董毅 紀(jì)明哲 陳軍 劉安安 邵成浩 陳丹磊
·論著·
Von Hippel-Lindau病胰腺病變?nèi)R床分析
董毅 紀(jì)明哲 陳軍 劉安安 邵成浩 陳丹磊
目的 探討Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)病胰腺病變的臨床特點及診治方法,提高對VHL病胰腺病變的認(rèn)識。方法 回顧性分析3例VHL病患者胰腺病變的臨床特征,實驗室檢查結(jié)果,影像、病理特點,手術(shù)方式及隨訪結(jié)果。結(jié)果 2例患者有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管母細(xì)胞瘤家族病史,1例患者有視網(wǎng)膜多發(fā)血管瘤和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管瘤,據(jù)此3例診斷為VHL病。其中1例胰源性門脈高壓者行“脾切除+左腎腫瘤活檢術(shù)”,術(shù)中見胰腺呈囊性改變,表面彌漫性分布透明囊泡,余2例根據(jù)影像學(xué)特征1例診斷為胰腺多發(fā)囊腫和無功能性胰腺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(PNENs),1例為胰腺多發(fā)囊腫。3例患者胰腺病變穩(wěn)定,均予門診隨訪。結(jié)論 VHL病胰腺病變可表現(xiàn)為胰腺單純囊腫,胰腺漿液性囊腺瘤及PNENs,可在多學(xué)科綜合治療協(xié)作組的模式下根據(jù)患者全身情況制定個體化治療措施。
遺傳性疾病,先天性; VHL?。?胰腺疾??; 疾病特征
Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)病是一種具有癌變傾向的常染色體顯性遺傳性疾病,可以累及包括腦、脊髓、視網(wǎng)膜、胰腺、腎臟、腎上腺和附睪在內(nèi)的多個器官[1],發(fā)病率約為1/36 000,發(fā)病高峰期在25~40歲[2]。胰腺病變是12% VHL病患者首診時唯一的腹部表現(xiàn)[3],可表現(xiàn)為單純囊腫、漿液性囊腺瘤(serous cystadenoma, SCA)及胰腺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(pancreatic neuroendosecrine neoplasms, PNENs)[1],60%VHL病都會發(fā)生至少一種類型的胰腺病變[4]。 近年來,多學(xué)科綜合治療協(xié)作組(multidisciplinary team, MDT)診療模式在胰腺腫瘤診治領(lǐng)域蓬勃發(fā)展,2014至2016年長征醫(yī)院胰膽外科在MDT診療模式下共診治3例VHL病胰腺病變患者,本研究回顧分析此3例的臨床特征和診療經(jīng)過,以期提高對VHL病胰腺病變的認(rèn)識和診治水平。
臨床資料
例1 患者女,45歲。因反復(fù)嘔血1月余入院?;颊哂?月前無明顯誘因嘔鮮紅色血,伴柏油樣便。上腹部CT(圖1)及血管三維重建(圖2)見胰腺多發(fā)囊性病變,雙腎多發(fā)囊性及實性占位,胰源性門脈高壓形成。胃鏡見胃底靜脈曲張。生長抑素受體顯像(SRS)見胰腺腫塊及雙腎多發(fā)稍低密度結(jié)節(jié),放射性分布未見增高。顱腦、脊髓MR及眼底檢查未見異常。既往史:糖尿病史2年,空腹血糖最高18.5 mmol/L。家族史:父親因腦血管瘤去世,哥哥有腎透明細(xì)胞癌病史。MDT會診后診斷:(1)VHL??;(2)胰源性門脈高壓;(3)上消化道出血;(4)雙腎多發(fā)腫瘤。為治療胰源性門脈高壓及明確腎腫瘤性質(zhì),行“脾切除+左腎腫瘤活檢術(shù)”。術(shù)中探查見胰腺增大并呈囊性改變,表面彌漫性分布透明囊泡,腸管內(nèi)大量陳舊積血,雙腎可觸及明顯腫塊。術(shù)后病理診斷:慢性淤血性脾腫大,腎透明細(xì)胞癌(Fuhrman Ⅰ級)。術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好,轉(zhuǎn)入泌尿外科繼續(xù)診治腎臟腫瘤。建議每6個月評估1次病情,內(nèi)分泌科治療糖尿病,隨訪1年病情穩(wěn)定。
例2 患者女,55歲。因發(fā)現(xiàn)“胰腺多發(fā)囊性占位”于門診定期復(fù)查。既往史:3年前因“右腎多發(fā)腫瘤”行“右腎根治性切除術(shù)”,術(shù)后病理診斷為腎多發(fā)透明細(xì)胞癌(FuhrmanⅡ級)。家族史:母親曾行脊髓血管瘤切除術(shù)。增強(qiáng)CT(圖3)見胰腺多發(fā)囊腫,胰腺多發(fā)強(qiáng)化影,考慮神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤,囊腫及強(qiáng)化影與1年前檢查相仿。顱腦、脊髓MR及眼底檢查未見異常,血清嗜鉻粒蛋白A(CgA)和神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)檢查正常。診斷:(1)VHL?。?2)胰腺多發(fā)囊腫;(3)無功能性PNENs。患者無主觀不適及臨床癥狀,影像學(xué)檢查提示胰腺病變穩(wěn)定,MDT會診后決定繼續(xù)門診隨訪,建議每年評估1次病情。
例3 患者女,47歲。因發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺多發(fā)囊性占位2周入院。入院2周前行腹部超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺多發(fā)囊性占位,腹部CT、MRI(圖4)見胰腺彌漫性囊性改變。顱腦及脊髓MR見胸3~4平面脊髓腫瘤病變伴周圍水腫,雙側(cè)小腦半球多發(fā)強(qiáng)化結(jié)節(jié),右眼球多發(fā)血管瘤。既往史:糖尿病史5年,空腹血糖最高17.5 mmol/L。家族史:父母已故,死因不詳。MDT會診后診斷:(1)VHL病;(2)胰腺多發(fā)囊腫;(3)視網(wǎng)膜多發(fā)血管瘤;(4)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管瘤;(5)糖尿病。評估目前胰腺病變尚無需手術(shù)處理,予門診隨訪,內(nèi)分泌科治療糖尿病,建議每年評估1次病情。
目前VHL病主要依據(jù)臨床診斷,雖然有學(xué)者指出VHL基因檢測是診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但尚未廣泛開展。
圖1 CT平掃(A)見胰腺體積明顯增大,可見多發(fā)囊性低密度影,內(nèi)見斑片狀致密影,增強(qiáng)掃描(B)見胰腺病灶強(qiáng)化不均勻;雙腎可見多發(fā)團(tuán)塊狀陰影及囊狀水樣密度影 圖2 上腹部血管三維重建見胰腺多發(fā)囊腫,腎臟多發(fā)囊腫,腎臟多發(fā)腫瘤。門靜脈增寬,胃周可見多發(fā)迂曲血管影 圖3 CT平掃(A)見胰腺內(nèi)多發(fā)大小不等囊性低密度影,邊界清晰,增強(qiáng)(B)后囊性病灶無明顯強(qiáng)化,可見多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)狀明顯強(qiáng)化灶 圖4 CT(A)、MRI(B)見胰腺體積彌漫性增大,內(nèi)見多發(fā)大小不等囊性低密度影,壁薄,部分病灶內(nèi)可見分隔及鈣化
臨床診斷多采用Maher等[5]提出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)有視網(wǎng)膜或中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)血管母細(xì)胞瘤家族病史伴有一種血管母細(xì)胞瘤或內(nèi)臟病變;(2)對于孤立病例且無明確家族遺傳史,若患有兩種或兩種以上血管母細(xì)胞瘤,或一種血管母細(xì)胞瘤和一種內(nèi)臟病變。根據(jù)此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本組3例患者均可臨床診斷為VHL病。
VHL病胰腺囊性病變的發(fā)生率為20%~56%[6],包括單純囊腫與胰腺SCA。本組3例均出現(xiàn)胰腺囊性病變。單純囊腫是良性病變,典型病變?yōu)槎喟l(fā)囊腫,表現(xiàn)為彌漫分布于整個胰腺的囊腫,CT可見胰腺多發(fā)圓形或類圓形低密度影,邊界清晰,囊腫直徑多<1.5 cm,囊壁可見鈣化[7]。SCA是好發(fā)于胰體尾部的良性病變[8],可分為微囊腺瘤、大囊腺瘤、混合囊腺瘤與實性囊腺瘤[9],約占VHL病胰腺病變的11%[3]。SCA中央可伴鈣化,囊壁上無結(jié)節(jié),囊腫不與胰管交通,60%的SCA無癥狀,也可出現(xiàn)腹痛、包塊、黃疸等不典型癥狀[8]。雖然囊性病變惡變率低,但病變廣泛者可能導(dǎo)致胰腺功能不全[10],且發(fā)生PNENs風(fēng)險較高[11]。本組病例1和3合并糖尿病,提示內(nèi)分泌功能受損,病例2考慮合并無功能性PNENs。美國癌癥研究所(NCI)建議對VHL病胰腺囊性病變患者每2年評估1次病情。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SCA均有VHL等位基因的缺失[12],因此均應(yīng)考慮合并VHL病的可能性。胰腺囊性疾病診治指南(2015版)[13]建議對漿液性囊性腫瘤(SCN)定期監(jiān)測和隨訪,對位于胰頭部、出現(xiàn)壓迫癥狀、無法排除惡變或侵襲性表現(xiàn)及>6 cm腫瘤應(yīng)積極手術(shù)治療。VHL病胰腺囊性病變可采用囊腫切除或梗阻膽管搭橋術(shù)[14-15],一般無需淋巴結(jié)清掃,也可抽吸囊液減輕病灶壓迫。病例1主要因“胰源性門脈高壓并發(fā)上消化道出血”而行“脾臟切除+左腎腫塊活檢術(shù)”,為對癥治療。
VHL病的PNENs發(fā)生率為8%~20%[6],多數(shù)無功能[10],發(fā)病高峰為35~39歲[3],約50%發(fā)生于胰頭,53%為多發(fā)性[10];40%腫瘤不會繼續(xù)生長,出現(xiàn)侵襲或轉(zhuǎn)移者不足20%[3]。本組病例2影像學(xué)檢查提示胰腺多發(fā)強(qiáng)化影,考慮為無功能性PNENs。穿刺活檢是PNENs定性診斷常用手段,但較小的腫瘤即使獲得病理診斷往往也不改變治療方法。定位診斷是手術(shù)治療的關(guān)鍵步驟,CT檢查表現(xiàn)為邊界清楚的實性腫塊或結(jié)節(jié);MRI表現(xiàn)為T1WI呈低信號,T2WI為高信號,增強(qiáng)掃描明顯強(qiáng)化[16];內(nèi)鏡超聲(EUS)診斷較小的PNENs更加敏感;部分不典型病例可依據(jù)特征性聲像圖和豐富血供進(jìn)行定性診斷[17];PET-CT不僅可定位PNENs,還能反映代謝狀態(tài),并鑒別漿液性微囊腺瘤[18]。生長抑素受體掃描(SRS)是PNENs首選的檢查手段,但VHL-PNENs往往低度表達(dá)生長抑素2型受體(SSTR2),111In-潘替曲肽閃爍掃描法診斷VHL-PNENs敏感性為60%,較散發(fā)性PNENs低[19]。VHL-PNENs手術(shù)基本原則是行剜除術(shù)并保留盡可能多的胰腺組織,因為存在術(shù)后再發(fā)及囊性變導(dǎo)致胰腺功能不全的風(fēng)險[20]。VHL-PNENs≥3 cm時轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險較高[3],因此胰體尾部腫瘤≥3 cm時應(yīng)積極手術(shù)治療;胰頭部腫瘤≥2 cm則考慮手術(shù)[10,21],此時腫瘤與主胰管距離往往足夠行剜除術(shù)。無法行剜除術(shù)時,可根據(jù)腫瘤部位行胰十二指腸切除術(shù)、胰腺遠(yuǎn)端切除術(shù)等,并清掃周圍3~5 cm可見淋巴結(jié)[22]。功能性VHL-PNENs合并相關(guān)癥狀時需積極手術(shù)治療。VHL-PNENs術(shù)后長期預(yù)后較好,切除主要病灶后,<1.5 cm的PNENs隨訪10年無進(jìn)展,因此小病灶可不予處理[22]。病例2雖診斷多發(fā)PNENs,但腫瘤直徑較小且無功能,故暫不考慮手術(shù)治療。VHL-PNENs術(shù)后往往需要接受生長抑素類似物(SSAs)治療,因此建議切除膽囊以減少發(fā)生膽汁淤積和膽囊炎的風(fēng)險。為預(yù)防或治療出血、急性胰腺炎等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[23],可行減瘤手術(shù),然而并不延長生存期。雖然奧曲肽和蘭瑞肽等長效SSAs治療PNENs客觀有效率<10%,但疾病控制率可達(dá)50%~60%,并可延長無進(jìn)展生存期(PFS)[24]。肽受體放射性核素治療(PRRT)是由SRS衍生出的新型治療方法,由SSAs和放射性核素在腫瘤原位發(fā)揮化療和內(nèi)照射的雙重治療作用,治療SRS強(qiáng)陽性的PNETs客觀有效率達(dá)20%~35%,并可獲得16~33個月PFS及22~46個月總生存期[25]。PNENs可單獨或聯(lián)合使用鏈脲霉素、卡培他濱、5-FU、阿霉素或替莫唑胺等細(xì)胞毒藥物[3]。目前FDA已批準(zhǔn)舒尼替尼和依維莫司用于PNENs治療。此外,使用貝伐珠單抗+替莫唑胺治療有效率為33%,PFS可達(dá)14.3個月[26]。
綜上所述,VHL病臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,診療較為復(fù)雜。雖然VHL病相關(guān)腫瘤治療已有多部指南,但目前缺乏專門針對胰腺病灶診療的指南與共識。VHL病胰腺病變手術(shù)指征不易把握、隨訪較為復(fù)雜,可在MDT的模式下進(jìn)行個體化治療,并根據(jù)全身情況,共同制定全過程診療及隨訪計劃,采取“精準(zhǔn)治療”的措施以達(dá)到最佳的治療效果。
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(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
Pancreatic lesions in 3 patients with Von Hippel-Lindau disease
DongYi,JiMingzhe,ChenJun,LiuAnan,ShaoChenghao,ChenDanlei.
DepartmentofGeneralSurgery-PancreaticandBiliarySurgery,ChangzhengHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200003,China
ChenDanlei,Email: 13918874380@163.com
Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and management of pancreatic lesions in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, and improve the current understanding on pancreatic lesions in VHL disease. Methods The clinical data of three VHL disease patients with pancreatic lesions were analyzed retrospectively, including clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging, pathological features, operation method and follow-up. Results Two patients had a family history of hemangioblastoma in central neural system, and 1 patient had retinal multiple angioma and angioma in central neural system, who were diagnosed as VHL. One patient with pancreatic portal hypertension had splenectomy and biopsy of left renal tumor. During the surgery, pancreatic cystic lesions were observed and the transparent cysts were diffusively distributed on the surface. The other 2 patients were diagnosed as pancreatic multiple cysts and non functional pNETs, and pancreatic multiple cysts, respectively, based on the imaging. All the three patients had stable disease status, and followed up by outpatient visits. Conclusions VHL disease can manifest as simple pancreatic cyst, pancreatic serous cystadenoma and pNETs. The optimal individualized treatment should be determined by Multidisciplinary team (MDT) according to the general condition of patient.
Genetic diseases, inborn; Von Hippel-Lindau disease; Pancreatic diseases; Disease attributes
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2017.03.010
200003 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長征醫(yī)院普外-胰膽外科(董毅、紀(jì)明哲、陳軍、劉安安、邵成浩、陳丹磊),2016級住院醫(yī)師規(guī)范化培訓(xùn)醫(yī)師(董毅、紀(jì)明哲)
陳丹磊,Email: 13918874380@163.com
2016-12-12)