廖義翔,周家杰,劉 濤,曾金敏,楊光華
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·臨床診療提示·
穿刺活檢未證實(shí)為前列腺癌的血清前列腺特異性抗原陽性的原發(fā)部位不明的腫瘤一例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
廖義翔,周家杰*,劉 濤,曾金敏,楊光華
目的 提高對(duì)血清前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)顯著升高但穿刺活檢未證實(shí)為前列腺癌的PSA+的原發(fā)部位不明的腫瘤(CUP)的認(rèn)識(shí)。方法 報(bào)道荊州市中心醫(yī)院1例血清PSA顯著升高但穿刺活檢未證實(shí)為前列腺癌的PSA+的CUP的診療過程,并進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)。在萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái)及PubMed中檢索,時(shí)間截至2016-10-09,共8篇文獻(xiàn)入選,加上本例患者,共10例血清PSA顯著升高但穿刺活檢未證實(shí)為前列腺癌的PSA+患者被報(bào)道,對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析總結(jié)。結(jié)果 10例男性患者中,年齡61~80歲;直腸指診均為陰性(前列腺中等大小,質(zhì)軟,未捫及明顯結(jié)節(jié));血清PSA 56.3~4 222.0 μg/L;均發(fā)現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶或盆腔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶,經(jīng)反復(fù)前列腺穿刺活檢未能證實(shí)為前列腺癌,而診斷為PSA+的CUP;均采用姑息性內(nèi)分泌治療。結(jié)論 血清PSA顯著升高,但前列腺穿刺活檢結(jié)果為陰性的PSA+的CUP患者臨床上可考慮采取姑息性內(nèi)分泌治療策略,以期延緩患者疾病的進(jìn)展或緩解患者癥狀,提高生存質(zhì)量。
前列腺腫瘤;活組織檢查,針吸;前列腺特異抗原;腫瘤,未知原發(fā)灶
廖義翔,周家杰,劉濤,等.穿刺活檢未證實(shí)為前列腺癌的血清前列腺特異性抗原陽性的原發(fā)部位不明的腫瘤一例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(24):3043-3046.[www.chinagp.net]
LIAO Y X,ZHOU J J,LIU T,et al.Carcinoma of unknown primary origin with markedly elevated PSA levels unconfirmed by repeat prostate biopsy:a case report and review of the literature[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(24):3043-3046.
目前血清前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)檢測(cè)在世界范圍內(nèi)已被廣泛作為前列腺癌篩查的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1-3]。由于前列腺炎、前列腺增生、發(fā)熱、直腸指診等也可引起血清PSA升高,因此確診前列腺癌必須經(jīng)過前列腺穿刺活檢。臨床工作中偶爾也會(huì)出現(xiàn)血清PSA顯著升高,但前列腺穿刺活檢卻未能在組織學(xué)上證實(shí)為前列腺癌,尤其晚期腫瘤,臨床稱為PSA+的原發(fā)部位不明的腫瘤(carcinoma of unknown primary site,CUP)。本文報(bào)道1例血清PSA顯著升高,但經(jīng)過3次前列腺穿刺活檢均未能找到組織學(xué)證據(jù)的轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌病例,并回顧性分析國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)資料,復(fù)習(xí)與血清PSA顯著升高相關(guān)的CUP。
患者,男,63歲,因“反復(fù)腰背部及四肢疼痛1年”于2015年3月入住荊州市中心醫(yī)院骨科?;颊呓?年來無明顯誘因反復(fù)出現(xiàn)腰背部及四肢疼痛,院外多次自行口服布洛芬緩釋膠囊等止痛藥物,癥狀有所好轉(zhuǎn)。既往有高血壓病史10年,口服硝苯地平緩釋片,控制尚可;無創(chuàng)傷及手術(shù)史。體格檢查:體溫36.3 ℃,脈搏80次/min,呼吸頻率20次/min,血壓135/85 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),消瘦體貌,心肺腑未見明顯異常,脊柱多處壓痛。入院后實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:血紅蛋白86 g/L(參考范圍:110~150 g/L),血清PSA 2 136.0 μg/L(參考范圍:<4.0 μg/L),血清堿性磷酸酶238 μ/L(參考范圍:40~150 μ/L)。MRI提示成骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤可能。追問病史,患者平常有排尿不暢病史,無血尿及尿痛病史。轉(zhuǎn)科后CT提示縱隔、腹主動(dòng)脈及髂血管旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(見圖1);全身骨掃描提示多發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移(見圖2);MRI未提示前列腺癌可能。直腸指診提示前列腺4.0 cm×3.0 cm×3.5 cm,質(zhì)軟,未捫及明顯結(jié)節(jié)。由于血清PSA顯著升高,給予經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺活檢,穿刺10針均為陰性。成骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤合并有顯著的血清PSA升高,提示轉(zhuǎn)移性PSA+腫瘤,推薦使用激素相關(guān)的內(nèi)分泌治療[4]。臨床未發(fā)現(xiàn)組織學(xué)證據(jù)證實(shí)為前列腺癌,但是患者疼痛癥狀明顯,且血清PSA顯著升高,認(rèn)為治療疾病的臨床優(yōu)先級(jí)應(yīng)該高于組織學(xué)證據(jù),因此診斷為“前列腺癌(TxN1M1)”,給予黃體生成素釋放激素類似物去勢(shì)+非類固醇類抗雄激素治療,并加用唑來膦酸治療骨轉(zhuǎn)移,5%葡萄糖注射液100 ml+唑來膦酸4 mg靜脈滴注,1次/月,共3個(gè)月。為獲得病理組織學(xué)證據(jù),分別在3個(gè)月后和6個(gè)月后再次行前列腺穿刺活檢,仍然未能獲得前列腺癌的組織學(xué)證據(jù)。由于患者在治療后3個(gè)月腰痛癥狀明顯緩解,而且血清PSA下降至7 μg/L,拒絕行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)(TURP)取活檢的建議,要求繼續(xù)去勢(shì)+抗雄激素治療,10個(gè)月后患者發(fā)展為難治性激素抵抗性前列腺癌(CRPC),血清PSA開始反彈,進(jìn)行性增加,經(jīng)多西他賽化療,患者最終在診斷后24個(gè)月死亡,患者家屬拒絕尸檢,直至最后仍然未找到病理組織學(xué)證據(jù)。
圖2 全身骨掃描提示多發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移
Figure 2 Multiple bone metastases assessed by whole-body bone scanning
注:A為縱隔,B為腹主動(dòng)脈,C為髂血管旁
圖1 CT提示縱隔、腹主動(dòng)脈及髂血管旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移
Figure 1 Mediastinal lymph node metastasis,abdominal para-aortic lymph node metastasis,and metastasis to the lymph nodes around the iliac vessels assessed by CT
2.1 資料來源 以“(前列腺癌)OR(未知原發(fā)部位的腫瘤)AND(前列腺穿刺)”為檢索詞檢索萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái),未發(fā)現(xiàn)符合條件的文獻(xiàn)。以“prostate cancer”O(jiān)R“carcinoma of unknown primary site”AND“prostate biopsy”為檢索詞檢索PubMed,時(shí)間截至2016-10-09,共檢索2 992篇文獻(xiàn),經(jīng)閱讀摘要后剔除與本研究目的無關(guān)以及重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)后,最后納入8篇文獻(xiàn)[5-12],加上本例患者,共10例穿刺活檢未證實(shí)為前列腺癌的PSA+的CUP患者。
2.2 基本特征 9例患者年齡61~80歲,平均71.4歲;直腸指診均為陰性(前列腺中等大小,質(zhì)軟,未捫及明顯結(jié)節(jié));血清PSA 56.3~4 222.0 μg/L,平均855.2 μg/L;7例發(fā)現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶或盆腔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶,經(jīng)反復(fù)前列腺穿刺活檢未能證實(shí)為前列腺癌,而診斷為PSA+的CUP;采用姑息性內(nèi)分泌治療,平均生存期13個(gè)月(見表1)。
表1 9例患者血清PSA和前列腺穿刺活檢結(jié)果
注:-為未進(jìn)行檢查;PSA=前列腺特異性抗原,TURP=經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)
CUP是一種不常見的惡性腫瘤[13],其特點(diǎn)是確切的影像學(xué)證據(jù)提示轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤,但是經(jīng)過多項(xiàng)檢查,如CT、MRI甚至正電子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層顯像(PET-CT)等高端精密設(shè)備檢查或者免疫組化、電子顯微鏡或分子生物學(xué)檢查、穿刺活檢等,始終無法找到原發(fā)病灶的證據(jù),是一種通過轉(zhuǎn)移而診斷的絕癥[14]。CUP占腫瘤3%~5%[4],惡性程度高,被認(rèn)為是第7或第8常見惡性腫瘤類型,其腫瘤相關(guān)病死率位列第4[15],預(yù)后極差。一項(xiàng)Meta分析納入12篇尸檢文獻(xiàn),結(jié)果顯示:884例患者中644例尸檢證實(shí)了原發(fā)腫瘤部位,其中多見部位為肺部(27%)、胰腺(24%)、肝臟或膽管(8%)、腎臟和腎上腺(8%)、結(jié)腸和直腸(7%)、生殖道(7%)和胃(6%)[16]。而以骨轉(zhuǎn)移為主要表現(xiàn)的CUP中,尸檢確認(rèn)前列腺為原發(fā)部位位居第2。有文獻(xiàn)綜述表明,與泌尿系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的CUP中,尸檢確認(rèn)原發(fā)部位為前列腺癌的發(fā)生率約為4%[17]。
CUP不易被發(fā)現(xiàn)的主要原因目前尚不十分清楚,主要假設(shè)包括自然退化、免疫介導(dǎo)的消亡和先天的微小腫瘤[13,18-19]。一般的CT平掃+增強(qiáng)或MRI常難以發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶,因此PET-CT被推薦用作CUP的診療。HAN等[20]在120例CUP患者中應(yīng)用PET-CT進(jìn)行全身檢測(cè),成功找出原發(fā)腫瘤部位54例,檢出率為42.5%,靈敏度、特異度和準(zhǔn)確率分別達(dá)91.5%、85.2%和88.3%。
臨床上對(duì)于CUP的處理策略一般有兩種,一是“shotgun modality”,譯為“精準(zhǔn)模式”,是指通過多種方式務(wù)求找到原發(fā)病灶,然后進(jìn)行治療,精準(zhǔn)打擊;二是“nihilistic modality”,譯為“模糊模式”,是指針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移灶進(jìn)行姑息性對(duì)癥治療。這是兩種截然相反的治療策略,當(dāng)通過多種檢查均未找到原發(fā)病灶時(shí),同時(shí)考慮到CUP患者的總生存期非常差,中位生存時(shí)間為6~14個(gè)月[20],臨床只能采取中間策略,采用相對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的姑息性治療方式,以期延緩患者疾病的進(jìn)展或緩解癥狀,提高生存質(zhì)量。
本研究患者,成骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤合并顯著的血清PSA升高,提示轉(zhuǎn)移性PSA+腫瘤,通過多方面檢查未能發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)病灶,反復(fù)穿刺活檢均未得到有力的組織學(xué)證據(jù)。但是患者疼痛癥狀明顯,且PSA為參考范圍的500倍以上,臨床認(rèn)為治療疾病的優(yōu)先級(jí)應(yīng)該高于組織學(xué)證據(jù),因此診斷患者為“前列腺癌(TxN1M1)”,推薦使用激素相關(guān)的內(nèi)分泌治療[4]?;颊咴诮邮茳S體生成素釋放激素類似物去勢(shì)+非類固醇類抗雄激素治療以及唑來膦酸的治療后,臨床癥狀得到緩解,且血清PSA明顯下降,病情得到控制。遺憾的是10個(gè)月后患者發(fā)展為難治性CRPC,血清PSA開始反彈,進(jìn)行性增加,經(jīng)過多西他賽化療,最終在診斷后24個(gè)月死亡,直至最后仍然未能找到病理組織學(xué)證據(jù)。搜索PubMed上發(fā)表的前列腺穿刺活檢結(jié)果,提示僅有9例血清PSA明顯升高患者,前列腺穿刺活檢結(jié)果均為陰性[5-12]。盡管血清PSA已被廣泛應(yīng)用于前列腺癌的篩查,但其在結(jié)腸、肝、胰腺、腎臟、腎上腺、皮膚、乳腺、卵巢和唾液腺中亦有分泌[20]。因此若反復(fù)前列腺穿刺活檢陰性,須考慮上述部位惡性腫瘤的可能,因此多種方式、不同時(shí)間的反復(fù)檢查對(duì)原發(fā)病灶的檢出非常有必要。
綜上所述,盡管目前大型檢查儀器不斷進(jìn)步,但PSA+的CUP的診斷和治療不論對(duì)于醫(yī)生還是患者均是一個(gè)難題,對(duì)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療仍是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。反復(fù)的穿刺活檢及不同檢查方式、不同時(shí)間反復(fù)檢查對(duì)CUP的診斷會(huì)有一定的幫助,尤其是PET-CT。
作者貢獻(xiàn):廖義翔進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì)、文章的可行性分析、文獻(xiàn)/資料收集、文獻(xiàn)/資料整理、撰寫論文;廖義翔、劉濤、曾金敏、楊光華進(jìn)行論文修訂;周家杰負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校、對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Origin with Markedly Elevated PSA Levels Unconfirmed by Repeat Prostate Biopsy:a Case Report and Review of the Literature
LIAOYi-xiang,ZHOUJia-jie*,LIUTao,ZENGJin-min,YANGGuang-hua
DepartmentofUrology,JingzhouCentralHospital;theSecondClinicalMedicalCollege,YangtzeUniversity;JingzhouHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Jingzhou434020,China*Correspondingauthor:ZHOUJia-jie,Chiefphysician;E-mail:871315639@qq.com
Objective To improve the awareness level of the cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) with markedly elevated PSA levels unconfirmed by repeat prostate biopsy.Methods We reported the diagnosis and treatment of one case of CUP with markedly elevated PSA levels but was not confirmed by repeat prostate biopsy form Jingzhou Central Hospital,and reviewed the corresponding literature.We searched and included 8 articles in which totaled 9 such patients were reported from Wanfang data and PubMed as of 2016-10-09.We analyzed and summarized the clinical data of the above 9 cases and one case
by Jingzhou Central Hospital.Results The data of the 10 cases:male aged 61-80;negative results of digital rectal examination (the prostate was soft,medium-sized without obvious nodules );serum PSA levels were 56.3-4 222.0 μg/L;bone metastases or pelvic lymph node metastases were found;negative results of repeat prostate biopsy;diagnostic result was CUP with markedly elevated PSA levels;therapeutic regimen was palliative endocrine therapy.Conclusion For patients with CUP,markedly elevated PSA levels and negative results of repeat prostate biopsy,palliative endocrine therapy is suggested to use in order to delay the progress of the disease or relieve the symptoms and improve the quality of life.
Prostatic neoplasms;Biopsy,aspiration;Prostate-specific antigen;Neoplasms,unknown primary origin
R 737.25
D
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.06.y52
2016-11-11;
2017-04-06)
434020湖北省荊州市,荊州市中心醫(yī)院 長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院 華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬荊州醫(yī)院泌尿外科
*通信作者:周家杰,主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:871315639@qq.com