賀啟迪
摘要:筆者根據(jù)自己十幾年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,總結(jié)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的特征,結(jié)合語(yǔ)法填空題的高考設(shè)題的考查內(nèi)容和方式,從兩種題型和十三大技巧入手,對(duì)語(yǔ)法填空題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述。
關(guān)鍵詞:高考英語(yǔ);語(yǔ)法填空;純空格題;給詞題;解題技巧
高考語(yǔ)法填空題,跳出了以前高考的單項(xiàng)選擇題模式,把語(yǔ)法融入到了語(yǔ)篇中去,通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)義的深層次理解,確定該空格的詞匯以及該詞匯的恰當(dāng)形式。該題型包羅了幾乎高中所有的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),故使學(xué)生見(jiàn)之則頭疼,做之則茫然。其實(shí),搞定語(yǔ)法填空題有其規(guī)律可循。
一、語(yǔ)法填空題題型特征
2014年高考,英語(yǔ)科目中語(yǔ)法填空題取代了之前語(yǔ)法題型-----單項(xiàng)選擇,語(yǔ)法填空題,即在一篇200詞左右的語(yǔ)篇中設(shè)10個(gè)小題,以兩種題型出現(xiàn):一種是純空格題,即根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇所需,在文句空格處填入一恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~;另一種為給詞題,即根據(jù)所給的詞,結(jié)合語(yǔ)篇,選擇填入該詞恰當(dāng)?shù)男问健?/p>
二、語(yǔ)法填空題考查內(nèi)容
語(yǔ)法填空題的考查內(nèi)容很廣,包括了詞法,句法和考生對(duì)于語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力和邏輯推理能力,涉及實(shí)詞和虛詞。
三、“兩大題型”“十三大解題技巧”解疑
1.純空格題
(1)一個(gè)句子如果缺主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),那么該空格填代詞。如:Its a lovely day. I love __it_ when the weather is like this.
(2)如果在一個(gè)句子中,名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)前為空格,且該名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)在句子中作了句子成分,填限定詞。如:It was __a___ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across __the_night sky.
(3)句子中,名詞或代詞前面是空格,且該名詞或者代詞不作句子成分,填介詞。如:I have no idea about what colors look good ___against__my skin.
(4)在一個(gè)句子中,兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)之間沒(méi)有連詞,填連詞,特別觀察標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。如:It is often not their age __but__ their education that causes misunderstanding between them.
(5)如果兩個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子中間,沒(méi)有任何連詞,也沒(méi)有分號(hào),填連接詞。
①如果兩個(gè)句子是并列關(guān)系或者包含有狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),則用并列連詞和狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞。如:How can you expect to get ahead in your life __if___you even live for yourself from time to time.
又如:They decide to cancel the trip ___because____ nobody was very enthusiastic about it.
②如果兩個(gè)句子之間是主從關(guān)系,則需要判斷從句的類型,到底是定語(yǔ)從句還是名詞性從句,然后再確定其引導(dǎo)詞。
如:From space, the earth looks blue. This is __why__ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
又如:Take an active part in after-class activities,__which_ will not only make your school life colorful, but also improve your learning.
2.給詞題
(1)如果所給的詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或者補(bǔ)語(yǔ),則用形容詞形式。如:
I soon became __known____ (know) as a singing cook.
(2)如果給詞在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),或者在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后作賓語(yǔ),則用名詞形式,當(dāng)然根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇邏輯主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題。如:However, I was refused every time I tried to sign with record __companies__ (accompany).
(3)若給詞在形容詞性的物主代詞之后,或冠詞之后,則用名詞形式。如:The ___popularity____(popular)of the igloo is beyond doubt.
(4)給詞如果修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,或者整個(gè)句子,這個(gè)時(shí)候改詞則肯定起修飾作用,充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),用副詞形式。如:I felt __ extremely__ (extreme) nervous and I was afraid That I would fall off.
(5)給詞如果是形容詞或副詞,且該空格本身要填的詞性不變時(shí),一定要注意其比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)或者反義詞(加前綴或后綴)。如:The book is thinner , but it costs more than twice more than the _ thicker___(thick) one .
(6)若給詞為動(dòng)詞,且句子中沒(méi)有別的謂語(yǔ),則需填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式(注意時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)及主謂一致)如:Breakfast ___serves__(serve) between 7:00 and 8:00am, so wed better get up early.
(7)若給詞為動(dòng)詞,句子也有謂語(yǔ),但需要填的動(dòng)詞之間有連詞,則還是謂語(yǔ)。
如:I got a chance to take a photo with Andy and I __had_looked__(look) forward to it for years.
(8)若給詞為動(dòng)詞,句子有了謂語(yǔ),需填動(dòng)詞與之沒(méi)有連詞連接,則是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。
①做主語(yǔ)時(shí)通常用—ing形式表習(xí)慣或一般情況,to do 表一次性具體情況。
如:Swimming is my hobby, in such a hot day, ___to swim____(swim) is a good choice.
②做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)看前面的動(dòng)詞的固定搭配,然后決定—ing 形式還是to do形式
如:Most students object to __charging___(charge) for parking on campus.
③如果給詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ),一般找主句主語(yǔ)與之關(guān)系,獨(dú)立主格找本身與之關(guān)系;
如果給詞在從句中作定語(yǔ),找被修飾名詞與之關(guān)系;如果給詞在從句中作賓補(bǔ),找賓語(yǔ)與之關(guān)系,可套用“順口溜”:主動(dòng)進(jìn)行ing,被動(dòng)完成用ed,不定式to do 表將來(lái)和目的。如:_Built___(build) in a small town, it has been attracting lots of visitors but soon the fun will be over.
又如:The witness __ questioned_ (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
再如:The shop owner will get all these goods ordered __ delivered ____(deliver) to the customers today.
以上的純空格題“五種解題技巧”和給詞題“八種解題技巧”已經(jīng)完全囊括了目前每年高考語(yǔ)法填空題的所有解題方向。雖然語(yǔ)法填空題的語(yǔ)篇年年改變,但是高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考綱要求,卻變化不大,因此解題方向就變得有跡可循。做一個(gè)有“心”人,平時(shí)多嘗試這些方法,多練習(xí),多歸納,完全可以提升自己的解題技能。
例題參考文獻(xiàn):
書名:《高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練》(新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷)
作者:高考英語(yǔ)命題研究中心 ISBN:978731310684
類別:高考 出版社:上海交通大學(xué)出版社出版
出版時(shí)間:2014.3