譚毅賢+程德根+梁小軍
【摘要】 目的:探究鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療第五跖骨基底部骨折的療效,為臨床治療方法的選擇提供理論依據(jù)。方法:回顧性分析本院2014年3月-2016年4月收治的80例第五跖骨基底部骨折患者的臨床資料。依據(jù)治療方式不同將其分為觀察組和對照組,每組各40例。觀察組采用鎳鈦合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療,對照組則采用石膏外固定治療。術后3個月對兩組骨折愈合時間、愈合率、愈合程度(AOFAS評分及VAS評分)及并發(fā)癥進行比較。結果:觀察組平均愈合時間為(4.9±1.3)周,明顯短于對照組的(7.9±1.1)周(P<0.05)。觀察組39例完全愈合,對照組32例完全愈合,兩者對比差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組2例出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥,對照組8例(P<0.05)。觀察組AOFAS評分為(94.36±5.27)分,對照組為(87.10±6.31)分,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組VAS評分為(0.87±0.25)分,對照組為(1.42±0.45)分,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結論:對第五跖骨基底部骨折患者行鎳鈦合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療的臨床總有效率優(yōu)于外固定治療,并發(fā)癥較少,推薦臨床廣泛應用。
【關鍵詞】 鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘; 內(nèi)固定治療; 第五跖骨基底部骨折; 療效
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore effect of nickel titanium memory alloy bow tooth nail internal fixation on the treatment of the fifth metatarsal basal part fractures and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical on the fifth metatarsal bone fracture treatment methods.Method:From March 2014 to April 2016,a total of 80 fracture cases in the base of the fifth metatarsal in our hospital were divided into the observation group and control group according to different treatment methods,40 cases in each group.The observation group was treated with nickel titanium alloy bow tooth nail internal fixation,the control group was treated with plaster external fixation.After operation,the healing time,healing rate,healing degree (AOFAS score and VAS score) and the incidence of complications of the two groups were compared and analyzed.Result:After observation of 2-12 weeks,the average healing time of the observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).In the observation group,39 cases were healed,while 32 cases were healed in the control group,the difference had statistical significance( 字2=6.13,P<0.05);2 cases had complications in the observation group,8 cases had complications in the control group,the difference was statistical significance(P<0.05).AOFAS score of the observation group was (94.36±5.27)score,the control group of that was (87.10±6.31) score (P<0.05).VAS score of the observation group was (0.87±0.25) score,the control group was of that (1.42±0.45) score(P<0.05).Conclusion:Compared with plaster external fixation,nickel titanium alloy bow tooth nail internal fixation has higher efficiency,better curative effect and fewer complications in treatment of the fifth metatarsal basal part fracture.It is recommended to a wide range of clinical applications.And it opens the new era in the field of treatment for the fractures of the fifth metatarsal.
【Key words】 Nickel titanium memory alloy bow foot nail; Internal fixation; Fracture in the base of the fifth metatarsal; Curative effect
First-authors address:Duanzhou Peoples Hospital,Zhaoqing 526040,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.13.003
第五跖骨基底部骨折是臨床上最常見的跖骨骨折的類型之一,常發(fā)生于足部跖屈、前足內(nèi)翻時,如扭傷、砸傷、車禍等[1-3]。第五跖骨基底部骨折可依靠不同材料進行內(nèi)固定治療,如鎳鈦記憶合金、加壓空心螺釘、可吸收螺釘?shù)?,也可采用石膏外固定的治療方案[4]。本文就鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療與石膏外固定治療進行對比研究,討論對第五跖骨基底部骨折行鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療的療效,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 回顧性分析本院2014年3月-2016年4月收入的80例第五跖骨基底部骨折患者臨床資料,按隨機數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對照組,每組40例。兩組患者年齡、性別、受傷至治療時間、骨折類型、骨折原因等一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。納入標準:(1)根據(jù)Lawrence解剖分區(qū),Ⅰ區(qū)撕脫骨折塊位移>2 mm,合并跖骰關節(jié)面骨折;(2)Ⅱ區(qū)骨折塊位移>2 mm。排除標準:(1)合并足踝部其他部位骨折;(2)無位移的Ⅰ、Ⅱ區(qū)骨折;(3)Ⅲ區(qū)應力性骨折。該研究已經(jīng)倫理學委員會批準,患者知情同意。典型例圖見圖1。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 觀察組 采用鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療方案:(1)麻醉:腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉或全麻。(2)固定:患者取仰臥位,常規(guī)消毒鋪單,依次切開傷處皮膚、皮下組織,顯露骨折部位,清理骨折端碎骨屑,并用生理鹽水進行清洗。斷端對合后固定,選擇合適大小鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘進行內(nèi)固定。注意術后半個月到18個月,需根據(jù)患者具體情況將內(nèi)固定取出[5]。(3)拆線:術后2周拆線。(4)復查X線片:術后4周復查。(5)恢復訓練:術后2周拆線后,鼓勵患者下床活動,要求患者拄雙拐且不負重;術后4周,根據(jù)具體情況指導患者進行部分負重活動;術后6~8周進行完全負重的獨立活動[6]。
1.2.2 對照組 采用石膏外固定的治療方案:(1)麻醉:連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉。(2)固定:用石膏進行外固定[7-8]。要求患者保持中立位,石膏制動。囑咐患者于第1、2、4、6周復診,觀察骨折處局部腫脹程度,并根據(jù)腫脹程度調(diào)整石膏的松緊度,拆線時間、復查時間、恢復訓練同觀察組。
1.3 觀察指標 于術后2~12周內(nèi)對患者進行隨訪,觀察比較兩組愈合時間、愈合率、愈合程度(AOFAS評分和VAS評分)和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況[9-10]。AOFAS評分疼痛、功能、外觀3個方面對患者進行評分,VAS評分0~10分,0分表示無痛,10分代表難以忍受的最劇烈的疼痛。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理 采用SPSS 21.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用 字2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組患者愈合時間比較 觀察組平均愈合時間為(4.9±1.3)周,明顯短于對照組(7.2±1.1)周,比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 兩組患者愈合及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較 觀察組愈合率97.50%明顯高于對照組80.00%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義( 字2=6.13,P<0.05)。第五跖骨基底部骨折后可能會出現(xiàn)一些并發(fā)癥,如踝關節(jié)背伸活動受限、感染、畸形愈合等[11-12]。觀察組活動輕度受限1例,感染1例,經(jīng)進一步治療后好轉(zhuǎn),并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為5.00%,對照組背伸活動受限2例,畸形愈合2例,感染4例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為20.00%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義( 字2=4.11,P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者愈合程度比較 觀察組AOFAS評分明顯高于對照組,VAS評分低于對照組,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
第五跖骨基底部骨折是臨床常見的跖骨骨折類型之一[10-11]。長期以來,對第五跖骨骨折的治療多采用外固定治療,如手法復位、夾板、石膏等[12-15]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療相比,石膏外固定治療的愈合時間相對較長、愈合率低、愈合程度(AOFAS評分及VAS評分)差,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高。本次調(diào)查中,觀察組平均愈合時間明顯短于對照組患者的平均愈合時間,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。觀察組愈合率明顯高于對照組,兩組對比差異有統(tǒng)計學意義( 字2=6.13,P<0.05),這表明鎳鈦記憶合金內(nèi)固定治療該類患者療效顯著,可切實增加患者愈合率;觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義( 字2=4.11,P<0.05)。觀察組AOFAS評分為(94.36±5.27)分,對照組AOFAS評分為(87.10±6.31)分,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);觀察組VAS評分為(0.87±0.25)分,對照組患者VAS評分為(1.42±0.45)分,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
鎳鈦記憶合金的優(yōu)勢在于其具有持續(xù)的壓縮力,其他普通的金屬材料很難企及,因此鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘?shù)氖褂檬堑谖艴殴腔撞抗钦壑委熓飞系囊粋€里程碑[16-18]。鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療方法不僅使患者骨折愈合時間減少,且愈合率高、愈合程度(AOFAS評分及VAS評分)較好,并發(fā)癥少見,克服了長期以來采用外固定治療方法導致的固定不穩(wěn)定、畸形愈合、局部腫脹等現(xiàn)象[19]。另一方面,對于醫(yī)務人員來說,鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘內(nèi)固定治療操作方便,簡單易行[20]。但治療前應將鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘置于冰水中,用弓齒釘進行內(nèi)固定時再進行復溫,固定成功后所有用水必須是溫水[21]。盡量保證手術固定一次成功,避免對鎳鈦記憶合金弓齒釘進行反復降溫升溫處理[22]。
參考文獻
[1] Lobenhoffer P.Posterolateral transfibular approach to tibial plateau fractures[J].J Orthop Trauma,2011,25(3):31.
[2] Desandis B,Murphy C,Rosenbaum A,et al.Multiplanar CT Analysis of Fifth Metatarsal Morphology:Implications for Operative Management of Zone II Fractures[J].Foot & Ankle International,2015,37(5):366-369.
[3] Lui T H.Lateral foot pain following open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture of the fifth metatarsal tubercle:treated by arthroscopic arthrolysis and endoscopic tenolysis[J].Case Reports,2014,5(34):122.
[4] Aynardi M,Pedowitz D I,Saffel H,et al.Outcome of nonoperative management of displaced oblique spiral fractures of the fifth metatarsal shaft.[J].Foot Ankle Int,2013,34(12):1619-1623.
[5] Wang X,Deng Y,Yu L,et al.Comparison of hollow compression screws and absorbable screws for the treatment of the fifth metatarsal fracture:Ankle function and fracture displacement[J].Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research,2015,3(1):53-54.
[6] Wang X,Zhang C,Wang C,et al.Accurate determination of screw position in treating fifth metatarsal base fractures to shorten radiation exposure time[J].Singapore Medical Journal,2016,5(12):1-13.
[7] Tsukada S,Ikeda H,Seki Y,et al.Intramedullary screw fixation with bone autografting to treat proximal fifth metatarsal metaphyseal-diaphyseal fracture in athletes:a case series[J].BMC Sports Science,Medicine and Rehabilitation,2012,4(1):1-7.
[8] Chon J G,Choi H,Kim J B,et al.The Short Term Outcome of Surgical Treatment for the Fifth Metatarsal Base Fracture Using a Headless Cannulated Compression Screw[J].J Korean Foot Ankle Soc,2016,20(3):131.
[9] Polzer H,Polzer S,Mutschler W,et al.Acute fractures to the proximal fifth metatarsal bone:Development of classification and treatment recommendations based on the current evidence[J].Injury-international Journal of the Care of the Injured,2012,43(10):1626-1632.
[10] Gasse N,Luth T,Loisel F,et al.Fixation dun transfert dun tendon divisé du tibial antérieur par ancrage sur la base du cinquième métatarsien[J].Revue De Chirurgie Orthopédique Et Traumatologique,2012,98(7):744-748.
[11] Massada M M,Pereira M A,de Sousa R J,et al.Intramedullary screw fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal fractures in athletes[J].Acta Ortopédica Brasileira,2012,20(5):262-265.
[12] Ritchie J D,Shaver J C,Anderson R B,et al.Excision of symptomatic nonunions of proximal fifth metatarsal avulsion fractures in elite athletes[J].American Journal of Sports Medicine,2011,39(11):2466.
[13] Murawski C D,Kennedy J G.Percutaneous internal fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal jones fractures (Zones II and III) with Charlotte Carolina screw and bone marrow aspirate concentrate:an outcome study in athletes[J].American Journal of Sports Medicine,2011,39(39):1295-1301.
[14] Berlet G C,Olms K,Saxena A.Fifth metatarsal fractures[J].Foot Ankle Spec,2014,7(2):127-134.
[15] DeVries J G,Cuttica D J,Hyer C F.Cannulated screw fixation of jones fifth metatarsal fractures:a comparison of titanium and stainless steel screw fixation[J].J Foot Ankle Surg,2011,50(2):207-212.
[16] Beirer M,Harrasser N,Schmidutz F,et al.Therapeutic approach to fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsalbone[J].MMW Fortschr Med,2013,155(1):53-54.
[17] Wolons D,Gandhi F,Malovrh B.An experimental investigation of the pseudoelastic hysteresis damping characteristics of nickel titanium shape memory alloy wires[J].Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures,2013,9(2):116-126.
[18] Ozturk M M,Bhattacharyya A.Thermal Response of an Isolated Rectangular,Layered Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloy Thin Film with Variable Material Properties[J].Lecture Notes in Engineering & Computer Science,2013,22(1):798-801.
[19] Abdullah Z,Razali R,Subuki I,et al.An Overview of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Method for Porous Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)[J].Advanced Materials Research,2016,11(33):269-274.
[20] Decker S,Kr?mer M,Marten A K,et al.A nickel-titanium shape memory alloy plate for contactless inverse dynamization after internal fixation in a sheep tibia fracture model:A pilot study[J].Technology & Health Care Official Journal of the European Society for Engineering & Medicine,2015,23(4):463.
[21] Knick C R,Srour M D,Morris C J.Characterization of sputtered nickel-titanium shape memory alloy and microfabricated thermal actuators[C].IEEE Mems,2016:524-527.
[22] Zhang B.Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction of Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloy Wires during Mechanical Deformation[J].Unt Theses & Dissertations,2015,55(3):43-45.
(收稿日期:2017-03-17) (本文編輯:周亞杰)