朱信強(qiáng) 張明 丁闖 孔令永 陳焰 管文賢
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腹腔鏡下超低位直腸癌術(shù)式選擇及術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量觀察
朱信強(qiáng)1張明1丁闖1孔令永1陳焰1管文賢2
目的探討腹腔鏡下超低位直腸癌的手術(shù)方式以及術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量情況。方法對(duì)2013至2015年間南京鼓樓醫(yī)院集團(tuán)宿遷市人民醫(yī)院普外科收治的超低位直腸癌患者24例,分別采用腹腔鏡下腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)(APR),腹腔鏡輔助肛門(mén)原位再造術(shù)和腹腔鏡聯(lián)合骶尾入路手術(shù)3種方式,術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)采取Wexner評(píng)分和大便生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。數(shù)據(jù)之間比較采取非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn),其中多組獨(dú)立樣本比較常規(guī)采用K-WH檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果所有患者成功實(shí)施手術(shù),術(shù)后病理切緣、環(huán)周切緣及淋巴結(jié)計(jì)數(shù)符合直腸癌腫瘤安全性指標(biāo)。Wexner評(píng)分,手術(shù)術(shù)后3月、6月、9月差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(H值分別為6.388,8.246,6.563;P值分別為0.043,0.021,0.044)。大便生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,術(shù)后9個(gè)月,3組之間對(duì)比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(H值分別為4.568,6.342,5.479,7.236;P值分別為0.024,0.015,0.047,0.031)。而經(jīng)骶尾術(shù)式組,問(wèn)卷的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)接近正常。結(jié)論腹腔鏡下超低位直腸癌經(jīng)骶保肛手術(shù)是可行的,術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量較其他治療組明顯改善。
腹腔鏡; 直腸腫瘤; 術(shù)式; 生活質(zhì)量
結(jié)直腸癌是最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率約占腫瘤發(fā)病的第3位,死亡率在各類(lèi)腫瘤中為第5位[1]。結(jié)直腸癌的流行病學(xué)有所變化,歐美發(fā)病率在下降,而在我國(guó)有上升趨勢(shì)[2]。我國(guó)結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的主要特點(diǎn)是直腸癌所占的比例較大,其中又以低位直腸癌為多,占直腸癌的60%~75%[3]。低位直腸癌能否保肛關(guān)系到患者的生活質(zhì)量,全直腸系膜切除術(shù)(total mesorectal excision,TME)理論、雙吻合器應(yīng)用及術(shù)前的輔助放化療提高了保肛率[4-5]。但對(duì)于腫瘤接近肛門(mén)括約肌的超低位患者,保留肛門(mén)困難,傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)方式經(jīng)腹會(huì)陰切除腫瘤,結(jié)腸造口,給患者精神上和心理上帶來(lái)了極大的痛苦。隨著人們對(duì)直腸癌生物行為及轉(zhuǎn)移規(guī)律的深入研究,超低位直腸癌術(shù)式選擇也發(fā)生了改進(jìn),使術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量改善?,F(xiàn)回顧總結(jié)南京鼓樓醫(yī)院集團(tuán)宿遷市人民醫(yī)院2013至2015年間收治的24例超低位直腸癌患者采用不同的手術(shù)方式,分析其手術(shù)效果和術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量情況,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
一、一般資料
(一)臨床資料
回顧分析2013至2015年間南京鼓樓醫(yī)院集團(tuán)宿遷市人民醫(yī)院胃腸外科收治的、超低位直腸癌患者共24例(男12例,女12例),年齡40~81歲(中位年齡62歲)。所有病例均經(jīng)組織學(xué)診斷為直腸腺癌。術(shù)前腹部CT、MRI檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)腸壁均有不同程度增厚,伴有系膜下動(dòng)脈根部、腸旁淋巴結(jié)腫大者7例。合并有高血壓病10例、糖尿病2例、心房纖顫1例、慢性阻塞性肺氣腫1例。經(jīng)術(shù)前多學(xué)科會(huì)診,完善術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,調(diào)整到可以耐受手術(shù)治療。術(shù)前臨床分期和術(shù)后病理分期按2012年UICC/ AJCC[6]第七版TNM分期,在所有患者的病理結(jié)果中T10例,T26例,T318例,病理分級(jí)高分化腺癌(G1)2例,中分化腺癌(G2)11例,低分化或粘液腺癌(G3)11例。腹腔鏡腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)(abdominoperineal resection,APR)組10例,腹腔鏡肛門(mén)原位再造8例,腹腔鏡聯(lián)合骶尾入路肛門(mén)吻合6例。
(二)入排標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患者需同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足以下條件:(1)腸鏡檢查及病理確診為直腸癌;(2)肛門(mén)指檢及電子腸鏡明確腫瘤位于直腸,硬質(zhì)腸鏡測(cè)量距肛門(mén)距離在3~4 cm,肛門(mén)括約肌功能良好,無(wú)術(shù)前肛門(mén)功能障礙或外傷史;(3)CT或MRI等影像學(xué)檢查示腫瘤位于腸腔內(nèi),無(wú)外侵、無(wú)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,腹水征陰性;(4)無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌癥,能耐受手術(shù);(5)術(shù)前臨床分期T1-2N0M0。
2.排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)復(fù)發(fā)性直腸癌;(2)有其他腹部手術(shù)史;(3)既往有行痔上粘膜環(huán)切術(shù);(4)術(shù)前臨床分期達(dá)T3、或者可疑淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性。
二、手術(shù)方法
所有患者均采用氣管插管全身麻醉,取頭低腳高、截石位。以無(wú)瘤原則探查腹腔臟器,直腸腫瘤未能觸及。先清掃腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié),離斷腸系膜下動(dòng)靜脈,按TME標(biāo)準(zhǔn)游離直腸,后方超過(guò)尾骨尖,離段肛尾韌帶,兩側(cè)達(dá)肛提肌水平,完成腹腔的操作,經(jīng)腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合直腸癌根治術(shù)(APR組),腹腔操作時(shí)行左下腹永久造瘺,清點(diǎn)器械后關(guān)閉腹腔。
(一)APR手術(shù)組
將患者翻轉(zhuǎn),取俯臥折刀位,兩腿分開(kāi),術(shù)者站在兩腿之間,助手站在兩腿外側(cè)。荷包縫合關(guān)閉肛門(mén),圍繞肛門(mén)做梭形切口,向上至骶骨下部。向外至肛門(mén)外括約肌皮下部的外側(cè),肛門(mén)前方自會(huì)陰向上,游離至淺橫肌后緣,兩側(cè)沿外括約肌、恥骨直腸肌、肛提肌外表面游離至肛提肌的盆壁起始處。將尾骨自骶骨和Waldeyer筋膜切除,與腹部向下游離的終點(diǎn)會(huì)合。在沿盆壁從后向兩側(cè)從骨盆壁切斷兩側(cè)肛提肌,外提標(biāo)本,再解剖分離前方的前列腺或陰道后壁,然后完整取出標(biāo)本。
(二)肛門(mén)原位再造組
腹腔鏡下完成腹腔游離,退出器械,取折刀位,同APR組切除會(huì)陰,進(jìn)入腹腔,標(biāo)本脫出切口,于腫瘤上緣10 cm,離斷結(jié)腸,移除標(biāo)本。距近端結(jié)腸口5 cm處,在系膜緣對(duì)側(cè),漿肌層折疊縫合,形成人工瓣膜突出腔內(nèi),在結(jié)腸后將恥骨直腸肌兩斷端折疊縫合,恢復(fù)了恥骨直腸肌的U形結(jié)構(gòu),并與腸管壁固定針數(shù)針。直腸前壁還借助會(huì)陰淺橫肌,這樣就完成了外括約肌的重建。然后縫合會(huì)陰部切口,重建肛門(mén)外口形成人造肛門(mén)。
(三)骶尾入路組
腹腔鏡下完成游離,取折刀位,切口取骶尾關(guān)節(jié)上2~3 cm至肛緣上2 cm作一切口,切除尾骨,進(jìn)入腹腔,提起腸管游離直腸側(cè)方,細(xì)解肛門(mén)組織結(jié)構(gòu),切除部分或全部?jī)?nèi)括約肌,最大限度游離瘤體下緣直腸。腔內(nèi)直線(xiàn)切割閉合器離斷遠(yuǎn)端,在將腸管拖出切口,距瘤體上方10 cm處,裸化腸管,做荷包后離段,并行術(shù)中快速病理,證實(shí)切端及環(huán)周切緣(circumferential resection margin,CRM)陰性后,經(jīng)肛與結(jié)腸吻合(圖1~4)。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,數(shù)據(jù)之間比較采取非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn),其中多組獨(dú)立樣本比較常規(guī)采用K-WH檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
四、隨訪
所有患者均行術(shù)后隨訪,本組隨訪時(shí)間為術(shù)后1年,隨訪方式采取門(mén)診復(fù)查、電話(huà)和信訪相結(jié)合。術(shù)后復(fù)查包括病史和體檢,B超、胸腹部CT,血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物,每年1次纖維結(jié)腸鏡檢查?;颊咝g(shù)后生活狀況隨訪,采用Wexner評(píng)分[7],評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見(jiàn)表1,術(shù)后大便生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查問(wèn)卷(the fecal incontinence quality of life questionnaire,F(xiàn)IQL)[8]包括:(1)生活方式;(2)心里應(yīng)付/行為;(3)抑郁/自我感受;(4)窘迫尷尬,從理想生活狀況到最差生活狀況。
表1 Wexner評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
所有患者均康復(fù)出院,無(wú)手術(shù)死亡病例。手術(shù)時(shí)間90~150 min,平均(136±14.2)min,手術(shù)出血量為20~230 ml,平均(87±7.8)ml。術(shù)后病人疼痛輕,均第2天予以試飲水,術(shù)后第3天流質(zhì)飲食,住院時(shí)間為4~10 d。骶部切口愈合良好,經(jīng)骶吻合者吻合口位置低,無(wú)吻合口出血、吻合口漏等并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)。術(shù)后病理分期,Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期12例,ⅢA期4例,ⅢB期6例,Ⅱ期以上患者術(shù)后接受輔助化療,術(shù)后半年內(nèi)完成。術(shù)后隨訪2年內(nèi)每3個(gè)月1次,2年后每6個(gè)月1次,每年1次腸鏡、CT檢查,隨訪至今未見(jiàn)復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移。
圖1 完成腹部操作后,經(jīng)骶進(jìn)入腹腔圖2 仔細(xì)解剖肛門(mén)內(nèi)外括約肌圖3 腔內(nèi)直線(xiàn)切割閉合器離段直腸遠(yuǎn)端圖4 經(jīng)肛完成吻合
術(shù)后生活狀況隨訪,Wexner評(píng)分,各組患者術(shù)后3、6、9個(gè)月逐漸好轉(zhuǎn),組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(H值分別為6.388,8.246,6.563;P值分別為0.043,0.021,0.044),評(píng)分結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。術(shù)后9月大便生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,APR組和肛門(mén)原位再造組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.063),3組之間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(H值分別為4.568, 6.342,5.479,7.236;P值分別為0.024,0.015,0.047,0.031),而經(jīng)骶尾術(shù)式組,各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均接近正常,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析見(jiàn)表3。
表2 術(shù)后Wexner評(píng)分結(jié)果分)
表2 術(shù)后Wexner評(píng)分結(jié)果分)
表3 術(shù)后9個(gè)月生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查計(jì)分結(jié)果分)
表3 術(shù)后9個(gè)月生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查計(jì)分結(jié)果分)
一、超低位直腸癌的手術(shù)進(jìn)展
低位前切除術(shù)是直腸癌的傳統(tǒng)保肛方式,在全結(jié)腸系膜切除理論的指導(dǎo)下,采用雙吻合器可以完成低位前切除術(shù),保留患者肛門(mén),提高生存質(zhì)量[9]。對(duì)于超低位者,經(jīng)典術(shù)式為腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合直腸癌根治性切除,乙狀結(jié)腸造瘺,對(duì)患者本身形成巨大挑戰(zhàn),要從心理和生理上接受永久造口的事實(shí)。經(jīng)肛門(mén)內(nèi)外括約肌切除術(shù)(imersphincteric resection,ISR),對(duì)未侵及外括約肌的直腸腫瘤,不少學(xué)者提倡該術(shù)式,多項(xiàng)研究表明其手術(shù)安全性不差于傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式[10]。Dai等[11]和Rullier等[12]研究對(duì)92例腫瘤距肛緣1.5~4.5 cm(平均3 cm),行內(nèi)外括約肌間切除術(shù),切緣陰性率達(dá)98%,局部復(fù)發(fā)率僅為2%。但回顧性研究提示ISR術(shù)后控便功能及生活質(zhì)量并不理想[13],其在直腸癌中的應(yīng)用尚缺乏高級(jí)別臨床證據(jù)的支持,我們配合骶尾入路,細(xì)解肛管內(nèi)外括約肌,更容易切除部分或全部?jī)?nèi)括約肌,獲得2 cm的遠(yuǎn)端安全距離,既保證了下切緣,又不會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響肛門(mén)功能[14-16]。術(shù)中腔內(nèi)直線(xiàn)切割閉合器使用更加操作簡(jiǎn)單,避免了經(jīng)腹手術(shù)因骨盆狹小無(wú)法使用器械離斷的尷尬局面。肛門(mén)原位再造術(shù),重建了直腸周?chē)∪?,并形成人工瓣膜,有的做股薄肌的移植形成括約肌,術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量各家報(bào)道有所偏差,不能為臨床廣泛接受。對(duì)于本組三種不同術(shù)式的Wexner評(píng)分和術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查顯示,隨著術(shù)后時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),均有所改善,經(jīng)骶尾術(shù)式最為明顯,有著良好的可接受度和優(yōu)越性。
二、會(huì)陰組的操作要點(diǎn)
1.首先要經(jīng)腹腔鏡完成直腸癌TME操作,游離直腸達(dá)盆底肌水平。需要乙狀結(jié)腸造口的,先行造口,不開(kāi)放。骶前放置紗布填塞,防止經(jīng)骶進(jìn)腹,造成腸管損傷,然后逐層關(guān)閉腹腔,翻轉(zhuǎn)患者體位,形成折刀位;2.APR和肛門(mén)原位再造術(shù),會(huì)陰部切口同傳統(tǒng)方式,做柱狀切除。經(jīng)骶切口選擇骶尾關(guān)節(jié)上方2~3 cm至肛緣上2 cm,術(shù)中切斷尾骨尖,進(jìn)入腹腔。觸及紗布與腹腔操作匯合,手指伸入腹腔配合下,直視下分離直腸前后間隙,清掃側(cè)方淋巴結(jié)[17],視野寬闊,同時(shí)降低了處理陰道后壁或精囊腺的操作難度。最近的報(bào)道顯示,進(jìn)展期低位直腸癌是否行側(cè)方淋巴結(jié)的清掃影響患者的無(wú)病生存期和總生存期[18],顯示了清掃側(cè)方淋巴結(jié)的重要性;3.經(jīng)骶尾術(shù)在游離至內(nèi)外括約肌處,需分層分離,防止直腸破裂,導(dǎo)致直腸后間隙發(fā)生感染;4.腔內(nèi)直線(xiàn)切割閉合器垂直腸管離斷腫瘤下段,并行術(shù)中快速病理,查看下切緣和CRM,CRM是局部復(fù)發(fā)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的重要預(yù)后指標(biāo)[16],本組患者中CRM均陰性,然后直視下經(jīng)肛吻合,操作簡(jiǎn)便。
三、重視患者術(shù)后整體生活質(zhì)量
隨著生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式向生物-心理-社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,日益要求手術(shù)根治性與排便功能及生活質(zhì)量并舉[19]。正規(guī)綜合治療提高術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量對(duì)于所有的手術(shù),不但要提高患者的生存期,也要提高患者的生活質(zhì)量。根據(jù)結(jié)直腸癌治療指南,術(shù)前的輔助放化療,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根治手術(shù)以及術(shù)后正規(guī)綜合治療,延長(zhǎng)了生存期。Rullier等[20-22]報(bào)道T3-4期患者術(shù)前新輔助放化療42%的患者提高了保肛率。本組術(shù)前MRI分期在T1-2,未行同步放化療,且有報(bào)道顯示術(shù)前的新輔助放化療并不影響括約肌功能[23]。術(shù)后觀察患者的生存質(zhì)量,包括心理和生理,通過(guò)術(shù)后Wexner評(píng)分和大便生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,計(jì)分比較。多數(shù)患者術(shù)后9個(gè)月排便功能好轉(zhuǎn),控便意識(shí)提高,生活質(zhì)量提高。性功能障礙和泌尿功能障礙在低位前切除術(shù)和腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合手術(shù)中較為常見(jiàn),比率高達(dá)1/3[24],即使腹腔鏡下TME也未能幸免[25-26],Attaallah等[27]報(bào)道76例患者在直腸癌術(shù)后,64例出現(xiàn)中重度性功能障礙。骶前神經(jīng)叢及以及2~4骶神經(jīng)副交感神經(jīng),在沒(méi)有明確腫瘤侵犯的條件下,均應(yīng)予以保留[28]。經(jīng)骶術(shù)式,在處理后盆腔間隙,直視下分離腸管側(cè)方神經(jīng)叢優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯?;颊呓?jīng)骶手術(shù),雖然沒(méi)有過(guò)多的損傷肛門(mén)周?chē)∪?,但仍有里急后重、大便次?shù)多等“前切除綜合征”表現(xiàn)[29]。對(duì)此,不少學(xué)者做了改進(jìn)研究,較為成熟的是J型儲(chǔ)袋。一項(xiàng)Meta分析顯示[30],該術(shù)式較直接吻合的大便次數(shù)以及排便緊迫感相對(duì)較少,但因此也會(huì)帶來(lái)便秘、炎癥等一系列問(wèn)題,故我們并未采取J型儲(chǔ)袋。
總之,超低位直腸癌患者的治療,在遵循腫瘤規(guī)范治療的前提下,以改變?nèi)肼贩绞降男g(shù)式,顯示了較高的手術(shù)療效和術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,臨床操作簡(jiǎn)便,值得推廣應(yīng)用。
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Laparoscopic surgical options for ultralow rectal cancer and observed postoperative quality of life
Zhu Xinqiang1, Zhang Ming1, Ding Chuang1, Kong Lingyong1, Chen Yan1, Guan Wenxian2.1Department of General Surgery, Suqian People?s Hospital, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group The Aff i liated of Nanjing University Medical School, Suqian 223800, China;2Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Aff i liated of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
< class="emphasis_italic">Corresponding author: Guan Wenxian, Email: 15850502391@163.com
Guan Wenxian, Email: 15850502391@163.com
ObjectiveTo discuss the laparoscopic surgery procedure of ultra-low rectal cancer and postoperative quality of life.Methods24 cases of super low rectal cancer treated by general surgery in Suqian People?s Hospital of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from 2013 to 2015 were treated with laparoscopic assisted abdominoperineal nealresection (APR), laparoscopic assisted anal in situ re-laparoscopy combined with sacrococcygeal approach, postoperative quality of life evaluation Wexner score and stool quality of life questionnaire. Data were compared between non-parametric test, in which multiple groups of independent samples are more commonly used K-WH test.ResultsAll patients underwent successful operation, and the margins of resection margin, circumcision margin and lymph node count accorded with tumor safety index of rectal cancer. Wexner score showed signif i cant difference between the 3th month, 6th month and 9th month after operation (H=6.388, 8.246, 6.563,P=0.043, 0.021, 0.044). The fecal incontinence quality of life questionnaire in the 9th month after operation, the difference in the three groups was statistically signif i cant (H= 4.568, 6.342, 5.479, 7.236,P=0.024, 0.015, 0.047, 0.031). The sacrococcygeal surgery group, the indicators of the questionnaire close to normal.ConclusionLaparoscopic ultra-low rectal cancer surgery is feasible by the sacral anus, postoperative quality of life was improved signif i cantly than other treatment groups.
Laparoscopes; Rectal neoplasms; Surgical procedures; Quality of life
2016-10-19)
(本文編輯:趙志勛)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2017.01.010
223800,南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院集團(tuán)宿遷市人民醫(yī)院普外科1; 210000,南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院普外科2
管文賢,Email:13815758698@126.com
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