王舒
哈德遜河是美國紐約州境內(nèi)一條全長約507千米的河流。河的這一側(cè)是紐約,另一側(cè)就是新澤西州。多年前,一位叫托比·米切萊納(Toby Michelena)的美國人就沿著新澤西州的這一側(cè)沿岸,從事了長達(dá)4年半的水質(zhì)分析。他不曾想到多年后,會在千里之外的中國浙江溫瑞塘河上,為溫州的“母親河”治水。
托比·米切萊納是溫州肯恩大學(xué)生物學(xué)講師。去年,他發(fā)起了溫瑞塘河生態(tài)修復(fù)項目,通過取樣分析,建立了塘河完整的生態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)模型,為政府尋找治水方法提供依據(jù)。
受邀為溫瑞塘河治理出謀劃策
2015年8月,懷著對東亞文化的熱愛,在美國肯恩大學(xué)任教的托比來到溫州,在溫州肯恩大學(xué)教授生物學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)等課程。
托比是美國紐約州特洛伊的倫斯勒理工學(xué)院生物學(xué)博士。在成為教師之前,一直從事環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域,主攻石油、水等能源清潔處理方向,對水環(huán)境整治特別關(guān)注。對托比而言,來到溫州,注意到貫穿整個城區(qū)的溫瑞塘河,是再自然不過的事情。溫州肯恩大學(xué)位于甌海區(qū)麗岙街道,溫瑞塘河就從這附近穿過。課余,托比常常沿塘河騎自行車到南塘街喝咖啡。
溫瑞塘河是溫州的母親河。從古至今,兩岸的居民依靠溫瑞塘河獲取生活用水以及食物,發(fā)展河道運輸和農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉。但是,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展,近年來溫瑞塘河水系以及當(dāng)?shù)仄渌朗艿絹碜缘乇韽搅鳌⑥r(nóng)業(yè)、市政以及工業(yè)污水的嚴(yán)重污染。越來越多的人意識到塘河污染的嚴(yán)重性,百姓對污水治理的關(guān)注和熱情也日漸高漲。
“在河邊騎自行車的時候,我都會觀察這條河流及周邊環(huán)境,觀察附近居民是如何依賴這條河流生活生產(chǎn)?!痹诤彤?dāng)?shù)厝私涣骱?,托比慢慢了解到,溫瑞塘河在溫州歷史文化上占了非常重要的位置,既然是母親河,就應(yīng)該尤為珍視更加呵護(hù)。
出于對塘河的關(guān)注,也是從自身水質(zhì)研究專業(yè)出發(fā),托比第一時間加入了這場治水大戰(zhàn)役。他多次作為專家代表,受邀參加由溫州市溫瑞塘河管理委員會發(fā)起的治水課題討論,為溫州治水出謀劃策。
去年12月起,托比帶領(lǐng)溫州肯恩大學(xué)的4名學(xué)生和3名工作人員,發(fā)起了溫瑞塘河的生態(tài)修復(fù)項目。項目主要目的是為了更好地了解河流和河流中的生物,通過取樣,了解整個塘河的生態(tài)系統(tǒng),建立塘河的數(shù)據(jù)模型,進(jìn)而去分析污染對河流的影響,對如何最好地保護(hù)河流作出更好的決策。
2016年底,由托比主持的《溫瑞塘河綜合整治成效評估研究》被列入“2016年溫州市水體污染控制與治理科技創(chuàng)新項目”和“2016年溫州市公益性科技計劃項目”,獲得了市級財政資助15萬元。
坐著船兒去河面上采集樣本
近幾個月來,生活在塘河兩畔的市民時常會見到一張滿頭白發(fā)的洋面孔。坐著游艇,拎著專業(yè)儀器和塑料桶,在河面上采集樣本……這是托比和他的團(tuán)隊在溫瑞塘河上采樣。
托比的團(tuán)隊選取了溫瑞塘河茶山到匯昌的一段18公里的水域,按照用地性質(zhì)、污染來源等情況篩選出6個采集點,每月進(jìn)行一次水樣采集,計劃用一年時間采集河流樣本進(jìn)行研究。“對我來說,每次在河面上的工作是最快樂的?!痹谕斜瓤磥?,在游艇上看著塘河,讓他切切實實地感受到自己正在為了保護(hù)塘河,為了幫助它變得干凈而努力著。
周而復(fù)始,看似循環(huán)枯燥的工作,每一次都讓他們有新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
4月19日,筆者來到了溫州肯恩大學(xué)的生物實驗室。實驗室的一側(cè),堆放著十余個塑料箱,里面裝著兩天前剛從塘河收集回來的樣本。每次采樣回來,托比和團(tuán)隊就要對所取的每個樣本進(jìn)行過濾、分離、化驗、分析……全部完成要經(jīng)過1000多個步驟?!扒闆r并不樂觀。這次的河水呈現(xiàn)的顏色很深,這是之前從沒碰到過的?!蓖斜认蚬P者一邊展示剛剛沉淀、過濾后的水質(zhì)樣本,一邊解釋:“干凈的水質(zhì),應(yīng)該是透明無色的,而這次顏色不僅特別深,其中幾個點還出現(xiàn)了不知名的綠色物質(zhì)。”對于河水的這種變化,還要經(jīng)過進(jìn)一步的化驗,才能知道原因。
“干凈的河流,生態(tài)分布均勻、水生植物豐富。但我們在塘河里卻沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)豐富的生物群體存在。特別是在河水和泥土接觸的河床區(qū)域。水中微生物大多以水生植物為食,目前已采水樣顯示,溫瑞塘河中這類水生植物非常少?!蓖斜韧茰y,這一變化很有可能是因為塘河內(nèi)的食物鏈發(fā)生了變化。
當(dāng)然,也有意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)。某一天他們在某個點的采樣中發(fā)現(xiàn)河床有許多蝸牛。而他們也發(fā)現(xiàn),不同采集點,因為周邊環(huán)境不同,水質(zhì)情況也有很大不同,比如南塘河區(qū)域因為周邊商業(yè)發(fā)達(dá),水質(zhì)污染比其他采集點更加嚴(yán)重。
“河水受到周圍環(huán)境、當(dāng)天天氣等影響,有許多不確定因素?!蓖斜雀嬖V筆者,通過每個月的水樣和淤泥采集,對水體中的各種動植物鑒別和分析,逐步摸清溫瑞塘河中動植物食物鏈的關(guān)系,從而建立詳細(xì)的溫瑞塘水系營養(yǎng)結(jié)構(gòu),正是他們現(xiàn)階段在做的工作。
“只有了解塘河的現(xiàn)狀,才能在將來對癥下藥治理?!蓖斜日f。
研究治水規(guī)律讓更多河流受益
“學(xué)校實驗室要在節(jié)假日和寒暑假關(guān)閉,但托比主動要求加班,學(xué)校特別批準(zhǔn)了。而我每次來,他都在?!睖刂菘隙鞔髮W(xué)生物老師田雪晨是托比團(tuán)隊中的一員。他由衷佩服托比的敬業(yè)精神。而對于年輕的團(tuán)隊成員周璇來說,塘河治水項目的領(lǐng)頭人是個老外,更讓作為溫州人的她,覺得自己必須努力。
在溫州兩年,通過和塘河的一次次親密接觸,托比覺得自己更快速地融入了溫州的生活。他將自己當(dāng)作溫州新的一員,用自己的熱情和知識,找出塘河被污染的原因,確定治理方式,提出治理目標(biāo),他很自豪能參與其中。他說:“我愛溫州,溫瑞塘河就像哈德遜河一樣,都是我的母親河。我會盡己所能,讓溫州變得更美。”2016年,托比本人榮獲了溫州市2016年度“雁蕩友誼獎”。這一獎項是為在溫州經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易、文化教育、科技衛(wèi)生等領(lǐng)域中作出突出貢獻(xiàn)的外國專家設(shè)立的榮譽獎項。
在美國期間,托比對哈德遜河的水質(zhì)研究,以分析政府經(jīng)濟(jì)政策改變對河流水質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的影響,為當(dāng)?shù)靥岢隽艘幌盗姓未胧┙ㄗh。在對溫瑞塘河的研究過程中,托比對于塘河治理也提出了自己的觀點和建議?!疤梁游鬯卫硪呀?jīng)到了刻不容緩的地步。有時候通過一些簡單的方式,就可以很大程度改善水質(zhì)?!彼ㄗh,可以通過科普教育,告訴人們生活用水對水質(zhì)的影響,告訴市民如何妥善管理家庭生活污水、修理店里排出的油污,確保它們不進(jìn)入河流?!傲硗?,對于塘河整治,更需確保對岸上垃圾的妥善處理,不能丟在河里或地面上,政府有關(guān)部門也應(yīng)該加強管理,確保不會有額外的污染物進(jìn)入河流。還有許多其他復(fù)雜的問題,如化肥,農(nóng)藥和可能影響河流的其它污染源。所有這些都需要進(jìn)行評估和理解,以便真正地修復(fù)河流。”
今年2月,時任浙江省委書記夏寶龍到訪溫州肯恩大學(xué)。在參觀學(xué)校生物實驗室時,夏寶龍得知托比正在研究溫瑞塘河治污后非常高興,對托比說:“這個很適用于浙江省的五水共治。你要加快研究進(jìn)度,如果能取得成效,我要好好獎勵你?!?/p>
這正是托比所希望的,將塘河污水研究的成果從溫州推廣至浙江乃至全國。“盡管這一項目開發(fā)的模型是專門針對溫瑞塘河水系環(huán)境建立的。但可以通過對溫瑞塘河的治理研究,開發(fā)出穩(wěn)健的、可以在浙江省乃至全國范圍的其他河流系統(tǒng)中使用的模型,讓更多的河流受益?!?/p>
(本文圖片攝影:陳彤彤)
Toby Michelena, while working at Kean University, USA, spent over four years analyzing water samples obtained from New Jersey side of the 507-km Hudson River flowing between New York and New Jersey. His analyses provided data for environmental protection of Hudson River. Before he became a teacher, he had engaged in environmental protection projects designed to wastewater treatment.
In August 2015, Toby Michelena came to teach biology and environmental science at Kean University-Wenzhou, an education joint-venture between Wenzhou and Kean University. It came into full operation in 2014.
The 1,178-km Wenrui River is the mother river of Wenzhou. It provides the drinking water for millions of people along the river. However, the river is polluted by wastewater discharged by commerce, agriculture, civil service projects, and industry.
In December, 2016, Toby Michelena started a project which aims to restore the ecology of Wenrui River. Under his leadership are four students and three faculty members. The project aims to study the river and the flora and fauna living in the river on the basis of water samples obtained throughout the river system.
Before the project, Toby Michelena had attended several seminars at the invitation of the water-controlling authorities of Wenzhou.
Shortly after its inception, the project got listed as a key research project and government funds came in.
Since the project started, Toby has become a familiar sight on the river. Local residents often see a silver-haired foreigner riding a motorboat, with plastic boxes and instruments. The team has selected an 18-km section of the river for taking monthly samples from six sampling points. The six spots were chosen in consideration of pollution sources and land uses.
I went to visit Toby at the biology laboratory on the campus on April 19, 2017. Toby and his colleagues were analyzing the latest samples. The analysis is a time-consuming procedure of over 1,000 steps. “The situation isnt optimistic,” Toby explained to me. “The river was tinted with substances in dark colors, which we have never encountered before.” At that time, what was in the water sample remained unknown. A clean river should have a good ecology with a great abundance of aquatic plants, especially in the riverbed where water and soil meet. The samples indicated the river didnt have an adequate number of aquatic plants. Toby conjectured that there had been some changes in rivers food chain.
There have been some unexpected discoveries. One day, they found quite a few snails in the riverbed at one sampling spot. “The river is affected by many factors,” said Toby to me. “Sample studies can throw light on the food chains of the flora and fauna of the river. At present, we are trying to understand the river so that effective solutions can be formulated.”
Toby says he feels happy whenever riding on the river because the ride gives him a sense of relevance and participation. He has adopted Wenzhou as his home and he considers Wenrui River as his mother river like Hudson River. In 2016, he was awarded Yandang Friendship Award, a government honor for foreigners who contribute to the social and economic prosperity of Wenzhou.
Toby is highly concerned with Wenrui River. Though it takes time to exterminate all pollution from the river, some simple measures, however, can greatly improve the ecology of the river. Public awareness should be enhanced so that people will know that their everyday life affects the river, and that they need to reduce the discharge of wastewater into the river. Other issues should be considered: wastes should stay on the land and should be processed appropriately. Government should make sure no additional pollutants get into the river. Chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other pollution sources should be assessed.
In February 2017, Xia Baolong, then chief of CPC Zhejiang Committee, visited Toby at the laboratory on the campus. After learning about the details of Tobys project, Xia was very happy to say, “This project is suitable for the water project Zhejiang has been doing for years. I would give you a big award if you can accelerate your study and get positive results.” This is exactly what Toby expects. If successful, the project his team is undertaking can be applied across the province and beyond. Though the model was originally developed for Wenrui River, it can serve as a prototypical model for studies in other places.