郭克晴
從近兩年的中考試題來看,中考對特殊句式的考查主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:
一、感嘆句
用來表示喜、怒、哀、樂等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子是感嘆句。初中英語教材中所出現(xiàn)的感嘆句主要有what 和how 引導(dǎo)的兩種類型:what常用來修飾名詞;how常用來修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞。
1. How型感嘆句
(1) How +形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!
How high the bird flies! 這鳥飛得真高!
【中考真題】(2016年蘇州卷) —_____ pale you look! Are you feeling all right?
—Im not feeling well. Ive got a toothache.
A. How a B. How
C. What a D. What
【答案簡析】B??崭窈蟮膒ale后面沒有名詞,所以形容詞pale就是中心詞,故用how修飾。
(2) How +主語+謂語!
How time flies! 時間過得真快!
(3) How +句子(主語+謂語+其他)!
How she misses her mother! 她多么想念自己的母親!
2. What型感嘆句
(1) What +a(n) +形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語!
What a heavy box it is! 這是一只多么重的箱子!
【中考真題】(2016年天水卷) _____ excellent woman Tu Youyou is! She has given the Chinese people a big surprise.
A. What a B. What an
C. How an D. How
【答案簡析】B??崭窈蟮膃xcellent雖然是形容詞,但它修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞woman,所以其前要用what引導(dǎo)感嘆句,并且要用不定冠詞a或an。excellent以元音音素開頭,所以不定冠詞要用an。
(2) What +形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語!
What cold water it is! 這水真冷!
【中考真題1】(2016年煙臺卷) —_____ weather it is! Shall we go for a picnic?
—I cant agree more.
A. What a good B. What good
C. How good the D. How good
【答案簡析】B??崭窈蟮膚eather是不可數(shù)名詞,其前不能用how和不定冠詞,只能用what引導(dǎo)感嘆句。
【中考真題2】(2016年宜昌卷) —The firemen did all their best to put out the fire.
—_____ excellent firemen!
A. What B. What an
C. How an D. How
【答案簡析】A。空格后的形容詞excellent 修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞firemen,要用what引導(dǎo)感嘆句,同時what后不能接不定冠詞。
注意:
在一定情況下,兩種句型可相互轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
How nice the watch is! =What a nice watch it is! 這塊手表多漂亮?。?/p>
另外,近年來命題者越來越青睞于在具體的語言環(huán)境中對感嘆句進(jìn)行考查。
【中考真題】(2016年青海卷) —Shall we have a barbecue on the beach?
—_____!
A. What an interesting idea
B. What a private place
C. How sunny it is
【答案簡析】A。shall引導(dǎo)的一般疑問句表示建議,由此可知答語表示“多么有趣的主意呀”。
二、祈使句
英語中,表示請求、命令等的句子是祈使句。它的特點(diǎn)是:通常省略主語(you);以動詞原形開頭;末尾可用句號或感嘆號;朗讀時用降調(diào)。祈使句沒有疑問句形式,一般只有肯定句和否定句兩種形式。
1. 肯定句
(1)以系動詞be開頭的祈使句,這種祈使句的常用結(jié)構(gòu)為:Be +形容詞/名詞。例如:
Be a good doctor. 做一名好醫(yī)生。
Be quick! 快點(diǎn)兒!
(2)以實(shí)義動詞開頭的祈使句,這種祈使句的常用結(jié)構(gòu)為:動詞原形+ 賓語 + 其他。例如:
Open the windows. 打開窗戶。
Put them away. 把它們收起來。
注意:
①如果是以動詞let開頭的祈使句,通常用的結(jié)構(gòu)為:Let +賓語+動詞原形+其他。例如:
Let me help you. 讓我來幫你。
Lets put the baskets in the car. 咱們把這些籃子放到汽車?yán)铩?/p>
② 有時為了表示委婉的語氣,可在句首或句尾加上please,但please加在句尾時,前面要用逗號隔開。例如:
Sit down, please. 請坐。
Please look after the twins. 請照看這對雙胞胎。
【中考真題】(2016年濟(jì)南卷) —_____ dressed now! We have to go in ten minutes.
—OK, Mom.
A. Getting B. Get
C. To get D. Gets
【答案簡析】B。這是一個祈使句,句首的動詞要用原形。
2. 否定句
祈使句的否定句是在句首加Dont。例如:
Dont be late for school. 上學(xué)不要遲到。
Dont make friends with the man like him. 不要和像他那樣的人交朋友。
【中考真題】(2016年湘西卷) —_____ run in the hallways, Mike.
—Sorry. Ms. Clark.
A. Dont B. Please
C. No
【答案簡析】A。由“Sorry. Ms. Clark.”可知是告訴對方不要在走廊里跑來跑去。祈使句的否定形式是在動詞原形前加Dont。
3.特殊的祈使句
(1)“祈使句+ and / then +陳述句”句型,祈使句相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的肯定條件狀語從句,表示告訴對方做某事,將會有好的結(jié)果,意為“做某事,就會……”。例如:
Work hard, and youll be successful in time.
=If you work hard, you will be successful in time. 只要你努力,就一定會成功。
【中考真題】(2016年哈爾濱卷) —I want to travel to the Black Bear Island next weekend.
—Good idea! Make a plan first, _____ you will enjoy more beautiful scenery.
A. but B. and
C. however
【答案簡析】B。根據(jù)句意“先制定一個計劃,你就能欣賞更美麗的風(fēng)景”可知,空白處為順承關(guān)系,要填and。
(2)“祈使句+ or +陳述句”句型,祈使句相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的否定條件狀語從句,表示警告某人做某事,否則有壞的結(jié)果,意為“做某事,否則/不然的話就會……”。例如:
Get ready, or you wont pass the test.
=If you dont get ready, you wont pass the test. 好好準(zhǔn)備,要不然你就不能通過測試。
【中考真題1】(2016年攀枝花卷) _____ your umbrella, or youll catch a cold on such a rainy day.
A. Take B. To take
C. Taking D. Takes
【答案簡析】A。本題考查“祈使句+ or +陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為:帶上你的雨傘,否則你在這樣的雨天會感冒的。
【中考真題2】(2016年張家界卷) Hurry up, _____ you cant catch the early bus.
A. so B. and
C. or
【答案簡析】C。so“因此”,表示結(jié)果;and“并且、和”,表示并列;or“否則”,相當(dāng)于if not。結(jié)合句意“快點(diǎn),否則你就不能趕上早班車了”確定答案為C。
三、反意疑問句
反意疑問句也叫附加疑問句,是一種先提出情況或看法,然后要求對方表示贊成或不贊成的問句方式;有時則是為了找話同別人攀談,此時的反意疑問句只是一種自然的談話語氣,并非真正有什么問題。它一般由“陳述句+簡略的一般疑問句”組成。
1. 前后兩部分的結(jié)構(gòu)
當(dāng)陳述部分是肯定句時,后面用否定形式提問,且用縮寫形式;當(dāng)陳述部分是否定句時,后面用肯定形式提問。簡稱“前肯后否”和“前否后肯”。例如:
Jim is your brother, isnt he? 吉姆是你的兄弟,對嗎?
She wasnt here yesterday, was she? 她昨天不在這里,是嗎?
【中考真題】(2016年遂寧卷) The boy in red T-shirt is our new classmate, _____?
A. isnt he B. doesnt he
C. is he D. does he
【答案簡析】A。前半句是肯定形式,后半句要用否定形式。由is確定要用isnt。
2. 前后兩部分的人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)要一致
反意疑問句中的主語要與陳述句的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,且用相應(yīng)的人稱代詞的主格形式。兩部分的謂語動詞在形式和時態(tài)上也應(yīng)保持一致。例如:
Her father works in a factory, doesnt he? 她父親在工廠工作,對嗎?
Beijing is very large, isnt it? 北京很大,是嗎?
【中考真題】(2015年益陽卷) —Its Fathers Day today, _____?
—Yes, lets buy a gift for Dad.
A. isnt he B. doesnt it
C. isnt it
【答案簡析】C。its是it is的縮寫,根據(jù)“前肯后否”的原則,空格處要填isnt。再根據(jù)主語it確定附加問句的主語也要用it。
3.注意反意疑問句的回答
對于反意疑問句的回答,總的一個原則是:不管問題的提法如何,只要事實(shí)上是肯定的,就用yes;事實(shí)上是否定的,就用no。但當(dāng)陳述部分是否定句時,回答譯成漢語時不一樣。這與漢語習(xí)慣截然不同,應(yīng)特別注意。例如:
—You dont want to go out, do you? 你不想出去,對吧?
—Yes, I do. (No, I dont.) 不,我想出去(對,我不想出去)。
【中考真題】(2016年天水卷) —You didnt find the owner of the books, did you?
—_____. So I gave them to our teacher.
A. No, I did B. Yes, I didnt
C. No, I didnt D. Yes, I did
【答案簡析】C。Yes后接肯定答語,No后接否定答語,可先排除A、B兩項。再根據(jù)“So I gave them to our teacher.”可知,空格處指的是“對,我沒有找到書的主人”,由此可知答案是C。
4.當(dāng)陳述部分有no, nothing, few, little, hardly, never等否定詞語時,附加問句要用肯定形式。例如:
The old man can hardly walk on, can he? 這位老人幾乎不能再走了,是嗎?
He will never forget his past, will he? 他永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記他的過去,對嗎?
注意:
當(dāng)陳述部分(肯定)的否定意義是通過加詞綴(前綴或后綴)表達(dá)出來的,附加問句仍用否定形式。例如:
The little girl is very unhappy, isnt she? 這個小女孩很不高興,是不是?
The young on the motorbike is too careless, isnt he? 摩托車上的那個年輕人太粗心,對吧?
【中考真題】(2016年安順卷) He can hardly stay awake because he is so tired, _____?
A. is he B. isnt he
C. cant he D. can he
【答案簡析】D。句子中有情態(tài)動詞can,空格處要填can的相應(yīng)形式。hardly含有否定意思。根據(jù)“前否后肯”的原則可確定選D。
5. 祈使句的反意疑問句
若前面是否定結(jié)構(gòu),則附加問句只能用will you;若前面是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),附加問句用will you,也可用wont / would / can / cant you或shall we等,它形式上是反意疑問句,但并不是正式的疑問句,也不表示相反的意思,而是表示邀請或請求。例如:
Close all the windows, will you / wont you? 把所有的窗戶都關(guān)上,好嗎?
Dont go to the park by bus, will you? 別乘公共汽車去公園,好嗎?
【中考真題】(2015年宜賓卷) Nancy, sweep the classroom, _____?
A. dont you B. do you
C. will you D. doesnt she
【答案簡析】C??疾槠硎咕涞姆匆庖蓡柧?。根據(jù)語法規(guī)則,正確答案是C。
6. Lets引導(dǎo)的祈使句的反意疑問句
Lets 用于提出建議并且主語包括對方時,其附加問句用shall we。Let us 表示征求對方許可,其附加問句用will you。例如:
Lets go to see the pandas, shall we? 咱們先去看熊貓,好嗎?
Let us wait until 5:00, will you? 我們等到5點(diǎn),好嗎?
【中考真題】(2016年龍東卷) Lets go to Disneyland in Shanghai in August, _____?
A. shall we B. will you
C. wont you
【答案簡析】A。Lets引導(dǎo)祈使句時,附加問句用shall we。
7. There be句型的反意疑問句
當(dāng)陳述部分是there be結(jié)構(gòu)時,附加問句的主語仍用there。例如:
There is a sheep on the hill, isnt there? 山上有一只羊,是嗎?
【中考真題】(2016年宿遷卷) —There is a beautiful park near your school, _____?
—Yes. I often go walking there.
A. is there B. isnt there
C. are there D. arent there
【答案簡析】B。根據(jù)反意疑問句“前肯后否”的特點(diǎn),排除A、C兩項;There is句型的附加問句為is there。故選B。
8. 含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句的反意疑問句
當(dāng)陳述部分是含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句時,附加問句的動詞和主語要與主句中的動詞和主語保持一致。但當(dāng)陳述部分是“I think / believe / suppose / guess + 賓語從句”時,附加問句的動詞和主語要與賓語從句的動詞和主語保持一致,并根據(jù)主句來決定使用肯定或否定形式。例如:
He said that he wouldnt join them, didnt he? 他說他不想加入他們,對嗎?
I believe they have already finished the work, havent they? 我相信他們已經(jīng)完成了這項工作,對嗎?
I dont think he can come here on time, can he? 我認(rèn)為他不能準(zhǔn)時到這里,對嗎?
【中考真題】(2015年汕尾卷) I dont think the newly directed film by Zhao Wei is as interesting as people say, _____?
A. do I B. dont I
C. is it D. isnt it
【答案簡析】C。此處的反意疑問句與賓語從句一致,并由主句確定用肯定式。
四、倒裝句
1. There be句型
There be句型是英語中的常用句型, 意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。
(1)“There is / are +某人/某物(主語)+某時/某地”意為“某時/某地存在某人/某物”。其一般過去時是There was / were;一般將來時是There is / are going to be或There will be;現(xiàn)在完成時是There has / have been。例如:
There will be a class meeting this afternoon. 今天下午有班會。(一般將來時)
There was a football match in our school yesterday. 昨天我們學(xué)校有一場足球賽。(一般過去時)
There have been great changes in China in the past twenty years. 在過去20年里中國發(fā)生了巨大變化。(現(xiàn)在完成時)
【中考真題】(2016年六盤水卷) There _____ a football game in our city next week.
A. will have
B. will be
C. is going to have
D. are going to be
【答案簡析】B。由next week可知要用一般將來時。There be句型的一般將來時為There will be或There is / are going to be。
【中考真題】(2015年遂寧卷) There _____ a card on the teachers desk five minutes ago, but now it is gone.
A. have B. is
C. was
【答案簡析】C。由five minutes ago確定用一般過去時。a car是單數(shù),故選C。
(2)在There be句型中, 謂語動詞be應(yīng)該和它后面的主語(名詞)保持一致。當(dāng)有兩個及以上的名詞做并列主語時,be和第一個名詞保持一致(就近原則)。例如:
There is a small river near the village. 村子附近有條小河。
There are two thousand students in our school. 我們學(xué)校有2000名學(xué)生。
There is a dictionary and some books on the desk. 桌子上有一本詞典和一些書。
【中考真題】(2016年綏化卷) There _____ a pencil and some pens in the box.
A. is B. are
C. arent
【答案簡析】A。be動詞與鄰近的主語a pencil保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致,故選A。
(3)“There is / are / must be +主語+ doing sth.”表示“(肯定)有……正在做某事”,現(xiàn)在分詞doing表示主動關(guān)系,同時表示動作正在進(jìn)行,有時也表示一種狀態(tài)。例如:
Theres a piano standing against the wall. 墻邊有一架鋼琴。
There must be someone waiting for him. 一定有人在等他。
【中考真題】(2016年鹽城卷) Watch out, Peter!_____ is a little boy playing ahead on the road.
A. It B. This
C. That D. There
【答案簡析】D。根據(jù)“There be +主語+ doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)確定選D。
2. so +助動詞/ be動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語
這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用來說明前面所說的情況也同樣適用于后面的人或物,意為“某人(物)也一樣”。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的助動詞(be動詞或情態(tài)動詞)必須與前句的謂語動詞以及后句主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致,時態(tài)和前句保持一致。例如:
Mary likes Chinese. So does Tom.
=Mary likes Chinese. Tom likes Chinese, too.
=Both Mary and Tom like Chinese.
=Mary and Tom both like Chinese.
瑪麗喜歡漢語,湯姆也喜歡漢語。
They went to the zoo yesterday. So did we. 他們昨天去了動物園。我們也去了。
注意:
如果前面的句子是否定句,則要用neither / nor,說明前句否定的情況也適用于后面的句子。例如:
You didnt go to the park. Neither / Nor did I. 昨天你沒去公園。我也沒去。
You cant sing English songs. Neither / Nor can they. 你們不會唱英文歌。他們也不會唱。
【中考真題】(2016年攀枝花卷) —I think you are different now.
—Of course, times have changed and _____.
A. so have I B. so I have
C. neither have I D. neither I have
【答案簡析】A。根據(jù)句意,這是肯定形式的倒裝,強(qiáng)調(diào)“我也在改變”。所以選擇“so +助動詞 +主語”結(jié)構(gòu)。
【中考真題】(2015年龍東卷) —Lucy cant go mountain climbing with us tomorrow.
—_____. I have to do housework at home.
A. So can I
B. Neither can I
C. Neither I can
【答案簡析】B。上句為含有情態(tài)動詞can的否定句,對其回答用否定形式的neither;又根據(jù)答語的第二句可知此空表示“我也不能(爬山)”。故選B。
3. so +主語+助動詞/ be動詞/情態(tài)動詞
這種結(jié)構(gòu)意為“的確如此、確實(shí)如此”,表示后者贊同前者的話或意見,只是進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)并重復(fù)前句所述的內(nèi)容。前后句的主語指的是同一個人或物。例如:
—He will speak at the meeting tomorrow. 他明天將在會上發(fā)言。
—So he will. 確實(shí)如此。
—He went to see his friend yesterday. 他昨天去看望朋友了。
—So he did. 的確如此。
【中考真題】(2016年烏魯木齊卷) —_____ exciting news it is! Disneyland in Shanghai has opened to the public!
—_____. We plan to go there this summer holiday.
A. What an; So is it
B. What; So it is
C. How; So it is
D. How; So is it
【答案簡析】B。news是不可數(shù)名詞,故感嘆句用what 引導(dǎo)。so it is 表示“的確如此”;so is it表示“它也是這樣”。結(jié)合答語可知第二空表示“確實(shí)如此”,故選B。
強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練:
從題后所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出能填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項。
1. —We are going to take part in Running Man.
—_____ exciting news!
A. What B. What an
C. How D. How an
2. —Have you watched the boat races during this Dragon Boat Festival?
—Yes. _____ wonderful races!
A. What an B. What a
C. What D. How
3. _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou. Ill meet you at the airport.
A. Sending B. To send
C. Sends D. Send
4. —Do you know some robots are able to serve as waiters in restaurants?
—Really? _____ interesting it is!
A. What B. What a
C. How D. How a
5. Tommy, _____ play basketball in the street next time. You may get hit by a car.
A. do B. dont
C. must D. mustnt
6. —Do you know that the Terracotta Army in China is more than 2,000 years old?
—Wow! _____!
A. How large it is
B. How modern it is
C. What a long history it has
D. What a beautiful place it is
7. David never fights with his classmates, _____?
A. does he B. doesnt he
C. isnt he D. is he
8. —Whats the matter, Jenny?
—_____ something wrong with my bike.
A. It is B. There is
C. I have D. It has
9. There _____ two dictionaries on the bookcase. You can use either of them.
A. is B. was
C. are D. were
10. —Taian is a really comfortable city to live in.
—_____, and its world-famous for Mount Tai.
A. So it is B. So is it
C. So it does D. So does it
11. —Listen! There _____ someone _____ at the door.
—It must be your sister.
A. is; knocking B. is; knock
C. are; knocking D. are; knock
12. —They go to school early in the morning.
—_____.
A. So do Tom B. So Tom do
C. So does Tom D. So Tom does
13. There _____ some milk and apples in the fridge.
A. has B. have
C. is D. are
14. —I dont understand the story in the new unit. What about you, Bob?
—_____.
A. Neither I do B. Neither do I
C. So do I D. So I do
15. —What language is that guy speaking? I can hardly catch a single word!
—_____. Hes from India, so I guess it is Hindi.
A. Neither I can B. Neither can I
C. So I can D. So can I
16. —_____ there any living things on other planets?
—I have no idea. Maybe we can know more about that in the future.
A. Is B. Are
C. Has D. Have
17. —There _____ a basketball game in our school tomorrow.
—Great!
A. is going to have B. will be
C. be D. will have
18. —We ordered beef noodles, but _____ any beef in the noodles.
—Put on your glasses and you can see the beef.
A. there isnt B. there is
C. there arent D. there are
19. We have to finish the work now, _____?
A. dont we B. havent we
C. have we D. do we
20. —Dont be late for school next time, _____?
—No, I wont.
A. are you B. will you
C. do you D. did you
21. Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night, _____?
A. dont they B. didnt they
C. did they D. do they
22. —Youve never seen dinosaur (恐龍) eggs, have you?
—_____. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World!
A. Yes, I have B. No, I havent
C. No, I have D. Yes, I havent
23. —Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _____?
—No. She got up too late.
A. had she B. hadnt she
C. did she D. didnt she
24. There will be a volleyball match in our school, _____?
A. be there B. is there
C. will there D. wont there
25. Aunt Huang thought that she could pass the exam and get a driving license, _____ she?
A. couldnt B. did
C. didnt D. could
26. Tom hasnt come yet. He wont be late, _____?
A. will he B. is he
C. wont he D. isnt he
27. We have to say goodbye; _____ time flies!
A. what B. how
C. what a D. how a
28. I dont think Ken did such a stupid thing, _____?
A. do I B. did I
C. did he D. does he
29. —You arent a stranger, are you?
—_____, dont you remember _____ me at the school gate ten minutes ago?
A. Yes; to see B. No; seeing
C. No; saw D. Yes; seeing
30. —There _____ many trees at the foot of the mountain.
—But now they are slowly disappearing because of human activities.
A. is used to B. used to
C. used to be D. is used to be
(參考答案見第87頁)