李淑群陳謙廖維甲翁俊莫慶榮李菁玲喻亞群
新型線(xiàn)粒體靶向鉑類(lèi)配合物Mor-platin抑制肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2增殖和抑制細(xì)胞球侵襲的研究*
李淑群①陳謙①廖維甲①翁?、倌獞c榮①李菁玲②喻亞群①
目的:探討新型線(xiàn)粒體靶向性鉑類(lèi)配合物Mor-platin對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞球侵襲的影響。方法:運(yùn)用細(xì)胞毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)CCK-8法,比較新型線(xiàn)粒體靶向性鉑類(lèi)配合物Mor-platin和經(jīng)典鉑類(lèi)抗癌藥順鉑(cisplatin)對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的細(xì)胞增殖抑制作用;利用激光共聚焦顯微鏡觀(guān)察Mor-platin是否靶向于線(xiàn)粒體;利用透射電子顯微鏡觀(guān)察Mor-platin對(duì)細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體形態(tài)的影響;流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)Mor-platin作用細(xì)胞后細(xì)胞凋亡的改變;建立三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球模型,探討Mor-platin對(duì)細(xì)胞球侵襲的影響。結(jié)果:Mor-platin能夠抑制HepG2細(xì)胞增殖,半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50)少于cisplatin;Mor-platin能夠靶向到線(xiàn)粒體;加Mor-platin后,細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體膜結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,嵴不清晰或消失以及線(xiàn)粒體中有大片空白區(qū)域;Mor-platin引起的細(xì)胞凋亡具有劑量依賴(lài)性;三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球模型顯示,Mor-platin處理的細(xì)胞球面積小于對(duì)照組。結(jié)論:新型線(xiàn)粒體靶向性鉑配合物Mor-platin能夠靶向于細(xì)胞的線(xiàn)粒體,引起線(xiàn)粒體形態(tài)變化,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡,Mor-platin還能抑制三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球侵襲,比cisplatin具有更好的抗癌效果。上述研究結(jié)果提示Mor-platin具有成為新抗腫瘤藥物的潛質(zhì)。
順鉑 線(xiàn)粒體 抗腫瘤藥物 人肝癌細(xì)胞 細(xì)胞增殖 細(xì)胞凋亡 細(xì)胞球侵襲
1965年美國(guó)生物物理學(xué)家Rosenberg及其團(tuán)隊(duì)意外發(fā)現(xiàn)“惰性的鉑電極”能夠促使細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng),由此展開(kāi)對(duì)順鉑抗癌特性的研究。順鉑可與細(xì)胞核DNA結(jié)合,抑制DNA復(fù)制[1],并損害細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu),具有較強(qiáng)的廣譜抗癌性,對(duì)卵巢癌、睪丸癌、肺癌、鼻咽癌、頭頸癌等均有較好的療效[2-5]。合成數(shù)千種鉑配合物,其中得到廣泛應(yīng)用的為卡鉑、奈達(dá)鉑和奧沙利鉑,雖然這些鉑類(lèi)配合物的抗腫瘤效果較強(qiáng),但是由于均具有相似的結(jié)構(gòu),容易產(chǎn)生交叉耐藥性,進(jìn)而限制了其在臨床上的使用。
亞細(xì)胞器靶向性特別是線(xiàn)粒體靶向性的鉑類(lèi)配合物是近年來(lái)抗腫瘤藥物的研究熱點(diǎn),因?yàn)榫€(xiàn)粒體是細(xì)胞中除細(xì)胞核之外唯一具有遺傳物質(zhì)DNA的亞細(xì)胞器,加上腫瘤細(xì)胞和正常細(xì)胞的線(xiàn)粒體在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上有很大不同,腫瘤細(xì)胞更易受到線(xiàn)粒體功能影響[6-9],所以線(xiàn)粒體可以作為鉑類(lèi)抗腫瘤藥物的治療靶點(diǎn)。本研究新合成的鉑類(lèi)化合物Mor-plat?in[10],由于具有磷光、親脂性和離域陽(yáng)離子等特性,因此能夠追蹤該藥物在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的線(xiàn)粒體靶向性[11]。本研究已對(duì)Mor-platin在人肺癌細(xì)胞(H1975)中的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)進(jìn)行了研究,本研究選擇人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2細(xì)胞,主要研究Mor-platin對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞增殖的影響以及在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的線(xiàn)粒體靶向性,建立三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球模型研究細(xì)胞侵襲效應(yīng)。
1.1.1 細(xì)胞株人肝癌細(xì)胞系HepG2購(gòu)自于中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞庫(kù)。
1.1.2 主要試劑細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基DMEM購(gòu)自于美國(guó)Hyclone公司;胎牛血清FBS購(gòu)自于美國(guó)Gibco公司;0.25%胰酶細(xì)胞消化液購(gòu)自于美國(guó)Sigma公司;順鉑購(gòu)自于上海佰世凱化學(xué)科技有限公司;Cell Counting Kit-8購(gòu)自于日本Dojindo公司;線(xiàn)粒體綠色熒光探針(MTG)購(gòu)自于上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司;細(xì)胞裂解液RIPA溶液、Trump's固定液、鋨酸、樹(shù)脂包埋劑以及其他電鏡相關(guān)的試劑均購(gòu)自于上海生工生物有限公司;Annexin V-FITC細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自于上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司。
1.1.3 主要儀器細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱購(gòu)自于美國(guó)Thermo公司;多功能酶標(biāo)儀購(gòu)自于美國(guó)Bio Tek公司;掃描型激光共聚焦顯微鏡和倒置熒光顯微鏡均購(gòu)自于日本Olympus公司;流式細(xì)胞儀購(gòu)自于美國(guó)BD公司。
1.2.1 細(xì)胞毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)取對(duì)數(shù)增長(zhǎng)期的HepG2細(xì)胞,用0.25%胰酶細(xì)胞消化液消化細(xì)胞1 min,DMEM培養(yǎng)基終止消化,以每孔10 000/100 μL的細(xì)胞濃度接種于96孔板中,置于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中(37℃,5%CO2)孵育過(guò)夜。棄掉原培養(yǎng)基,加入含有不同濃度梯度的Mor-platin和cisplatin的新鮮培養(yǎng)基,以1%二甲基亞砜溶劑作為對(duì)照組,同時(shí)設(shè)立不加細(xì)胞的空白對(duì)照組,每個(gè)濃度有6個(gè)復(fù)孔。藥物處理24 h后,棄掉培養(yǎng)基,換含有10%CCK-8的新鮮培養(yǎng)基,放入培養(yǎng)箱中孵育4 h,采用多功能酶標(biāo)儀檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)在490 nm處的吸光度值。用Origin 8.0軟件作圖,計(jì)算IC50值。
1.2.2 線(xiàn)粒體染色取對(duì)數(shù)增長(zhǎng)期的HepG2細(xì)胞以100 000/1.5 mL細(xì)胞濃度接種于35 mm confocal培養(yǎng)皿中,于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中孵育,待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)到70%~80%細(xì)胞豐度時(shí),加入2.5 μg/mL Mor-platin處理細(xì)胞2 h,然后與50 nM線(xiàn)粒體綠色熒光探針MTG共同孵育30 min,在掃描型激光共聚焦顯微鏡下觀(guān)察線(xiàn)粒體染色情況以及和藥物Mor-platin的共定位現(xiàn)象。
1.2.3 透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)HepG2細(xì)胞以1 500 000/10 mL細(xì)胞濃度接種于10 cm細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)皿中,于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中孵育過(guò)夜,加入5 μg/mL Mor-pla?tin處理細(xì)胞24 h。24 h后,收集細(xì)胞,用磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffer saline,PBS)洗一遍細(xì)胞,離心,取細(xì)胞沉淀,Trump's固定液在4℃中固定細(xì)胞過(guò)夜,0.1 M PBS洗一遍細(xì)胞,鋨酸固定1 h,50%、70%、90%、100%乙醇和丙酮脫水,樹(shù)脂包埋,切片(70 nm)置于銅網(wǎng)上,檸檬酸鉛和醋酸雙氧鈾雙重染色,染色后的樣品在透射電子顯微鏡下觀(guān)察、拍照。
1.2.4 細(xì)胞凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn)Annexin-V-FITC細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒被用來(lái)檢測(cè)Mor-platin導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞凋亡。選取對(duì)數(shù)增長(zhǎng)期的HepG2細(xì)胞,以50 000/0.5 mL的細(xì)胞濃度接種于24孔板中,置于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中孵育過(guò)夜,加入不同濃度梯度的Mor-platin(0~40 μg/mL),每個(gè)濃度重復(fù)3次。藥物處理細(xì)胞24 h后,將上清液吸出至5 mL離心管中,PBS洗一遍以除去培養(yǎng)基,加入300 μL胰酶細(xì)胞消化液消化細(xì)胞,注意避免過(guò)度消化,加入600 μL培養(yǎng)基終止消化,將細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移至之前的5 mL離心管中,1 000 g離心5 min,小心吸除上清,殘留約50 μL的培養(yǎng)基,以避免吸走細(xì)胞。用預(yù)冷的PBS輕輕重懸細(xì)胞并計(jì)數(shù),取5~10萬(wàn)個(gè)細(xì)胞,1 000 g離心5 min,小心吸除上清,殘留約50 μL培養(yǎng)基,加入195 μL Annexin V-FITC結(jié)合液輕輕重懸細(xì)胞,然后加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC,混勻,最后加入10 μL碘化丙啶(PI)染色液,混勻,室溫避光孵育30 min,孵育過(guò)程中重懸細(xì)胞3次以增加染色效果,立即上流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.2.5 三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)用PBS配制1%瓊脂糖溶液,用高壓滅菌鍋滅菌,滅菌后應(yīng)立即放入60℃的水浴鍋中,以避免凝固。吸取50 μL瓊脂糖溶液加入96孔板(RNase&DNase free)中,待瓊脂糖凝固后,將200 μL H1975細(xì)胞懸液(5×103)接種到用瓊脂糖處理過(guò)的96孔板中,置于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中孵育2~3 d使細(xì)胞成球。待細(xì)胞成球后,加入Mor-platin(0、5、10 μg/mL)處理24 h,采用倒置熒光顯微鏡觀(guān)察并拍照。
采用細(xì)胞毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)CCK-8法,比較Mor-platin和cisplatin對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的細(xì)胞增殖的影響。結(jié)果顯示(圖1),在兩種藥物作用下,細(xì)胞存活率隨著藥物劑量的增加而降低,具有劑量依賴(lài)性。Morplatin的半數(shù)抑制濃度為10.20 μg/mL,而cisplatin的半數(shù)抑制濃度是21.53 μg/mL,是Mor-platin的2倍多。此研究結(jié)果表明,藥物濃度相同時(shí),Mor-paltin會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的細(xì)胞死亡,Mor-platin相比于cisplatin,具有更好的抗癌效果。
圖1 Mor-platin和cisplatin對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)Figure 1Cell viability of HepG2 cells treated with Mor-platin and cisplatin
由于Mor-platin具有磷光,在激光共聚焦下顯示紅色,所以可以觀(guān)察和追蹤細(xì)胞內(nèi)的Mor-platin。利用線(xiàn)粒體綠色熒光探針MTG將線(xiàn)粒體染成綠色,觀(guān)察綠色的線(xiàn)粒體是否會(huì)與紅色的Mor-platin重疊,以此來(lái)研究Mor-platin是否會(huì)靶向到線(xiàn)粒體中。由圖2激光共聚焦圖片得知,紅色的Mor-platin與綠色的線(xiàn)粒體有重疊,重疊的部分顯示黃色,pearson's相關(guān)系數(shù)超過(guò)0.8,說(shuō)明Mor-platin能夠靶向到線(xiàn)粒體中,與線(xiàn)粒體共定位。
圖2 Mor-platin和MTG的激光共聚焦圖片F(xiàn)igure 2Laser confocal images of cells incubated with Mor-platin and Mito-Tracker green
完整的線(xiàn)粒體形態(tài)是腫瘤細(xì)胞能量產(chǎn)生和生物合成所必需。Mor-platin靶向到線(xiàn)粒體后,是否會(huì)引起線(xiàn)粒體形態(tài)的變化,進(jìn)而影響線(xiàn)粒體的功能。因此,運(yùn)用電子顯微鏡觀(guān)察Mor-platin對(duì)線(xiàn)粒體形態(tài)的影響。電子顯微鏡圖片(圖3)顯示,無(wú)藥物的對(duì)照組細(xì)胞的線(xiàn)粒體形態(tài)正常,具有完整的內(nèi)外雙層膜結(jié)構(gòu),線(xiàn)粒體嵴很多,而加入Mor-platin后細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體膜結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,嵴不清晰或者消失,線(xiàn)粒體中出現(xiàn)大片空白區(qū)域,說(shuō)明線(xiàn)粒體膜破壞后可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致線(xiàn)粒體中的蛋白丟失。
圖3 有無(wú)Mor-platin處理后細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體的TEM圖片F(xiàn)igure 3TEM micrographs of untreated cells as well as cells treated with 5.0 μg/mL Mor-platin for 24 h
Mor-platin對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2凋亡的影響用Annexin-V-FITC細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。研究結(jié)果顯示,2.5、5和10 μg/mL Mor-platin導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)較少,與對(duì)照組相差較小,而20 μg/mL Morplatin能導(dǎo)致20%以上細(xì)胞凋亡,40 μg/mL Mor-platin能引起80%的細(xì)胞凋亡(圖4)。
前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Mor-platin能夠抑制人肺癌細(xì)胞H1975細(xì)胞遷移,使用細(xì)胞劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)和Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)加以驗(yàn)證,但是上述兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)是在二維層面進(jìn)行細(xì)胞遷移研究,在三維層面細(xì)胞的遷移行為也許會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不一樣的效果[12-13]。因?yàn)閯?dòng)物細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)在三維環(huán)境中,有研究表明二維細(xì)胞模型不能夠很好地模擬體內(nèi)微環(huán)境[14-15]。三維細(xì)胞球模型由于可以調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞質(zhì)間的相互作用[16],因此在腫瘤研究中,三維細(xì)胞球模型是體外測(cè)量早期腫瘤行為和毒性物質(zhì)對(duì)腫瘤影響的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本研究建立三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球模型并從細(xì)胞球面積的大小來(lái)估計(jì)細(xì)胞侵襲能力。研究結(jié)果顯示,Mor-platin處理細(xì)胞24 h后,腫瘤細(xì)胞球的面積比沒(méi)有加藥物的對(duì)照組細(xì)胞球面積小,且隨著劑量增加,腫瘤細(xì)胞球面積依次減小,說(shuō)明Mor-platin能夠抑制三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球侵襲(圖5)。
圖4 Mor-platin對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡的影響Figure 4Cell apoptosis of HepG2 cells by Mor-platin
圖5 Mor-platin對(duì)三維細(xì)胞球的影響(100μm)Figure 5Mor-platin affected 3D cell's growth(100μm)
本研究結(jié)果顯示,Mor-platin對(duì)HepG2的半數(shù)抑制濃度比cisplatin低,說(shuō)明Mor-platin比cisplatin具有更好的抗癌效果。線(xiàn)粒體是真核細(xì)胞內(nèi)有氧代謝的主要場(chǎng)所,為細(xì)胞的活動(dòng)提供能量,在內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞凋亡中也發(fā)揮著重要作用。自從Otto Warburg在上個(gè)世紀(jì)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)Warburg effect效應(yīng)(即大多數(shù)腫瘤細(xì)胞通過(guò)產(chǎn)能率相對(duì)低的糖酵解為自身供能,而健康細(xì)胞是依靠線(xiàn)粒體氧化糖類(lèi)分子釋放能量)后,正常細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體之間的顯著差異陸續(xù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)[7,17-18]。由于線(xiàn)粒體密切參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程,因此線(xiàn)粒體靶向性的抗腫瘤藥物成為研究熱點(diǎn),并且對(duì)這些藥物的抗癌機(jī)制也進(jìn)行了研究[19-21]。本研究新合成的Mor-platin能夠靶向到細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體中,從而在線(xiàn)粒體中富集。隨之,使細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體形態(tài)發(fā)生變化,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡。除此之外還發(fā)現(xiàn),Mor-platin能夠抑制三維腫瘤細(xì)胞球生長(zhǎng),從而驗(yàn)證Mor-platin能夠抑制細(xì)胞侵襲,與之前的研究結(jié)果相符[10]。前期研究表明,Mor-platin對(duì)人肺癌細(xì)胞和人肝癌細(xì)胞具有相同的效果,并且從機(jī)制進(jìn)行了解釋?zhuān)琈or-platin能夠靶向細(xì)胞線(xiàn)粒體,造成線(xiàn)粒體損傷,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡,本研究從腫瘤三維細(xì)胞球模型進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證Mor-platin可以抑制細(xì)胞侵襲,由此認(rèn)為Mor-platin的作用可能為新的抗腫瘤藥物研究提供思路。
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(2017-02-08收稿)
(2017-06-23修回)
(編輯:鄭莉 校對(duì):周曉穎)
A new mitochondria-targeted platinum complex Mor-platin inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation and cell invasion
Shuqun LI1,Qian CHEN1,Weijia LIAO1,Jun WENG1,Qingrong MO1,Jingling Li2,Yaqun YU1
Yaqun YU;E-mail:Yuyaqun0222@sina.com
1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery,Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University,Guilin 541000,China;2Department of Medical Record Statistics Room,Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University,Suzhou 215000,China
Objective:To investigate the effects of Mor-platin,a novel mitochondrial platinum complex,on proliferation and migration of human hepatoma carcinoma HepG2 cells.Methods:Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay was used to analyze cell proliferation of Morplatin and classic anticancer drugs,particularly cisplatin,in HepG2 cells.A laser confocal microscope was used to observe whether Mor-platin can target mitochondria.The morphological changes in cellular mitochondria after treatment with Mor-platin were observed on a transmission electron microscope.Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry,and cell invasion was evaluated by three-dimensional tumor spheroid model.Results:Mor-platin can inhibit cell proliferation and is dose dependent.The half inhibitory concentration(IC50)of Mor-platin is lower than that of cisplatin.Laser confocal images showed that Mor-platin can target cell mitochondria and enrich cell mitochondria.Transmission electron microscopy images showed that cell mitochondrial morphology changed after Mor-platin treatment.Furthermore,cell mitochondrial membrane is incomplete and mitochondrial cristae are reduced.Cell apoptosis caused by Mor-platin is dose dependent.The three-dimensional tumor spheroid model showed that the cell areas of the group subjected to Mor-platin treatment are smaller than those of the control group.Conclusion:Mor-platin can target cell mitochondria,change the cell mitochondrial morphology,inhibit cell proliferation,and thus promote cell apoptosis.It also showed better anticancer effects than cisplatin.Furthermore,Mor-platin can inhibit three-dimensional tumor spheroid invasion.These results suggest that Mor-platin is a potential antitumor drug.
cisplatin,mitochondria,anticancer drugs,human hepatoma carcinoma cells,cell proliferation,cell apoptosis,cell invasion
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.15.136
①桂林醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科(廣西壯族自治區(qū)桂林市541000);②蘇州大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院病案統(tǒng)計(jì)室
*本文課題受?chē)?guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):81372163)和廣西省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2015GXNSFAA139111)資助
喻亞群Yuyaqun0222@sina.com
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81372163)and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(No.2015GXNSFAA139111)
李淑群專(zhuān)業(yè)方向?yàn)楦伟┑脑\治。
E-mail:lishuqun2008@126.com