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《華氏451度》

2017-06-05 22:15
新東方英語·中學(xué)版 2017年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:華氏克拉消防員

雷·布拉德伯里(Ray Bradbury, 1920~2012),美國小說家、編劇。其作品多屬于幻想文學(xué)、科幻小說、恐怖小說和神秘小說。他一生中每天都在寫作,十分高產(chǎn),共著27部小說和600多篇短篇小說,《華氏451度》(Fahrenheit 451)是他最著名的代表作。

這部小說將背景設(shè)在未來的美國,那時(shí)的消防員不再滅火,而是負(fù)責(zé)燒書。一個(gè)名叫蒙泰戈(Montag)的消防員在遇到一個(gè)古怪的女孩克拉麗絲(Clarisse)后開始反思當(dāng)下,從燒書人變?yōu)橥禃俗詈笥肿優(yōu)榱骼说谋硶?。小說大篇幅采用意識(shí)流手法,反映了書被禁后,人們精神世界的荒蕪以及人物內(nèi)心的空洞、虛無和痛苦。書中對未來的預(yù)測令人細(xì)思恐極,因?yàn)槟銜?huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)下世界似乎正朝著那樣的未來發(fā)展。不過,小說盡管讀來十分沉重,卻在最后給人以希望的曙光。作者曾說:“人們希望我預(yù)測未來;可我卻想要阻止未來?!笨梢哉f,這部小說給當(dāng)下的人類敲響了警鐘。

下文選自小說第一章,講述了蒙泰戈與克拉麗絲的一段交談,從克拉麗絲的話中,我們能看到當(dāng)時(shí)人們?yōu)l臨崩潰的精神世界。

One two three four five six seven days. And as many times he1) came out of the house and Clarisse was there somewhere in the world. Once he saw her shaking a walnut tree, once he saw her sitting on the lawn knitting a blue sweater, three or four times he found a bouquet of late flowers on his porch2), or a handful of chestnuts3) in a little sack4), or some autumn leaves neatly pinned to a sheet of white paper and thumbtacked5) to his door. Every day Clarisse walked him to the corner ...

"Why is it," he said, one time, at the subway entrance, "I feel I've known you so many years?"

"Because I like you," she said, "and I don't want anything from you. And because we know each other."

"You make me feel very old and very much like a father."

"Now you explain," she said, "why you haven't any daughters like me, if you love children so much?"

"I don't know."

"You're joking!"

"I mean—" He stopped and shook his head. "Well, my wife, she ... she just never wanted any children at all."

The girl stopped smiling. "I'm sorry. I really thought you were having fun at my expense6). I'm a fool."

"No, no," he said. "It was a good question. It's been a long time since anyone cared enough to ask. A good question."

"Let's talk about something else. Have you ever smelled old leaves? Don't they smell like cinnamon7)? Here. Smell."

"Why, yes, it is like cinnamon in a way."

She looked at him with her clear dark eyes. "You always seem shocked."

"It's just I haven't had time—"

"Did you look at the stretched-out billboards8) like I told you?"

"I think so. Yes." He had to laugh.

"Your laugh sounds much nicer than it did."

"Does it?"

"Much more relaxed."

He felt at ease and comfortable. "Why aren't you in school? I see you every day wandering around."

"Oh, they don't miss me," she said. "I'm anti-social, they say. I don't mix. It's so strange. I'm very social indeed. It all depends on what you mean by social, doesn't it? Social to me means talking about things like this." She rattled9) some chestnuts that had fallen off the tree in the front yard. "Or talking about how strange the world is. Being with people is nice. But I don't think it's social to get a bunch of people together and then not let them talk, do you? An hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription10) history or painting pictures, and more sports, but do you know, we never ask questions, or at least most don't; they just run the answers at you, bing, bing, bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film-teacher. That's not social to me at all. They run us so ragged11) by the end of the day we can't do anything but go to bed or head for a Fun Park to bully people around, break windowpanes12) in the Window Smasher place or wreck13) cars in the Car Wrecker place with the big steel ball ... I guess I'm everything they say I am, all right. I haven't any friends. That's supposed to prove I'm abnormal. But everyone I know is either shouting or dancing around like wild or beating up one another. Do you notice how people hurt each other nowadays?"

"You sound so very old."

"Sometimes I'm ancient. I'm afraid of children my own age. They kill each other. Did it always used to be that way? My uncle says no. Six of my friends have been shot in the last year alone. Ten of them died in car wrecks. I'm afraid of them and they don't like me because I'm afraid. My uncle says his grandfather remembered when children didn't kill each other. But that was a long time ago when they had things different. They believed in responsibility, my uncle says. Do you know, I'm responsible. I was spanked14) when I needed it, years ago. And I do all the shopping and house-cleaning by hand. "

"But most of all," she said, "I like to watch people. Sometimes I ride the subway all day and look at them and listen to them. I just want to figure out who they are and what they want and where they're going. Sometimes I even go to the Fun Parks and ride in the jet cars when they race on the edge of town at midnight and the police don't care as long as they're insured. As long as everyone has ten thousand insurance, everyone's happy. Sometimes I sneak around and listen in subways. Or I listen at soda fountains15), and do you know what?"

"What?"

"People don't talk about anything."

"Oh, they must!"

"No, not anything. They name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming-pools mostly and say how swell16)! But they all say the same things and nobody says anything different from anyone else. And most of the time in the cafes they have the jokeboxes17) on and the same jokes most of the time, or the musical wall18) lit and all the coloured patterns running up and down, but it's only colour and all abstract. And at the museums, have you ever been? All abstract. That's all there is now. My uncle says it was different once. A long time back sometimes pictures said things or even showed people."

一二三四五六七天。很多次他一走出家門,總能發(fā)現(xiàn)克拉麗絲的蹤影。有一次,他看到她正在搖晃一棵胡桃樹。還有一次,他看到她坐在草坪上織著一件藍(lán)毛衣。還有三四次,他在自家門廊上發(fā)現(xiàn)一束晚開的花,或是一把裝在小小麻布袋里的栗子,又或是發(fā)現(xiàn)自家門上釘著一張白紙,一些秋葉整齊地固定在白紙上。每一天,克拉麗絲都會(huì)陪他一起走到街角……

“為什么,”一次他在地鐵口問道,“我覺得自己已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)你好多年了?”

“因?yàn)槲蚁矚g你呀,”她答道,“而且我也不想向你索取什么。還因?yàn)槲覀兞私獗舜恕!?/p>

“你讓我覺得自己很老,特別像一個(gè)父親?!?/p>

“那你解釋一下,”她說,“要是你這么喜歡孩子,為什么沒有一個(gè)像我似的女兒呢?”

“我不知道。”

“你在開玩笑!”

“我的意思是——”他停下來,搖了搖頭,“嗯,我的妻子,她……她就是一點(diǎn)都不想要孩子。”

女孩收起了笑容。“對不起。我以為你剛剛是在拿我開玩笑。我是個(gè)笨蛋?!?/p>

“不,不,”他連忙說道,“問得好。已經(jīng)好久沒人關(guān)心這些,愿意問我這樣的問題了。是個(gè)好問題?!?/p>

“我們來聊點(diǎn)別的事吧。你有沒有聞過枯葉?它們聞起來是不是很像肉桂?來,聞聞看。”

“啊,是呀,確實(shí)有點(diǎn)像肉桂的氣味?!?/p>

她用那對清澈的深色眼睛望著他:“你好像總是顯得很吃驚?!?

“那只是因?yàn)槲覜]有時(shí)間——”

“你有沒有像我說的那樣看那些拉長的廣告牌?”

“我想算是有。沒錯(cuò)。”他忍不住笑了起來。

“你的笑聲聽起來比以前可愛多了。”

“是嗎?”

“輕松了許多。”

他感覺很自在,也很舒坦?!澳銥槭裁床蝗W(xué)校呢?我見你每天都在到處轉(zhuǎn)悠?!?/p>

“哦,他們不會(huì)想我的,”她說,“他們說我反社交。我不合群。這太奇怪了。其實(shí)我很喜歡社交的。這完全取決于你對社交的定義,不是嗎?對我來說,社交就是談?wù)撓襁@樣的事情?!彼褟那霸簶渖系粝聛淼睦踝踊蔚脟W啦作響?!盎蛘哂懻撨@個(gè)世界有多么奇怪。和人們待在一起很愉快。但我覺得把一伙人聚在一起卻不讓他們說話可不是社交,你覺得呢?一小時(shí)的電視課程,一小時(shí)的籃球課、棒球課或跑步,然后是一小時(shí)的歷史錄像或畫畫,接著又是運(yùn)動(dòng),但是你知道嗎,我們從不問問題,至少大部分人不問。他們只會(huì)把答案直接咻咻咻丟給你,然后我們再呆坐上四個(gè)小時(shí),聽屏幕上的老師講課。那對我來說根本不是社交。一天下來,他們把我們搞得筋疲力盡,到了晚上我們什么都做不了,只能去睡覺,要么就去趣味公園欺負(fù)周圍的人,或者去砸窗館砸窗戶,到毀車館用大鋼球毀汽車……我想我就是他們所說的那樣,好吧。我沒有任何朋友。那應(yīng)該能證明我不正常。但是我認(rèn)識(shí)的人不是大喊大叫,就是瘋了似的亂跳,要么就相互廝打。你有沒有注意到現(xiàn)在人們都是怎樣地互相傷害?”

“你聽起來像是已經(jīng)一大把年紀(jì)了。”

“有時(shí)候我很老成。我害怕同齡的孩子,他們相互殘殺。過去也一直都是這樣嗎?我叔叔說不是。單去年一年,我就有六個(gè)朋友被槍殺。還有十個(gè)在毀車時(shí)死掉了。我怕他們,他們也因此不喜歡我。我叔叔說在他祖父的記憶中孩子們不會(huì)相互殘殺。不過那是很久以前的事了,那時(shí)候和現(xiàn)在不同。我叔叔說那時(shí)的人相信責(zé)任和義務(wù)。你知道嗎,我現(xiàn)在很有責(zé)任心的。幾年前,我還因缺乏責(zé)任心挨過打?,F(xiàn)在我親手做所有購物和打掃房間的事情?!?/p>

“但最重要的是,”她說,“我喜歡觀察別人。有時(shí)候我會(huì)成天待在地鐵上,觀察人們,聽他們說話。我就是想弄明白他們是誰,想要什么,要到哪去。有時(shí)候我甚至?xí)トの豆珗@,在午夜坐在他們的噴氣式汽車?yán)锔麄円黄鹪诔擎?zhèn)邊緣賽車,只要他們買了保險(xiǎn),警察是不會(huì)管的。人們只要買了一萬元的保險(xiǎn),那就誰都沒意見。有時(shí)候我會(huì)悄悄溜達(dá),在地鐵里聽別人講話。或者在冷飲柜臺(tái)邊聽別人講話,但你知道嗎?”

“知道什么?”

“人們什么都沒說?!?/p>

“哦,他們一定說了什么!”

“不,什么都沒。他們大多數(shù)時(shí)候會(huì)提到各種汽車、衣服或者泳池,然后贊嘆說‘真了不起!但是他們說的都是一樣的內(nèi)容,每個(gè)人說來說去都沒什么不同。在咖啡店,他們大都開著笑話機(jī),聽的笑話也大都是一樣的,或者開著音樂墻,墻上各種彩色圖案來回變幻,但那只不過是顏色,全都是抽象的。還有在博物館,你去過嗎?全都是抽象的東西,現(xiàn)在里面只有這樣的東西了。我叔叔說以前不是這樣的。很久以前,圖片是有含義的,上面甚至還有人物。”

華氏451度,即攝氏233度,既是令紙張燃燒的溫度,也是當(dāng)代科幻小說大師雷·布拉德伯里最經(jīng)典的代表作的名字。在這部科幻小說里,作者虛擬了一個(gè)壓制思想自由的未來世界。在那里,消防員的工作不是滅火維護(hù)安全,而是焚書破壞文明。此書主題深沉凝重,引人深思:沒有書籍,人類會(huì)過怎樣的生活?沒有書籍,人類的文明如何得以延續(xù)?沒有書籍,人類自身如何得以發(fā)展?帶著這一系列問題,讓我們走入《華氏451度》的世界。

故事的主人公雖是以燒書為樂的消防員蒙泰戈,但真正使劇情得以逆轉(zhuǎn)的卻是他的新鄰居克拉麗絲——一個(gè)愛思考愛讀書愛觀察他人的小女孩。在遇到克拉麗絲之前,蒙泰戈看上去與那個(gè)時(shí)代的其他消防員并沒有太多不同,每天規(guī)律地奔波于上班與回家兩點(diǎn)一線的生活中,在焚燒書籍、看到火光、聞到煤油味的瞬間感受快樂與榮耀。從小說一開始的敘述中,至少從表面上看,他是以自己的工作為榮的。

然而與克拉麗絲相遇后,隨著兩人了解加深,蒙泰戈不得不承認(rèn)自己不快樂以及不愛任何人的真相。從克拉麗絲的陳述中,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)焚書的原因:限制、禁止思想交流。思想的匱乏使得人們的精神世界成為一片荒原,學(xué)校的學(xué)生只會(huì)瘋跑瘋鬧、互相攻擊,做的都是些毫無意義的事情。對此并不認(rèn)同的克拉麗絲在學(xué)校顯得不合群,常常逃學(xué),自然也有機(jī)會(huì)與蒙泰戈時(shí)常見面。克拉麗絲漸漸改變著蒙泰戈,他學(xué)會(huì)了欣賞生活中細(xì)微之處的美,同時(shí)也開始對燒書這一行為以及當(dāng)下人們所處的狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生質(zhì)疑。他發(fā)現(xiàn)身邊的人(包括自己的妻子)一個(gè)個(gè)形同行尸走肉,空虛麻木,卻佯裝快樂,唯有克拉麗絲如此鮮活,成為照亮他生命的一縷陽光。然而,遺憾的是,沒過多久小女孩竟意外遭遇車禍身亡。

接下來對蒙泰戈影響較大的人分別是因焚書精神錯(cuò)亂的圖書館男人、寧愿與書同歸于盡的老婦人以及退休的英語教授費(fèi)博,這些人使得蒙泰戈逐步堅(jiān)定地踏上了保護(hù)書籍的道路。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)蒙泰戈從焚書場偷了一本書,然后又驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)這原來不是他偷的第一本書。在他家的角落里,早已藏了好幾十本。他的內(nèi)心早就背叛了消防員這一職業(yè),在他隱隱覺得這個(gè)世界不正常的時(shí)候,在他還不知道自己此舉有什么意義的時(shí)候,他就下意識(shí)地做出了行動(dòng)。而與妻子之間毫無有意義交流的事實(shí)、克拉麗絲對他良知的啟發(fā)、目睹愛書人與書共存亡所受到的心靈的震撼,這一切讓他壓抑了許久的內(nèi)心開始爆發(fā)。他藏書的舉動(dòng)終被發(fā)現(xiàn),不得不因此踏上逃亡之路。

全書中最動(dòng)人之處莫過于蒙泰戈在山林中與流浪學(xué)者們的匯合。在限制思想自由、焚燒人類書籍的時(shí)代,這些流浪漢般游走于城市邊緣的學(xué)者為保存人類文明,硬生生把一部部值得留下的著作一字一句地背了下來:這個(gè)人是斯威夫特,那個(gè)人是達(dá)爾文,另一位是叔本華……他們告訴蒙泰戈:“如果你喜歡,也可以是阿里斯托芬、圣雄甘地、釋迦牟尼佛、孔子、托馬斯·洛·皮科克、托馬斯·杰弗遜和林肯?!弊屪x者頗感意外的是,他們既是為傳承文明耗盡心血的背書人,也是為確保自身安全、背完即焚的燒書人。至此,我們可以恍然大悟小說之前提到的一句話:“書本身根本就沒有什么魔法,魔法在于書里的內(nèi)容,在于它們是如何拼湊起宇宙的碎片,為我們縫制出一件完整的衣服?!睍膬?nèi)容正是前人思想的凝聚,而這些背書人之所以把自己變成一本本書,正是為了留存思想火種、重建文明。

通過全文后半部分字里行間的描述,我們不難確定蒙泰戈已經(jīng)加入背書人的行列,一直往前走,直到趕上別人。結(jié)尾岸邊的生命樹,一個(gè)月結(jié)一個(gè)果實(shí),是否也是人類文明果實(shí)不斷繁衍生息的體現(xiàn)?而“樹葉可以用于拯救世界”及全文最后一句“當(dāng)我們到達(dá)城市的時(shí)候”不正是作者對于即使身處黑暗時(shí)代,依舊能盼到重現(xiàn)文明之光的樂觀精神的表達(dá)么?因此,即使小說話題凝重,讀來并不讓人心生愉悅,甚至還有些沉甸甸,我們倒也大可不必因此悲觀。至少,生命之樹常在,有生命,就會(huì)有果實(shí),有果實(shí),就有希望。

《華氏451度》雖被歸類為科幻小說,但其細(xì)致的心理描寫、深邃的哲學(xué)思考、感人的傳承精神,對現(xiàn)實(shí)世界也有深刻的借鑒意義。從某種程度上來講,小說對未來的預(yù)言也著實(shí)讓人毛骨悚然。蒙泰戈在消防隊(duì)的隊(duì)長曾經(jīng)有一段長篇大論來解釋為何書籍的命運(yùn)會(huì)淪落至此,其原因竟然是出于人們自己的選擇。在娛樂至死的年代,人們讀書越來越少,書籍被各種只會(huì)讓人傻樂的娛樂節(jié)目和鋪天蓋地的碎片化信息所取代。這樣的演變讓讀書人變成了稀缺品種,而作為絕大多數(shù)的思想空洞的大眾容不下這些少數(shù)因讀書而聰明過人的人們的存在,漸漸開始用各種方式對他們進(jìn)行壓制,其中最重要的舉措就是燒書。盡管我們現(xiàn)在所處的境況還遠(yuǎn)沒有書中那樣糟糕,但也有驚人相似的苗頭——比如越來越多的人只刷微博和朋友圈,卻不愿捧起一本書來讀。而《華氏451度》則向人類敲響了警鐘:當(dāng)娛樂設(shè)備發(fā)展越來越完善,我們是否能堅(jiān)持閱讀,在閱讀中保留心靈的獨(dú)立,不被娛樂的浪潮所淹沒,不讓我們的精神世界變得荒蕪?

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