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無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與健康間的中介作用研究

2017-05-24 14:46朱燕波李彥妮虞曉含史會(huì)梅王鴻捷張偉東郭學(xué)志王樂(lè)融史穆然索艷風(fēng)
中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者健康狀況問(wèn)卷

李 桐,朱燕波*,李彥妮,嚴(yán) 輝,虞曉含,史會(huì)梅,姚 園,王鴻捷,張偉東,郭學(xué)志,王樂(lè)融,史穆然,鹿 佳,索艷風(fēng)

·論著·

·專(zhuān)題研究·

無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與健康間的中介作用研究

李 桐1,朱燕波1*,李彥妮1,嚴(yán) 輝1,虞曉含2,史會(huì)梅2,姚 園1,王鴻捷3,張偉東3,郭學(xué)志4,王樂(lè)融1,史穆然1,鹿 佳1,索艷風(fēng)1

目的 檢驗(yàn)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與健康之間的中介作用。方法 2016年5—9月,在北京市紅十字血液中心的獻(xiàn)血小屋或采血車(chē)上現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者及部分陪同的未獻(xiàn)血者;在專(zhuān)業(yè)調(diào)查網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布電子版調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。使用無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知問(wèn)卷和簡(jiǎn)明健康狀況調(diào)查問(wèn)卷(SF-36)中文版分別測(cè)量調(diào)查對(duì)象的無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知情況和健康狀況,以獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)表示獻(xiàn)血行為。采用分層多元線性回歸分析無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知的中介作用。結(jié)果 共發(fā)放問(wèn)卷1 093份,回收有效問(wèn)卷1 031份,有效回收率為94.33%。其中獻(xiàn)血0次155例(15.04%),獻(xiàn)血1~4次412例(39.96%),獻(xiàn)血5~9次225例(21.82%),獻(xiàn)血≥10次239例(23.18%)。不同獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分、生理領(lǐng)域(PCS)得分、心理領(lǐng)域(MCS)得分比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);其中獻(xiàn)血1~4次、5~9次、≥10次者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分、PCS得分、MCS得分均高于獻(xiàn)血0次者;獻(xiàn)血5~9次、≥10次者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分、PCS得分、MCS得分均高于獻(xiàn)血1~4次者;獻(xiàn)血≥10次者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分高于獻(xiàn)血5~9次者(P<0.05)。無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血行為與PCS(rs=0.285,P<0.05)、MCS(rs=0.288,P<0.05)、無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知(rs=0.344,P<0.05)呈正相關(guān),無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知與PCS(r=0.233,P<0.05)、MCS(r=0.253,P<0.05)呈正相關(guān)。無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與PCS、MCS之間起部分中介作用,中介作用的大小分別為23.78%、32.43%。結(jié)論 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與健康間具有部分中介作用,中介效應(yīng)約占總效應(yīng)的1/3。

無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血;生命質(zhì)量;中介作用

李桐,朱燕波,李彥妮,等.無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與健康間的中介作用研究[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(14):1723-1729.[www.chinagp.net]

LI T,ZHU Y B,LI Y N,et al.Mediating effect of unpaid blood donation cognition between unpaid blood donation and health[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(14):1723-1729.

無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血是指自愿獻(xiàn)出血液、血漿或其他血液成分,且不收取任何現(xiàn)金或金錢(qián)替代物作為報(bào)酬的行為[1]。世界衛(wèi)生組織和國(guó)際紅十字會(huì)一直呼吁各國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)100%自愿無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血,至2011年已有71個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)90%以上的血液供應(yīng)來(lái)自無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血[2]。隨著無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血知識(shí)的普及,人們對(duì)初次獻(xiàn)血的恐懼感逐漸減少,并開(kāi)始注意到適量獻(xiàn)血對(duì)健康的正向影響。劉素珍等[2]對(duì)4萬(wàn)多名無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者的體檢和血液檢測(cè)結(jié)果調(diào)查表明,獻(xiàn)血者的發(fā)病率和病毒攜帶者人數(shù)均低于常規(guī)人群;RAMAKRISHNAN等[3]和SALONEN等[4]研究證實(shí)多次獻(xiàn)血可以降低冠心病發(fā)病率;李彬[5]也認(rèn)為獻(xiàn)血有助于降血脂、提高免疫力,促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)壽等。但現(xiàn)有的研究多集中于無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血對(duì)身體健康的正向促進(jìn),少有從生理、心理和社會(huì)適應(yīng)方面綜合評(píng)價(jià)健康的生命質(zhì)量研究,更是缺乏采用生命質(zhì)量指標(biāo)探索無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血影響健康狀況的作用機(jī)制研究。

無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知反映了人們對(duì)獻(xiàn)血知識(shí)的了解情況,其會(huì)影響獻(xiàn)血行為,也可能間接影響獻(xiàn)血行為與健康之間的關(guān)系。已有較多研究證明無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知是影響獻(xiàn)血的重要因素[6-8],當(dāng)認(rèn)為無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血損傷身體、帶來(lái)虛弱時(shí)[9],人們很少會(huì)參加獻(xiàn)血。因?yàn)橹R(shí)是改變行為的基礎(chǔ)[10],只有掌握良好的獻(xiàn)血知識(shí)后才可能參與無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血并形成習(xí)慣。然而現(xiàn)有獻(xiàn)血研究忽略了在認(rèn)知決定行為后,行為的改變也可以帶來(lái)認(rèn)知的改變[11-12]。認(rèn)知和行為的相互作用關(guān)系在獻(xiàn)血者身上可能表現(xiàn)為一種良性循環(huán):正確的獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知引導(dǎo)人們參加無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血,而隨著獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)(獻(xiàn)血行為)的增加,獻(xiàn)血帶來(lái)的積極感受也會(huì)強(qiáng)化正向獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知,使獻(xiàn)血行為與獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知均發(fā)揮對(duì)健康的積極作用。

因此,本研究結(jié)合已有研究結(jié)果,提出獻(xiàn)血行為、無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知和健康狀況的關(guān)系模型,假設(shè)獻(xiàn)血行為對(duì)健康(生命質(zhì)量)有影響,而獻(xiàn)血行為又可以通過(guò)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知間接影響健康(生命質(zhì)量),考察無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血人群健康(生命質(zhì)量)影響因素的作用機(jī)制。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 調(diào)查對(duì)象 2016年5—9月,在北京市紅十字血液中心的獻(xiàn)血小屋或采血車(chē)上現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者及部分陪同的未獻(xiàn)血者;在專(zhuān)業(yè)調(diào)查網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布電子版調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,并通過(guò)微信、微博等社交媒體進(jìn)行宣傳。共發(fā)放問(wèn)卷1 093份,回收1 079份,回收率為98.72%。對(duì)回收的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)核查,剔除不合格問(wèn)卷(年齡不符、有疾病史、填寫(xiě)不完整、存在邏輯錯(cuò)誤等)48份,獲得有效問(wèn)卷1 031份,有效回收率為94.33%。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡18~60歲;能夠獨(dú)立完成問(wèn)卷調(diào)查;簽署知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):精神疾病者;既往慢性疾病史者;因文化程度或其他原因不能很好理解問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容者;未獲得知情同意者。

1.2 調(diào)查內(nèi)容

1.2.1 一般情況 包括性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、文化程度等。

1.2.2 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血行為和認(rèn)知調(diào)查 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血行為由獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)表示,按照《全國(guó)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血表彰獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)辦法(2014年修訂)》[13]計(jì)算,全血量200 ml為1次,或機(jī)采血小板1個(gè)治療單位為1次。無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知采用朱燕波等[14]編制的無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知問(wèn)卷,該問(wèn)卷包括獻(xiàn)血積極認(rèn)知、獻(xiàn)血消極認(rèn)知和獻(xiàn)血知識(shí)3個(gè)維度。問(wèn)卷的計(jì)分是先計(jì)算原始分,再用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化公式計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)化分。各維度評(píng)分范圍為0~100分。得分越高,表示無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者的認(rèn)知情況越好。

1.2.3 生命質(zhì)量調(diào)查 采用簡(jiǎn)明健康狀況調(diào)查量表(SF-36)中文版[15],該量表包括生理領(lǐng)域(PCS)和心理領(lǐng)域(MCS),其中PCS得分為生理機(jī)能(PF)、生理職能(RP)、軀體疼痛(BP)和一般健康狀況(GH)4個(gè)維度得分的平均分;MCS得分為精力(VT)、社會(huì)功能(SF)、情感職能(RE)和精神健康(MH)4個(gè)維度得分的平均分。評(píng)分范圍為0~100分。得分越高,說(shuō)明生命質(zhì)量越好。

1.3 質(zhì)量控制 (1)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的設(shè)計(jì)與預(yù)調(diào)查:調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的個(gè)人信息等基本情況部分參考前期科技部基礎(chǔ)性工作專(zhuān)項(xiàng)課題的問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容,在此基礎(chǔ)上修改完成;無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知調(diào)查采用朱燕波等[14]編制的無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知問(wèn)卷;健康相關(guān)生命質(zhì)量調(diào)查采用已得到廣泛認(rèn)可的專(zhuān)業(yè)問(wèn)卷;初步形成的問(wèn)卷經(jīng)過(guò)10例預(yù)調(diào)査,預(yù)期可保證本次調(diào)査順利完成;(2)選擇與培訓(xùn)調(diào)査員:培訓(xùn)調(diào)查員,了解調(diào)査設(shè)計(jì)的原則與方法,明確調(diào)査進(jìn)程,規(guī)范調(diào)查步驟;(3)設(shè)立監(jiān)督員:設(shè)立與調(diào)査員互不干涉工作的監(jiān)督員,明確職責(zé)。調(diào)査員回收每份問(wèn)卷后,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)核查問(wèn)卷的填寫(xiě)情況,如發(fā)現(xiàn)有疑問(wèn)應(yīng)立即詢(xún)問(wèn),及時(shí)改正錯(cuò)誤和補(bǔ)填漏項(xiàng),核實(shí)無(wú)誤后調(diào)查員簽字。監(jiān)督員在調(diào)査過(guò)程中抽査調(diào)查質(zhì)量,在調(diào)查完成后從已完成的問(wèn)卷中隨機(jī)抽査5%檢查調(diào)査結(jié)果的真實(shí)性。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 基本情況 1 031例調(diào)查對(duì)象中,獻(xiàn)血0次155例(15.04%),獻(xiàn)血1~4次412例(39.96%),獻(xiàn)血5~9次225例(21.82%),獻(xiàn)血≥10次239例(23.18%)。不同獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)者性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、文化程度比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001,見(jiàn)表1)。

2.2 不同獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知和生命質(zhì)量比較 不同獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分、PCS得分、MCS得分比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);其中獻(xiàn)血1~4次、5~9次、≥10次者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分、PCS得分、MCS得分均高于獻(xiàn)血0次者;獻(xiàn)血5~9次、≥10次者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分、PCS得分、MCS得分均高于獻(xiàn)血1~4次者;獻(xiàn)血≥10次者無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分高于獻(xiàn)血5~9次者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見(jiàn)表2)。

表1 不同獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)者基本情況比較

Table1Baselinecharacteristicsoftheparticipantsbytimesofunpaidblooddonation

基本情況0次(n=155)1~4次(n=412)5~9次(n=225)≥10次(n=239)χ2(F)值P值性別〔n(%)〕91.979<0.001 男48(30.97)243(58.98)152(67.56)186(77.82) 女107(69.03)169(41.02)73(32.44)53(22.18)年齡(歲)24.5±6.827.6±8.431.6±8.636.0±9.276.539a<0.001婚姻狀況〔n(%)〕136.132<0.001 未婚129(83.23)261(63.35)107(47.56)68(28.45) 已婚24(15.48)148(35.92)114(50.67)164(68.62) 其他2(1.29)3(0.73)4(1.77)7(2.93)文化程度〔n(%)〕59.174<0.001 初中及以下5(3.23)57(13.83)57(25.33)49(20.50) 高中及中專(zhuān)23(14.84)102(24.76)52(23.11)70(29.29) 大專(zhuān)本科及以上127(81.93)252(61.17)115(51.11)120(50.21) 缺失01(0.24)1(0.45)0

注:a為F值

Table2Unpaidblooddonationcognition,PCSandMCSscoresinparticipantsbytimesofunpaidblooddonation

獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)(次)例數(shù)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知PCSMCS015564.0±14.382.0±14.272.2±16.81~441270.9±11.0a88.7±10.9a79.9±15.8a5~922574.9±10.1ab92.3±7.3ab84.1±12.7ab≥1023977.5±9.7abc91.8±9.6ab85.9±13.1abF值52.12635.80331.139P值<0.001<0.001<0.001

注:與獻(xiàn)血0次比較,aP<0.05;與獻(xiàn)血1~4次比較,bP<0.05;與獻(xiàn)血5~9次比較,cP<0.05;PCS=生理領(lǐng)域,MCS=心理領(lǐng)域

2.3 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知、獻(xiàn)血行為與生命質(zhì)量的相關(guān)性分析 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血行為與PCS(rs=0.285,P<0.05)、MCS(rs=0.288,P<0.05)、無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知(rs=0.344,P<0.05)呈正相關(guān),無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知與PCS(r=0.233,P<0.05)、MCS(r=0.253,P<0.05)呈正相關(guān)。根據(jù)溫忠麟等[19]總結(jié)的中介變量理論,該結(jié)果表明可以作進(jìn)一步的中介作用檢驗(yàn)。

2.4 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與生命質(zhì)量關(guān)系中的中介作用 本研究所涉及的連續(xù)變量均已標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,用字母X、Y和M分別代表獻(xiàn)血行為、PCS/MCS和無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知。變量賦值見(jiàn)表3。

表3 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與生命質(zhì)量關(guān)系中的中介作用變量賦值表

Table 3 Factors associated with the mediating effect of unpaid blood donation cognition between unpaid blood donation and quality of life and their assignment

變量賦值Y變量 PCS/MCS實(shí)際得分X變量 獻(xiàn)血行為(次)0=0,1~4=1,5~9=3,≥10=4M變量 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知實(shí)際得分控制變量 性別男=1,女=2 年齡實(shí)際年齡 婚姻狀況未婚=(0,0),已婚=(1,0),其他=(0,1) 文化程度初中及以下=1,高中及中專(zhuān)=2,大專(zhuān)本科及以上=3

注:文化程度的缺失值以均值填補(bǔ)

2.4.1 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與PCS關(guān)系的中介作用 應(yīng)用多元線性回歸分析,控制性別、年齡、婚姻狀況和文化程度對(duì)中介作用進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn):(1)以PCS得分為因變量,獻(xiàn)血行為為自變量時(shí),偏回歸系數(shù)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,回歸方程Y=0.069+0.235X,F(xiàn)=15.919,P<0.001;(2)以無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分為因變量,獻(xiàn)血行為為自變量時(shí),偏回歸系數(shù)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,回歸方程M=-0.621+0.349X,F(xiàn)=24.853,P<0.001;(3)以PCS得分為因變量,無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分和獻(xiàn)血行為為自變量,無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分和獻(xiàn)血行為的偏回歸系數(shù)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,回歸方程Y=0.168+0.179X+0.160M,F(xiàn)=17.619,P<0.001。因變量PCS和自變量獻(xiàn)血行為之間的相關(guān)性,在加入中介變量無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知因素后,偏回歸系數(shù)減小(由0.235降低到0.179),但仍具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。說(shuō)明無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與PCS之間起部分中介作用,中介作用的大小為ab/(c′+ab)=0.349×0.160/(0.179+0.349×0.160)=23.78%(見(jiàn)表4)。

2.4.2 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與MCS關(guān)系的中介作用 應(yīng)用多元線性回歸分析,控制性別、年齡、婚姻狀況和文化程度對(duì)中介作用進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn):(1)以MCS得分為因變量,獻(xiàn)血行為為自變量時(shí),偏回歸系數(shù)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,Y=0.048+0.195X,F(xiàn)=20.037,P<0.001;(2)以無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分為因變量,獻(xiàn)血行為為自變量時(shí),偏回歸系數(shù)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,M=-0.621+0.350X,F(xiàn)=24.853,P<0.001;(3)以MCS得分為因變量,獻(xiàn)血行為和無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分為自變量,無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知得分和獻(xiàn)血行為的偏回歸系數(shù)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,Y=0.016+0.132X+0.181M,F(xiàn)=22.560,P<0.001。因變量MCS和自變量獻(xiàn)血行為之間的相關(guān)性,在加入中介變量無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知因素后,偏回歸系數(shù)減小(由0.195降低到0.132),但仍具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與MCS之間起部分中介作用,中介作用的大小為ab/(c′+ab)=0.350×0.181/(0.132+0.350×0.181)=32.43%(見(jiàn)表5)。

表4 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與PCS之間的中介作用分析

Table 4 Mediating effect of unpaid blood donation cognition between unpaid blood donation and PCS based on hierarchical linear regression

步驟因變量自變量系數(shù)βP值R21PCS獻(xiàn)血行為c0.235<0.0010.0852無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知獻(xiàn)血行為a0.349<0.0010.1273PCS無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知b0.160<0.0010.108獻(xiàn)血行為c'0.179<0.001

表5 無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為和MCS之間的中介作用分析

Table 5 Mediating effect of unpaid blood donation cognition between unpaid blood donation and MCS based on hierarchical linear regression

步驟因變量自變量系數(shù)βP值R21MCS獻(xiàn)血行為c0.195<0.0010.1052無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知獻(xiàn)血行為a0.350<0.0010.1263MCS無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知b0.181<0.0010.134獻(xiàn)血行為c'0.132<0.001

3 討論

本研究對(duì)生命質(zhì)量的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者PCS、MCS得分均較非獻(xiàn)血者高,且獻(xiàn)血5~9次、≥10次者PCS、MCS得分均高于獻(xiàn)血1~4次者。與已有的無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者健康狀況更好的研究基本一致[5,20-22]。實(shí)際上,獻(xiàn)血屬急性失血,一次急性失血不超過(guò)全血量的10%(如體質(zhì)量60 kg的成年人的血液總量為4 200 ml,10%為420 ml)對(duì)身體無(wú)害。而且少量抽血可減少體內(nèi)血容量,緩解高血壓,稀釋血液黏稠度,減少患動(dòng)脈硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而降低心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病率[23]。翟慎重[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)獻(xiàn)血人群的心理健康水平略高于全國(guó)平均水平,心理癥狀也較少。總體來(lái)說(shuō)獻(xiàn)血不但可以挽救他人的生命,而且可起到定期檢查身體,提高生命質(zhì)量的作用[25]。相比較單一的疾病指標(biāo),生命質(zhì)量可全面反映無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者軀體、心理、社會(huì)和情感方面的健康狀況[26]。

本研究相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示,獻(xiàn)血行為與無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知、PCS、MCS之間均存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。認(rèn)知可影響行為,同時(shí)有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)獻(xiàn)血行為與無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知存在相關(guān)關(guān)系,如段金娥等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)再次獻(xiàn)血者對(duì)有關(guān)獻(xiàn)血知識(shí)的知曉率有不同程度的提高;也有研究顯示無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知、行為和健康三者間存在相互促進(jìn)的關(guān)系,無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知越好,越有利于促進(jìn)獻(xiàn)血,并形成固定的無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者,從而間接促進(jìn)健康[28-29]。

本研究無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知、獻(xiàn)血行為與生命質(zhì)量的模型顯示,獻(xiàn)血行為對(duì)生命質(zhì)量的直接影響占主導(dǎo)地位,無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與生命質(zhì)量間具有部分中介作用,MCS的中介作用稍大于PCS,中介效應(yīng)約占總效應(yīng)的1/3。說(shuō)明獻(xiàn)血行為本身有利于生理-心理-社會(huì)綜合健康狀況的改善,另一方面也說(shuō)明良好的無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知對(duì)促進(jìn)健康的積極作用。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)在于拯救生命的利他主義的獻(xiàn)血?jiǎng)訖C(jī)[30],而非關(guān)注無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者自身的健康狀況。其實(shí),獻(xiàn)血與我國(guó)古代放血療法相通,均有“吐故納新”的作用[31],其能促進(jìn)新陳代謝、增強(qiáng)免疫力,使人體造血器官保持旺盛的造血狀態(tài),從而延年益壽[5]。本研究為獻(xiàn)血行為正向促進(jìn)健康增加了生命質(zhì)量視角的新證據(jù),也為獻(xiàn)血行為可以通過(guò)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知的中介間接發(fā)揮促進(jìn)健康的作用提供了新的證據(jù)。

綜上所述,無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知在獻(xiàn)血行為與健康間具有部分中介作用,中介效應(yīng)約占總效應(yīng)的1/3。提示,在進(jìn)行無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血宣傳時(shí),可在無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血是拯救他人生命的利他行為基礎(chǔ)上,增加無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血更促進(jìn)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者身心健康的利己行為的宣傳。另外,本研究表明加強(qiáng)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知健康教育是促進(jìn)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者健康水平的重要途徑。將對(duì)招募和穩(wěn)定無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血隊(duì)伍具有重要應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

本文意義:

無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血影響健康狀況的作用機(jī)制研究,對(duì)招募和穩(wěn)定無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血隊(duì)伍具有重要意義。本研究以生命質(zhì)量指標(biāo)全面評(píng)價(jià)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血者的健康狀況,以獻(xiàn)血次數(shù)表示獻(xiàn)血行為,在已有對(duì)獻(xiàn)血與健康狀況研究基礎(chǔ)上,引入相對(duì)容易改變的無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知因素,并探討其在獻(xiàn)血行為與健康之間的中介作用。研究結(jié)果為獻(xiàn)血行為正向促進(jìn)健康增加了新證據(jù),也為獻(xiàn)血行為通過(guò)無(wú)償獻(xiàn)血認(rèn)知的中介發(fā)揮促進(jìn)健康的作用提供了新證據(jù)。

作者貢獻(xiàn):李桐、朱燕波進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思和設(shè)計(jì)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理、結(jié)果分析和解釋、撰寫(xiě)論文及修訂;李桐、朱燕波、虞曉含、史會(huì)梅、姚園、王鴻捷、張偉東、郭學(xué)志進(jìn)行研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析;李桐、李彥妮、嚴(yán)輝、虞曉含、史會(huì)梅、王樂(lè)融、史穆然、鹿佳、索艷風(fēng)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集;朱燕波、鹿佳進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理;朱燕波負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校、對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。

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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)

Mediating Effect of Unpaid Blood Donation Cognition between Unpaid Blood Donation and Health

LITong1,ZHUYan-bo1*,LIYan-ni1,YANHui1,YUXiao-han2,SHIHui-mei2,YAOYuan1,WANGHong-jie3,ZHANGWei-dong3,GUOXue-zhi4,WANGLe-rong1,SHIMu-ran1,LUJia1,SUOYan-feng1

1.SchoolofManagement,BeijingUniversityofChineseMedicine,Beijing100029,China2.SchoolofBasicMedicalSciences,BeijingUniversityofChineseMedicine,Beijing100029,China3.BeijingRedCrossBloodCenter,Beijing100088,China4.HealthManagementandPromotionCommittee,CIATCM,Beijing100102,China

*Correspondingauthor:ZHUYan-bo,Professor,Doctoralsupervisor;E-mail:yanbo0722@sina.com

Objective To test the mediating effect of unpaid blood donation cognition between unpaid blood donation and health.Methods Field and online questionnaire surveys were used in this study.The participants were unpaid blood donors and some of their companions without donating blood.The field questionnaire survey was carried out in Beijing Red Cross Blood Center′s blood collecting sheds and vehicles,and online questionnaire survey was implemented on professional survey websites from May to September 2016.Printed and electronic Unpaid Blood Donation Cognition Questionnaire and Chinese version of 36-item Short Form Heath Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) were respectively used in the field and online survey for assessing the unpaid blood donation cognition and status of health.Times of unpaid blood donation was used to group the participants.Hierarchical linear regression was adopted to explore the mediating effect of unpaid blood donation cognition between unpaid blood donation and health.Results A total of 1 093 participants received the surveys,94.33% of them (1 031/1 093) returning responsive questionnaires were selected as the final participants.Fifteen point zero four percent(155/1 031) of them had not donated blood,39.96%(412/1 031) had donated blood unpaidly 1-4 times,21.82%(225/1 031) had done that 5-9 times,and 23.18%(239/1 031) had done that ≥10 times.Among the participants,unpaid blood donation cognition,PCS and MCS scores differed significantly among those who had donated blood unpaidly(P<0.001);participants who had donated blood unpaidly had higher unpaid blood donation cognition,PCS and MCS scores than those who had not;participants who had donated blood unpaidly 5 times or over had higher unpaid blood donation cognition,PCS and MCS scores than those who had done that 1-4 times;participants who had donated blood unpaidly ≥10 times had higher unpaid blood donation cognition scores than those who had done that 5-9 times(P<0.05).Unpaid blood donation was positively correlated with PCS(rs=0.285,P<0.05),MCS(rs=0.288,P<0.05) and unpaid blood donation cognition(rs=0.344,P<0.05).Unpaid blood donation cognition was positively associated with PCS(r=0.233,P<0.05) and MCS(r=0.253,P<0.05).Unpaid blood donation cognition played the role as an intermediary in part between unpaid blood donation and PCS,and between unpaid blood donation and MCS,accounting for 23.78% and 32.43% of the total mediating effect,respectively.Conclusion Unpaid blood donation cognition exerts partial mediating effect between unpaid blood donation and health,accounting for about 1/3 of the total effect.

Unpaid blood donation;Quality of life;Mediating effect

科技部基礎(chǔ)性工作專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(2013FY114400-5)

R 19

A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.14.015

彬.科學(xué)獻(xiàn)血有益健康[J].中外健康文摘,2013,10(10):58-59.

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5085.2013.10.050. LI B.Benefits of scientific blood donation to health[J].World Health Digest,2013,10(10):58-59.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5085.2013.10.050.

2017-03-14;

2017-03-27)

1.100029北京市,北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)管理學(xué)院

2.100029北京市,北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院

3.100088北京市紅十字血液中心

4.100102北京市,中國(guó)中醫(yī)藥信息研究會(huì)健康管理與促進(jìn)專(zhuān)業(yè)委員會(huì)

*通信作者:朱燕波,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師;E-mail:yanbo0722@sina.com

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