)始,在極其困難的條件下完成的,為的就是回答日本人“沒(méi)有老莎的譯本,中國(guó)就是一個(gè)無(wú)文化的國(guó)家”的譏笑,為中華民族爭(zhēng)一口氣。

朱尚剛特別希望人們也能了解朱生豪文字中“豪放”的一面,也極具文采。

將莎士比亞引進(jìn)中國(guó)的翻譯家

1944年12月26日,朱生豪因貧病交加,加上翻譯工作過(guò)度勞累,英年早逝。在病中的日子,他仍在堅(jiān)持翻譯《莎士比亞戲劇全集》,告別人世之時(shí),已經(jīng)譯完三十一部半,還有五部半尚未完成,留下遺憾。

于是,在人們的腦海中,朱生豪便一直是32歲時(shí)的樣子,一個(gè)有些文弱的江南書(shū)生。

事實(shí)上,后來(lái)者從未忘記這位以他年輕的生命為代價(jià),將偉大的莎士比亞引進(jìn)中國(guó)的翻譯家。

去年,北京國(guó)家大劇院,《哈姆雷特》上演。舞臺(tái)之上,有哈姆雷特和奧菲利亞,也有在炮火和螺旋槳聲中的朱生豪與宋清如——宋清如是朱生豪的妻子,就是“醒來(lái)覺(jué)得甚是愛(ài)你”那個(gè)人。

去年,朱尚剛為父母寫的傳記《詩(shī)侶莎魂》重新修訂出版。文中描述,朱生豪與宋清如的感情,發(fā)端于杭州。

朱尚剛定居嘉興。這些年,因年齡之故,他來(lái)杭州的次數(shù)并不多。倒是1998年,他寫《詩(shī)侶莎魂》之時(shí),特地去過(guò)如今的浙大之江校區(qū),尋找父母的蹤跡。

浙大之江校區(qū)很多老建筑都保持著原貌,這讓朱尚剛搜尋而來(lái)的有關(guān)父母的材料,落到了實(shí)處。

“我父母讀書(shū)時(shí)的主教學(xué)樓慎思堂,讓父親流連忘返的圖書(shū)館,還有父親下山吃飯常走的小道,見(jiàn)了都備感親切。特別是前年初的探訪,陪同那位學(xué)生還特地指給我們看我父親當(dāng)年住過(guò)的宿舍房間,我原來(lái)是不知道的?!?/p>

朱尚剛說(shuō),母親是在之江詩(shī)社的活動(dòng)中和父親相識(shí)的。兩人在之江大學(xué)一年的交集中,“互相談詩(shī)詞,談自己的生活經(jīng)歷和理想抱負(fù),從來(lái)不曾認(rèn)真地談過(guò)戀愛(ài),甚至單獨(dú)的約會(huì)也極少。”

但就是在那一年,他們與莎士比亞的戲劇真正結(jié)下緣分,這才有了后來(lái)那些傳世的佳作。

悶葫蘆寫出如詩(shī)般的情書(shū)

《朱生豪傳》作者、浙江大學(xué)學(xué)者朱宏達(dá)、吳潔敏夫婦曾在1984年暑假,利用回家探親的機(jī)會(huì),訪問(wèn)了宋清如老人。

“她告訴我們,到她這里來(lái)訪問(wèn)欲為朱生豪寫傳的人已經(jīng)不少,但他們寫的都不像那個(gè)年代的朱生豪。首先,朱生豪不愛(ài)說(shuō)話,連談戀愛(ài)都不說(shuō)話,跟他共事的同事說(shuō),一年也難得聽(tīng)他說(shuō)滿10句話。還有一點(diǎn)呢,他自己沒(méi)有什么著作留下來(lái),他所有的心血就是莎士比亞。但莎士比亞翻譯得再好,也是人家的東西?!敝旌赀_(dá)說(shuō)。

出乎他們意料的是,在和宋清如多次接觸之后,他們很快找到了切入口,有了共同語(yǔ)言。

很多讀者在看了《朱生豪傳》后,都感動(dòng)于書(shū)里引用的多篇朱生豪寫給宋清如的書(shū)信,那也是朱宏達(dá)夫婦最為珍視的?!皠傞_(kāi)始,宋清如不肯把朱生豪的信件公之于眾,認(rèn)為那只是談情說(shuō)愛(ài)的東西。好說(shuō)歹說(shuō),她也只撿了幾封并手抄了幾段給我們?!?/p>

“憶昨秦山初見(jiàn)時(shí),十分嬌瘦十分癡。席邊款款吳儂語(yǔ),筆底纖纖稚子詩(shī)。交尚淺,意先移,平生心緒訴君知。飛花逝水初無(wú)意,可奈衷情不自持?!?/p>

這是朱生豪贈(zèng)給宋清如三首《鷓鴣天》詞中的一首。這些文稿如今已經(jīng)發(fā)黃,宋清如珍藏了一輩子。詞寫得情真意切,專門研究漢語(yǔ)韻律的吳潔敏吟誦起來(lái)也是婉轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)人,“這也可以看出朱生豪的國(guó)文造詣和詞人本色。這也是他的莎譯能勝出一籌并廣為讀者喜愛(ài)的原因?!?/p>

譯莎是文弱書(shū)生的拍案而起

從一個(gè)家人的角度來(lái)說(shuō),您如何評(píng)價(jià)父親翻譯的莎士比亞作品?

可以說(shuō),譯出的31個(gè)莎士比亞戲劇作品是我父親用他年輕的生命換來(lái)的。這中間傾注著他的心血,也融入了他的才智?,F(xiàn)在學(xué)界把它推崇為我國(guó)莎學(xué)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)里程碑,我覺(jué)得是當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的。

父親在《譯者自序》中說(shuō)“十年之功,不可云久,然畢身精力,殆已盡注于茲矣……倘因此集之出版,使此大詩(shī)人之作品,得以普及中國(guó)讀者之間,則譯者之勞力,庶幾不為虛擲矣”。

翻譯作品和其他別的藝術(shù)作品一樣,都是一定歷史背景下的產(chǎn)物。隨著歷史的發(fā)展,人們認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷提高和創(chuàng)新,翻譯作品不斷推陳出新,是很正常的現(xiàn)象。父親的譯作能經(jīng)過(guò)大半個(gè)世紀(jì)之后還長(zhǎng)盛不衰,繼續(xù)為廣大讀者所青睞,很不容易。父親的“畢身精力”確實(shí)已經(jīng)“不為虛擲”了。這是我為之高興的。

對(duì)于父親譯作的具體評(píng)價(jià),學(xué)界已經(jīng)有了許多論述,總的來(lái)說(shuō)評(píng)價(jià)還是相當(dāng)高的。但是一切事物都有一定的局限性,父親的譯作也絕不是完美無(wú)缺的。有誤譯的地方,這一方面是由于當(dāng)時(shí)條件的限制,因?yàn)樯勘葋喫帟r(shí)代的社會(huì)習(xí)俗和語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣都和當(dāng)代有相當(dāng)差異,“然才力所限,未能盡符理想;鄉(xiāng)居僻陋,既無(wú)參考之書(shū)籍,又鮮質(zhì)疑之師友”,要完全準(zhǔn)確地理解和表述,確實(shí)難度很大,對(duì)于一個(gè)二三十歲涉世尚不深的年輕人,不出錯(cuò)誤反倒成怪事了。另外,父親對(duì)于原作中一些似乎“不雅”的表述,在認(rèn)為不致影響全文表述的情況下,也作了不少刪節(jié),對(duì)此現(xiàn)在學(xué)界一般是不贊成這樣做的,但這也反映了他們當(dāng)時(shí)所處的時(shí)代和他們所在的那個(gè)社會(huì)階層對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)和處理方式。現(xiàn)在的校訂本中基本上都把這些刪節(jié)的內(nèi)容補(bǔ)上了。

莎士比亞戲劇原來(lái)基本上是詩(shī)體的,父親在翻譯過(guò)程中覺(jué)得仍用詩(shī)體翻譯太難處理,所以基本上使用了散文體(但普遍認(rèn)為散文體中詩(shī)的意味也很濃),這一點(diǎn)也是當(dāng)前學(xué)界廣為討論的話題。也有一些學(xué)者使用詩(shī)體進(jìn)行了翻譯嘗試。但正因?yàn)橛迷?shī)體翻譯很難,所以要用詩(shī)體翻譯得好更難。隨著歷史的發(fā)展,我們也希望能有更好,更貼近莎翁原貌和更為人所歡迎的譯作出現(xiàn),相信這也是我父親最愿意看到的。

很多讀者對(duì)于您的父親的了解,僅限于他翻譯了莎翁的作品,并知道他是一個(gè)極度浪漫且有些柔弱的書(shū)生,從您的書(shū)中,可以讀到他抗戰(zhàn)期間寫的一些犀利的短評(píng)。您覺(jué)得父親是怎樣的人。

母親曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò),父親“首先是一個(gè)詩(shī)人,一個(gè)愛(ài)國(guó)者,然后才是一個(gè)翻譯家”。是詩(shī)人的氣質(zhì)使他能駕輕就熟地將莎士比亞這位天才詩(shī)人和戲劇家的神韻介紹給中國(guó)人民,而熾烈的愛(ài)國(guó)熱情則是他能完成這一工作的根本動(dòng)力。我覺(jué)得這應(yīng)該是對(duì)父親“是怎樣的人”的一個(gè)最基本的評(píng)價(jià)。

換個(gè)角度說(shuō),父親基本上是一個(gè)文弱書(shū)生,幾乎是“手無(wú)縛雞之力”,偶爾燒個(gè)灶火也會(huì)弄得滿屋子煙。他有多愁善感的一面,在理想和現(xiàn)實(shí)的矛盾面前曾經(jīng)感到迷茫彷徨,但在國(guó)破家亡的關(guān)頭,他還是拍案而起,義無(wú)反顧地投身到和侵略者短兵相接的斗爭(zhēng)中,直到最后以身相殉自己的事業(yè)。

“文如其人”,從父親的作品中也很可以看出他的為人。早年在他以婉約為基調(diào)的詩(shī)詞作品中,也有如《慶春澤》為代表的豪放之作,而到了“孤島”時(shí)期,他寫的“小言”也好,其他的詩(shī)文(最典型的是《滿江紅》中的“屈原是,陶潛非”)也好,則完全顯示了他“金剛怒目”的另一面。

One of the recent big hits on the Chinese TV turned out to be , a CCTV variety show that has brought a good many people into the national limelight, including Zhu Shenghao and his famous line: I wake up every morning, feeling more in love with you than ever. The quote from a love letter by the man is hailed by Chinas vigilant netizens as “super romantic”.

For his son Zhu Shanggang, seeing his father shot to fame again as a ‘web red 70 years after the man left the world feels a little bizarre. “The line has been repeatedly mistaken as from a love poet, but it was just something my father blurted out when it crossed his mind. It IS very poetic, I should say.” Zhu Shanggang said in an interview.

The prominent Chinese translator was born in Jiaxing in 1912 and graduated from Zhijiang University (todays Zhijiang Campus of Zhejiang University). His son Zhu Shanggang also graduated from Zhejiang University, majoring in Electrical Engineering.

“The lines used in the TV show are from several different letters my father wrote to my mother,” the son reveals. “My father entered Zhijiang University in 1929 and did not meet his dream girl – the one he woke up every morning feeling more in love with - until 1932, the year my mother entered the same school. They dated for about one year and had to rely on writing letters after my father graduated and started his first job in Shanghai,” the son recalls. They got married in Shanghai in 1942.

“It is a pity that young people of today get to know about my father from such a TV show not because of what he contributed to Chinas translation academia but because of his love life.”

In 1943, the couple moved to Jiaxing and settled down, where Zhu Shenghao translated Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and Hamlet into Chinese. In the autumn of the same year, Zhus health suffered a decline. In failing health and stricken circumstances, he worked on his translations of Shakespeare until his death on December 26, 1944, due to pulmonary tuberculosis, at the age of 32.

He was among the first few in China who translated the works of William Shakespeare into Chinese language. His translations are well respected by domestic and overseas scholars. While many critics and readers regard Zhu Shenghaos translations of Shakespeare as classics in their own right, others have criticized certain omissions of obscene language in Zhus rendering.

He translated a total of thirty-one plays, all of which were published posthumously. In order to adapt the plays to Chinese reading habits, Zhu did not adopt the chronological arrangement of the original Oxford Edition; instead, he divided these plays into four categories: comedy, tragedy, historical play, and miscellaneous. The first printing of Shakespeares complete works in Chinese marks a significant event in the study of Shakespearean drama in China.

Based in Jiaxing, Zhu Shanggang visited Zhijiang Campus in 1998, to relive the romance of his parents. He went home with a lot of new clues found in the main teaching building and in the school library his father loved so much. His love letters to Qingru reveal a passionate personality. The letters address not only his personal life but also his professional aspirations as a poet and translator.

Zhu Shenghao and Song Qingru met during one of those events organized by the schools Poetry Society. “That year, they fell in love with each other, or rather, in love with Shakespeare,” says Zhu Shanggang, “They were not really dating; all they did was talking about poetry, dreams and ideals.”

Zhu Hongda and Wu Jiemin, co-authors of , had a meeting with Song Qingru in the summer of 1984. According to Song, Zhu Shenghao was not good at talking at all. “He was a silent man and put all his life into his translation,” Song clarified.

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