李躍 宮立群 徐鋒 趙洪偉 陳玉龍 王長(zhǎng)利
羅哌卡因肋間神經(jīng)阻滯對(duì)肺癌患者胸腔鏡術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響
李躍①宮立群①徐鋒①趙洪偉②陳玉龍①王長(zhǎng)利①
目的:探討羅哌卡因肋間神經(jīng)阻滯對(duì)肺癌患者胸腔鏡術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響。方法:分析2016年10月至2016年12月天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院60例接受肺癌胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療的患者,男性35例,女性25例,隨機(jī)分為2組,分別為0.25%羅哌卡因阻滯組(試驗(yàn)組)和對(duì)照組,關(guān)胸前行肋間神經(jīng)阻滯,每一肋間給藥3 mL,拔出氣管插管后行PCIA鎮(zhèn)痛。記錄拔管后12 h(T1)、24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)、72 h(T4)時(shí)試驗(yàn)組及對(duì)照組靜息時(shí)疼痛VAS評(píng)分及Prince-Henry(P-H)評(píng)分;以及術(shù)后嗎啡追加劑量和不良反應(yīng)事件。結(jié)果:試驗(yàn)組術(shù)后T1~T4各時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS和P-H評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。術(shù)后試驗(yàn)組咳嗽費(fèi)力、肺部感染、肺不張等呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:羅哌卡因肋間神經(jīng)阻滯可有效減輕肺癌術(shù)后患者疼痛并降低術(shù)后呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥。
羅哌卡因 肋間神經(jīng)阻滯 肺癌 鎮(zhèn)痛
疼痛是組織損傷或潛在組織損傷所引起的不愉快感覺(jué)和情感反應(yīng)[1]。疼痛已經(jīng)成為繼體溫、脈搏、呼吸、血壓之后的第五生命體征[2]。胸腔鏡手術(shù)雖然切口較小,術(shù)后恢復(fù)較快,但術(shù)后疼痛,尤其是肺癌術(shù)后早期切口疼痛程度劇烈,術(shù)后疼痛仍應(yīng)該得到重視?;颊咝g(shù)后疼痛造成呼吸幅度受限,呼吸頻率增加,導(dǎo)致肺泡通氣量減少,同時(shí)劇烈的疼痛顯著抑制患者咳嗽、咳痰動(dòng)作,從而引起術(shù)后肺不張、肺部感染及應(yīng)激反應(yīng)引起的心血管意外等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。胸科的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方式大體分為區(qū)域阻滯和全身給藥兩類(lèi):?jiǎn)斡萌盱o脈給藥,若需達(dá)到完善的鎮(zhèn)痛效果所需藥物濃度較大,易引起嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和病死率的發(fā)生率增加。區(qū)域阻滯中肋間神經(jīng)阻滯是最常用的方式,可有效減輕切口、胸腔引流管引起的疼痛,但目前對(duì)肺癌患者胸腔鏡術(shù)后的鎮(zhèn)痛效果的研究仍不充分。本研究擬探討羅哌卡因肋間神經(jīng)阻滯對(duì)胸科手術(shù)患者胸腔鏡術(shù)后的鎮(zhèn)痛效果作用的評(píng)估,以在治療肺癌的同時(shí)減輕患者的疼痛。
1.1 病例資料
本研究選擇2016年10月至2016年12月天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院60例擇期手術(shù)的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),男性35例,女性25例,年齡23~77歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往開(kāi)胸手術(shù)史、精神疾病史、酗酒、長(zhǎng)期使用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物史、術(shù)前合并肝腎功能不全。隨機(jī)分為兩組,每組30例。鹽酸羅哌卡因注射液(濃度為0.75%)為北京阿斯利康公司生產(chǎn)。
1.2 方法
患者術(shù)前30 min肌注苯巴比妥鈉0.1 g,阿托品0.5 mg,均采用全身麻醉,入室后,常規(guī)檢測(cè)心電圖(ECG)、氧飽和度(SpO2)、血壓(Bp),開(kāi)放靜脈通路。依次靜脈注射咪達(dá)唑侖0.1 mg/kg、丙泊酚1 mg/kg、維庫(kù)溴銨0.2 mg/kg、芬太尼10 μg/kg行麻醉誘導(dǎo),氣管內(nèi)行雙腔支氣管插管準(zhǔn)確對(duì)位后用呼吸機(jī)控制呼吸,潮氣量(VT)6 mL/kg,呼吸頻率(RR)15次/min,吸呼比為1:1.5,呼氣未正壓通氣(PEEP)5 cm H2O,維持PETCO2在35~45 mmHg。術(shù)中以丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和阿曲庫(kù)銨維持麻醉,術(shù)畢靜脈注射芬太尼5 μg/kg為術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛負(fù)荷量。試驗(yàn)組在手術(shù)結(jié)束前外科醫(yī)生于胸腔鏡下采用0.25%羅哌卡因在第2~11肋間進(jìn)行肋間神經(jīng)阻滯,阻滯穿刺點(diǎn)為肋椎關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)2 cm的肋間血管周?chē)?,自壁層胸膜向外穿刺,以?xì)針于肋骨上緣進(jìn)針,每個(gè)肋間注射3 mL,并對(duì)手術(shù)切口進(jìn)行注射,對(duì)照組使用等量0.9%生理鹽水進(jìn)行操作(圖1)。術(shù)畢患者完全清醒,呼吸、肌張力完全恢復(fù)后拔除氣管插管,PCIA泵行術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,配方為芬太尼0.8 mg加入0.9%生理鹽水100 mL,2 mL/h持續(xù)泵入(患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛2 mL/次,鎖定時(shí)間為15 min),術(shù)后如疼痛無(wú)法忍受,追加嗎啡10 mg/次皮下注射。
圖1 胸腔鏡術(shù)中行細(xì)針穿刺羅哌卡因肋間神經(jīng)阻滯Figure 1 Ropivacaine intercostal nerve block for VATS with fine-needle aspiration
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
由不參與患者分組的醫(yī)生記錄術(shù)后12 h(T1)、24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)、72 h(T4)的VAS疼痛評(píng)分以及Prince HenryPain Scale(PHPS)評(píng)分。VAS疼痛評(píng)分(0分,切口無(wú)痛;1~2分,切口偶有輕微疼痛;3~4分,切口常有輕微疼痛;5~6分,切口偶有明顯疼痛但可忍受;7~8分,切口常有明顯疼痛但仍可忍受;9~10分,切口劇烈疼痛無(wú)法忍受)。PHPS評(píng)分,0分:咳嗽時(shí)無(wú)痛;1分:咳嗽時(shí)有疼痛,但深呼吸時(shí)無(wú)痛;2分:深呼吸有疼痛,安靜時(shí)無(wú)痛;3分:安靜時(shí)即有疼痛,但較輕,可忍受;4分:安靜時(shí)有劇痛。記錄出院前嗎啡總追加量及惡心、嘔吐、肺不張等不良反應(yīng)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
試驗(yàn)組患者與對(duì)照組患者在性別、年齡上差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,試驗(yàn)組在T1~T4時(shí)VAS評(píng)分(P<0.01)及PHPS評(píng)分(P<0.01)顯著降低(表1)。試驗(yàn)組術(shù)后追加嗎啡用量明顯少于對(duì)照組(P=0.016,表2)。術(shù)后帶管時(shí)間方面,試驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.056),但實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)試驗(yàn)組為(3.47±1.85)d,略低于對(duì)照組(4.47±2.11)d(表2)。試驗(yàn)組在術(shù)后肺不張發(fā)生較對(duì)照組明顯降低(P<0.05,表3)。試驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組在術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn),均無(wú)惡心嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生。
表1 患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分及PHPS評(píng)分的比較Table 1 Comparison of VAS and PHPS scales between the test and control groups
表2 患者術(shù)后帶管時(shí)間及嗎啡用量的比較Table 2 Comparison of the dosage of morphine and the time of intubation between test group and control group
表3 患者術(shù)后咳嗽及感染情況的比較Table 3 Comparison of cough and infection in test and control group
肺癌開(kāi)胸手術(shù)后,患者創(chuàng)傷大,即使接受微創(chuàng)胸腔鏡手術(shù)后,疼痛仍然較重。呼吸淺快、呼吸輔助肌僵硬致通氣量減少、無(wú)法有力地咳嗽,清除呼吸道分泌物,增加肺部感染、肺不張、胸腔積液等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。另外,患者心肌缺血及心梗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[3]。心理方面可導(dǎo)致恐懼、焦慮、憂慮、無(wú)助等,不利于患者術(shù)后積極配合治療。盡管胸腔鏡手術(shù)后疼痛明顯低于開(kāi)胸手術(shù),但劉飛等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胸腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后仍有67%的患者VAS評(píng)分≥4分,28%的患者VAS評(píng)分≥7分。
目前胸外科術(shù)后常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方式都存在一定局限性[5-6]。硬膜外術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果確切,但存在硬膜外血腫和感染等風(fēng)險(xiǎn);肋間置管持續(xù)泵入操作難度大,效果不十分確切[7];PCIA效果明顯,安全有效,但術(shù)后全身不良反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重,高濃度可引起惡心嘔吐、胃腸功能抑制、嗜睡等并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重甚至導(dǎo)致呼吸抑制[8];口服非甾體類(lèi)抗炎藥物(NSAIDs)與止痛藥物操作簡(jiǎn)單,依從性好,但易引起胃腸道潰瘍,急性腎功能衰竭、血小板功能異常等不良反應(yīng)。肋間神經(jīng)阻滯用于胸腔鏡術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,較傳統(tǒng)靜脈阿片藥物鎮(zhèn)痛,術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥、尿潴留和惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率均明顯降低,促進(jìn)快速康復(fù)[9]。羅哌卡因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)效的酰胺類(lèi)局麻藥,對(duì)神經(jīng)阻滯的麻醉和鎮(zhèn)痛效果確切,作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng),可控性強(qiáng);不良反應(yīng)較輕,極少發(fā)生心臟毒性,耐受性較好[10]。關(guān)胸前直視下行肋間神經(jīng)阻滯,操作簡(jiǎn)單、效果確切,并發(fā)癥少,是肺癌術(shù)后簡(jiǎn)單有效的鎮(zhèn)痛方法。本研究采取阻滯手術(shù)側(cè)第2~11肋間全部肋間神經(jīng)。患者肋間神經(jīng)阻滯是在手術(shù)過(guò)程中完成的,不會(huì)延長(zhǎng)手術(shù)時(shí)間,更不會(huì)增加患者的不適感,且該操作是在胸腔鏡直視下完成的,危險(xiǎn)性小,失敗率低。
D'Andrilli等[11]的研究中,在小切口開(kāi)胸手術(shù)后,術(shù)者在第4~8肋間用0.75%羅哌卡因20 mL行單次肋間神經(jīng)阻滯,術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛可維持48 h[11],鎮(zhèn)痛效果持續(xù)有效。本研究采用0.25%羅哌卡因進(jìn)行肋間神經(jīng)阻滯,術(shù)后T1~T4時(shí)間點(diǎn),試驗(yàn)組的VAS評(píng)分及PHPS評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),說(shuō)明羅哌卡因?qū)Ψ伟└涡g(shù)后患者鎮(zhèn)痛效果作用明顯,持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。試驗(yàn)組術(shù)后呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥較對(duì)照組明顯降低(P<0.05),減少術(shù)后帶管時(shí)間,試驗(yàn)組為(3.47±1.85)d,略低于對(duì)照組(4.47±2.11)d,減輕患者痛苦,降低術(shù)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn),有利于術(shù)后恢復(fù),縮短住院時(shí)間。
[1]The Chinese Medical Association Branch of Anesthesiology.Expert consensus on postoperative pain management in adults[J].J Clin-Anesthesiol,2010,26(3):7.[中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)麻醉學(xué)分會(huì).成人術(shù)后疼痛處理專(zhuān)家共識(shí)[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2010,26(3):7.]
[2]Merskey H.Logic,truth and language in concepts of pain[J].Qual Life Res,1994,3(Suppl 1):S69-76.
[3]Bardiau FM,Taviaux NF,Albert A,et al.An intervention study to enhance postoperative pain management[J].Anesth Analg,2003,96(1):179-185.
[4]Liu F,Zhang J,Zhang HK,et al.Thoracic paravertebral block in the PACU for immediate postoperative pain relief after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery[J].Natl Med J China,2017,97(2):119-122.[劉飛,張靜,張歡楷,等.超聲引導(dǎo)胸椎旁阻滯治療胸腔鏡手術(shù)后早期中重度急性疼痛的療效觀察[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2017,92(02):119-122.]
[5]Fibla JJ,Molins L,Mier JM,et al.The efficacy of paravertebral block using a catheter technique for postoperative analgesia in thoracoscopic surgery:a randomized trial[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2011,40(4):907-911.
[6]Guay J.The benefits of adding epidural analgesia to general anesthesia:a metaanalysis[J].J Anesth,2006,20(4):335-340.
[7]Rodgers A,Walker N,Schug S,et al.Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia:results from overview of randomised trials[J].BMJ,2000,321(7275):1493.
[8]Ochroch EA,Gottschalk A.Impact of acute pain and its management for thoracic surgical patients[J].Thorac Surg Clin,2005,15(1):105-121.
[9]Vogt A,Stieger DS,Theurillat C,et al.Single-injection thoracic paravertebral block for postoperative pain treatment after thoracoscopic surgery[J].Br J Anaesth,2005,95(6):816-821.
[10]Ishikawa Y,Maehara T,Nishii T,et al.Intrapleural analgesia using ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief after minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery[J].Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2012,18(5):429-433.
[11]D'Andrilli A,Ibrahim M,Ciccone AM,et al.Intrapleural intercostal nerve block associated with mini-thoracotomy improves pain control after major lung resection[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2006,29(5):790-794.
(2017-02-02收稿)(2017-05-04修回)
(編輯:楊紅欣 校對(duì):孫喜佳)
Effects of ropivacaine as intercostal nerve blocker on postoperative pain after video-assisted thoracic surgery of lung cancer patients
Yue LI1,Liqun GONG1,Feng XU1,Hongwei ZHAO2,Yulong CHEN1,Changli WANG1
Liqun GONG;E-mail:gongliqun@tjmuch.com
1Department of Lung Cancer,2Department of Anesthesiology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital;National Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin;Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin 300060,China
Objective:To investigate the effects of ropivacaine as intercostal nerve blocker on postoperative pain after video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS)of lung were cancer patients.Methods:A total of 60 patients who underwent elective VATS were randomly divided into two groups.The patients in control group were ereated with intercostal nerve blocker with saline.The patients in test group were administrated with intercostal nerve blocker with 0.25%ropivacaine.The effects were evaluated using the visual analogue scale(VAS)and Prince Henry Pain Scale(PHPS)at 12(T1),24(T2),48(T3),and 72 h(T4)after extubation.Moreover,the adverse events and dosage of morphine after surgery were measured.Results:Compared with the control group,the VAS and PHPS scores of the test group were significantly low at T1-T4(P<0.01).Postoperative respiratory complications,such as pulmonary infection and atelectasis,were less in the test group(P<0.05)than control.Conclusion:Intercostal nerve block with ropivacaine provides good analgesic effects for patients underwent VATS.
ropivacaine,intercostal nerve block,lung cancer,analgesia
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.12.205
①天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院肺部腫瘤科,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津市惡性腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(天津市300060);②麻醉科
宮立群 gongliqun@tjmuch.com
李躍 專(zhuān)業(yè)方向?yàn)榉伟┰\斷與微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療。
E-mail:liyuetcih@163.com