遲小華,王海英,楊 波,田歡歡,蔡力力,劉 萃,盧學(xué)春,童衛(wèi)杭(.解放軍火箭軍總醫(yī)院藥劑科,北京 00800;
2.深圳市中醫(yī)院口腔科,廣州 深圳 518033;3.解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓血液科,北京 100853;4.解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓臨檢科,北京 100853;5.解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓超聲科,北京 100853)
·實(shí)驗(yàn)研究·
氨磷汀對(duì)人巨核細(xì)胞白血病Dami細(xì)胞促分化作用的機(jī)制研究
遲小華1,王海英2,楊 波3,田歡歡1,蔡力力4,劉 萃5,盧學(xué)春3,童衛(wèi)杭1(1.解放軍火箭軍總醫(yī)院藥劑科,北京 100800;
2.深圳市中醫(yī)院口腔科,廣州 深圳 518033;3.解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓血液科,北京 100853;4.解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓臨檢科,北京 100853;5.解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓超聲科,北京 100853)
目的:探索氨磷汀對(duì)人巨核細(xì)胞白血病Dami細(xì)胞的促分化作用的機(jī)制。方法:采用氨磷汀1 mmol·L-1刺激人巨核細(xì)胞白血病Dami細(xì)胞系,共誘導(dǎo)12 d,利用RT-PCR及Western blot方法檢測(cè)在誘導(dǎo)的0、4 d、8 d、12 d時(shí)巨核細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-1、NF-E2的表達(dá)變化,并通過(guò)對(duì)Dami細(xì)胞進(jìn)行核質(zhì)分離以及利用免疫熒光的方法研究?jī)煞N轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在核質(zhì)中的分布。結(jié)果:RT-PCR及Western blot沒(méi)有檢測(cè)到巨核細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-1和NF-E2表達(dá)水平升高,但入核實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-E2、GATA-1入核活性增加。結(jié)論:氨磷汀誘導(dǎo)Dami細(xì)胞向成熟巨核細(xì)胞分化是通過(guò)增加轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NFE2、GATA-1入核活性而發(fā)揮作用。
氨磷?。籇ami細(xì)胞;轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;NF-E2;GATA-1
氨磷汀(amifostine,AMF)是磷酸化的氨基硫醇,近年來(lái)在臨床上廣泛地被應(yīng)用于癌癥的輔助治療,作為一個(gè)廣譜的細(xì)胞保護(hù)劑特異性保護(hù)正常組織[1-2]。血小板減少是臨床上骨髓增生異常綜合征(MDS)和特發(fā)性血小板減少性紫癜(ITP)等疾病的主要癥狀之一。血小板由分化成熟的巨核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,巨核細(xì)胞的分化涉及多個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,包括DNA倍體化、血小板特異性顆粒形成、分界膜系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)生等。巨核細(xì)胞成熟及血小板釋放的機(jī)制極其復(fù)雜并且至今沒(méi)有被闡釋清楚。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AMF能誘導(dǎo)人巨核細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞Dami向成熟巨核細(xì)胞分化,并得到AMF促進(jìn)Dami細(xì)胞分化的最適濃度為1 mmol·L-1[3],但其具體的機(jī)制仍未闡明。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道缺失轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-E2的小鼠巨核細(xì)胞成熟后期發(fā)生阻滯。缺乏造血細(xì)胞特異性亮氨酸拉鏈轉(zhuǎn)錄因子p45NF-E2的小鼠最明顯的表型是巨核細(xì)胞成熟障礙、血小板嚴(yán)重減少。巨核細(xì)胞特異性敲除鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-1的小鼠巨核細(xì)胞分化阻滯、血小板嚴(yán)重減少。缺失NF-E2導(dǎo)致巨核細(xì)胞體積變大,缺失GATA-1導(dǎo)致未成熟的巨核細(xì)胞聚集成團(tuán)[4-5]。因此本研究選擇NF-E2和GATA-1兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,旨在探究AMF誘導(dǎo)Dami向成熟巨核細(xì)胞分化的作用機(jī)制,旨為AMF的臨床應(yīng)用提供更多指導(dǎo)。
1.1 試劑
Dami細(xì)胞系(美國(guó)ATCC公司);RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基(美國(guó)Hyclone公司);氨磷?。ù筮B卓悅美羅有限公司藥業(yè)分公司),4℃避光保存,每次使用時(shí)用RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基配制成液體;兔抗人NF-E2抗體(美國(guó)Santa Cruz生物技術(shù)公司);RNA Trizol(美國(guó)Sigma公司);反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(北京全式金生物技術(shù)有限公司);兔抗人GATA-1抗體(美國(guó)CST公司);辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔/羊抗鼠二抗(北京中杉金橋有限公司);實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR試劑SYBR?Green Real Time PCR Master Mix(日本Takara公司);ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)Cell Signaling公司)。
1.2 主要儀器設(shè)備
細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱(3111型,美國(guó)Thermo Scientific公司);超凈工作臺(tái)(BLLIN型,濟(jì)南亞龍公司);普通PCR儀(580BR 7853型,美國(guó)BIO-RAD公司);SDSPAGE電泳儀及轉(zhuǎn)膜儀(580BR 7853型,美國(guó)BIORAD公司);Real Time PCR儀(IQ5型,美國(guó)BIO-RAD公司);激光共聚焦顯微鏡(Ultra View型,美國(guó)Perkin Elmer公司)。
1.3 引物合成
本文所需引物及其序列如表1所示,所有引物均由北京奧科鼎盛生物科技有限公司合成。
表1 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子引物序列Tab 1 Primer sequences of transcription factors
1.4 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及增殖
Dami細(xì)胞在含10%加熱滅活的胎牛血清、100 U·mL-1青/鏈霉素雙抗的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基中呈懸浮生長(zhǎng),在37 ℃,含5% CO2飽和濕度條件下培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞密度達(dá)90%時(shí)傳代。
1.5 RT-PCR
在氨磷汀處理的0(Control)、4、8、12 d,分別取1×106個(gè)細(xì)胞,Trizol提取總RNA,取1 μg RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,使用iCycler thermocycler平臺(tái)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè),溶解溫度設(shè)定在64 ℃。與管家基因(GAPDH)相比,計(jì)算目的基因相對(duì)表達(dá)水平,利用Bio-Rad iQ5-standard Edition軟件分析結(jié)果。
1.6 Western Blotting
Dami細(xì)胞在氨磷汀處理的第0(Control)、4、8、12 d,收集1×106個(gè)細(xì)胞,加入適量M2 buffer 0 ℃裂解15 min,12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃離心15 min,收集上清總蛋白。提取的細(xì)胞總蛋白定量后進(jìn)行SDS/PAGE跑分離膠(12%),電泳結(jié)束后將目的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至nitrocellulose膜,5%脫脂牛奶室溫封閉1 h,分別和兔抗人NF-E2、GATA-1及鼠抗人GAPDH抗體4 ℃孵育過(guò)夜,T-BST洗3次,辣根過(guò)氧化物酶(HRP)標(biāo)記的羊抗兔/羊抗鼠二抗室溫孵育1 h,T-BST洗3次,ECL顯色系統(tǒng)暗室顯影檢測(cè)目的蛋白。
1.7 免疫熒光檢測(cè)NF-E2、GATA-1入核情況
在氨磷汀處理第12天,將細(xì)胞甩片后,分別和GATA-1、NF-E2抗體室溫孵育30 min,PBS沖洗3遍,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,PBS沖洗3遍,滴加50 μg·mL-1的DAPI染液,室溫避光5 min;PBS洗3遍后激光共聚焦顯微鏡觀察,LSM Image Browser軟件對(duì)圖片進(jìn)行處理。
1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS19.0軟件,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(Mean ± SEM)表示,兩組之間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P< 0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 氨磷汀處理后Dami細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的變化
根據(jù)本實(shí)驗(yàn)室前期實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,氨磷汀刺激Dami細(xì)胞分化的最佳藥物濃度為1 mmol·L-1,處理時(shí)間為12 d[3]。巨核細(xì)胞成熟的后期階段包括有絲分裂、細(xì)胞質(zhì)成熟和前血小板形成,此過(guò)程需要各種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子協(xié)同作用,才能最終成熟并產(chǎn)生血小板。為了研究氨磷汀對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達(dá)的影響,我們通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR(Q-PCR)檢測(cè)了GATA-1、NF-E2等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子mRNA的水平。與對(duì)照組相比,處理組細(xì)胞三種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子mRNA水平并沒(méi)有明顯差異(圖1A,P> 0.05)。進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)三種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子蛋白水平隨時(shí)間的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)GATA-1、NF-E2表達(dá)量也沒(méi)有明顯變化(圖1B)。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在總量不變的情況下,其激活和失活也可以調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,進(jìn)行了入核實(shí)驗(yàn),分析GATA-1、NF-E2活性的變化。發(fā)現(xiàn)在氨磷汀處理的第12天,GATA-1、NF-E2在Dami細(xì)胞核內(nèi)聚集(圖1C),結(jié)果表明氨磷汀可通過(guò)增加轉(zhuǎn)錄因子入核來(lái)促進(jìn)Dami細(xì)胞分化。
圖1 氨磷汀(1 mmol·L-1)對(duì)Dami細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-1、NF-E2的影響A – mRNA水平表達(dá)的結(jié)果,B – 蛋白水平表達(dá)的結(jié)果,C – 免疫熒光結(jié)果Fig 1 The effects of amifostine exposure (1 mmol·L-1) for the indicated numbers of days on the differentiation-related transcription factors GATA-binding factor 1 (GATA-1) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2) in Dami cellsA – results of mRNA expression,B – results of protein expression,C– results of immunof l uorescence
圖2 Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果Fig 2 Results of Western blotting experiment
2.2 核質(zhì)分離實(shí)驗(yàn)
為了進(jìn)一步確定GATA-1和NF-E2的入核增加,我們隨后進(jìn)行了核質(zhì)分離實(shí)驗(yàn),核質(zhì)分離后Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明對(duì)照組GATA-1和 NF-E2聚集在細(xì)胞質(zhì),而處理Dami細(xì)胞12 d后,GATA-1和NF-E2在細(xì)胞核中的聚集明顯增加,細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的聚集并沒(méi)有明顯增加,Histone-H3和GAPDH作為內(nèi)參(圖2)。
3.1 巨核細(xì)胞分化的調(diào)控
血小板產(chǎn)生的速率約為每日1011個(gè),應(yīng)激情況需求量增加時(shí)可增至20倍[6]。因此確保血小板的正常供應(yīng)對(duì)于健康至關(guān)重要。產(chǎn)生血小板的巨核細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)成熟調(diào)控過(guò)程極其復(fù)雜,巨核細(xì)胞在發(fā)育成熟過(guò)程中受到巨核細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor,MCSF)、促血小板生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO)、IL-6、IL-11、c-Mpl配體等細(xì)胞因子的調(diào)控,MCSF主要刺激前體巨核細(xì)胞的增殖,TPO則刺激巨核細(xì)胞的成熟[7],此外c-Mpl配體是TPO相關(guān)的一個(gè)糖蛋白,在人和鼠中均可以增加血小板的數(shù)目,有文獻(xiàn)[8-9]指出c-Mpl配體會(huì)調(diào)節(jié)巨核細(xì)胞分化的整個(gè)過(guò)程,包括核內(nèi)有絲分裂和胞質(zhì)成熟。因此提示氨磷汀誘導(dǎo)Dami細(xì)胞分化也有可能是通過(guò)c-Mpl配體起作用的。此外,HIF2α(hypoxia-inducible factor 2α)通路和VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor)通路均參與巨核細(xì)胞的生成,鐵離子濃度也影響巨核細(xì)胞的分化,缺鐵會(huì)增加巨核細(xì)胞分化和前血小板形成,在缺鐵大鼠的巨核細(xì)胞中,HIF2α蛋白表達(dá)增加,體外缺鐵培養(yǎng)的巨核細(xì)胞上清中VEGF-A的濃度明顯升高,提示HIF2α蛋白和VEGF-A在巨核細(xì)胞成熟過(guò)程中具有潛在作用[10]。本研究結(jié)果表明轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-E2、GATA-1在巨核細(xì)胞分化中發(fā)揮重要功能,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平闡釋了巨核細(xì)胞分化的機(jī)制。
3.2 氨磷汀的新見(jiàn)解
AMF在人表皮成纖維細(xì)胞中能夠保護(hù)細(xì)胞不受放化療藥物的損傷并且促進(jìn)斷裂DNA雙鏈的修復(fù),而在乳腺癌MCF7細(xì)胞中卻會(huì)阻抑DNA的修復(fù)[11],但它選擇性抑制斷裂DNA修復(fù)的具體機(jī)制還有待研究。這種兩面性使AMF成為目前臨床批準(zhǔn)使用的唯一一個(gè)符合殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞而不損傷正常組織的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的放射防護(hù)劑[12-13]。AMF還能夠預(yù)防鉑類化療藥物引起的兒童聽(tīng)力減退[14-16]。乳腺切除的女性使用AMF能夠保護(hù)擴(kuò)張的軟組織免受輻射誘導(dǎo)的病理性血管增生,保持血管數(shù)量接近正常組織,并顯著減少并發(fā)癥[1],但它誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞分化作用最近才被發(fā)現(xiàn),其作用機(jī)理更是鮮有報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)現(xiàn)AMF誘導(dǎo)Dami細(xì)胞向巨核細(xì)胞分化的作用后進(jìn)一步探究了這一過(guò)程的發(fā)生機(jī)制,AMF誘導(dǎo)Dami細(xì)胞向成熟巨核細(xì)胞分化是通過(guò)增加轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-E2、GATA-1入核活性而發(fā)揮作用,使得人們過(guò)往對(duì)于AMF的認(rèn)識(shí)有了一個(gè)全新的見(jiàn)解,也擴(kuò)大了該藥物的臨床應(yīng)用范圍。
3.3 GATA-1、Fli-1、NF-E2等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在巨核細(xì)胞分化過(guò)程中的作用
氟波酯(PMA)和TPO能誘導(dǎo)K562細(xì)胞[7]和Dami細(xì)胞[17]向巨核細(xì)胞分化,在誘導(dǎo)Dami分化過(guò)程中,GATA-1、Fli-1、NF-E2等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子蛋白表達(dá)水平升高。其中Fli-1對(duì)巨核細(xì)胞有絲分裂及細(xì)胞質(zhì)成熟起作用,NF-E2(包括兩個(gè)剪切體aNF-E2和fNF-E2)對(duì)前血小板形成起作用,而GATA-1對(duì)上述三個(gè)過(guò)程均有重要作用[16-19]。我們最初推測(cè)AMF增加上述轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達(dá)來(lái)促進(jìn)Dami細(xì)胞分化,但Q-PCR和Western blot未見(jiàn)GATA-1、Fli-1、NF-E2表達(dá)水平增高。我們用入核實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)了轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-1和NF-E2的活性,發(fā)現(xiàn)AMF能激活GATA-1和NF-E2入核。這說(shuō)明AMF通過(guò)改變轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的活性而不是表達(dá)量來(lái)誘導(dǎo)Dami細(xì)胞分化,即AMF能直接或者間接激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于全面理解AMF的生物學(xué)功能。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果表明AMF能誘導(dǎo)Dami細(xì)胞分化,并發(fā)現(xiàn)AMF誘導(dǎo)Dami細(xì)胞的分化作用和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-1和NF-E2的活性相關(guān),這些結(jié)果擴(kuò)展了我們對(duì)于血小板減少癥的認(rèn)識(shí),從而對(duì)MDS和ITP等存在巨核細(xì)胞分化障礙的疾病治療提供指導(dǎo)。但因?yàn)橛醒芯空甙l(fā)現(xiàn)少量的AMF能成功進(jìn)入腫瘤細(xì)胞[11],所以AMF發(fā)揮作用的是它本身還是其活性代謝物WR-1065仍有待確定。AMF促進(jìn)巨核細(xì)胞分化的作用機(jī)制還需要在更多的細(xì)胞系及動(dòng)物模型體內(nèi)研究加以證實(shí)。新的分子遺傳學(xué)、基因組學(xué)和其他方法的迅速發(fā)展為藥物機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步研究提供了新的方向。
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Mechanism research of amifostine on inducing the differentiation of human megakaryoblastic leukemia Dami cell line
CHI Xiao-hua1, WANG Hai-ying2, YANG Bo3, TIAN Huan-huan1, CAI Li-li4, LIU Cui5, LU Xue-chun3, TONG Wei-hang1
(1. Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Chinese PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100800, China; 2. Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Hospital of TCM, Shenzhen 518033, China; 3. Department of Nanlou Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; 4. Department of Nanlou Clinical Laboratory, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; 5. Department of Nanlou Ultrasonics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
Objective: To explore the mechanism of amifostine on inducing the differentiation of human megakaryoblastic leukemia Dami cell line. Methods: The human megakaryoblastic leukemia Dami cell line were exposed to amifostine (1 mmol·L-1) for 12 days. At different time points (0、4 d、8 d、12 d), the expression of megakaryocytic differentiation-associated transcription factors such as GATA-binding factor 1 (GATA-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2) were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Then in order to measure the distribution of the two transcription factors in nucleoplasm, nuclear and cytoplasmic were isolated, and immunofluorescence was used. Results: There was no elevation on the mRNA or protein levels of megakaryocytic differentiationassociated transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2 by RT-PCR and Western blot, but nuclear import assay revealed an increased nuclear translocation activity of GATA-1 and NF-E2. Conclusion: Amifostine induced the differentiation of Dami cells into mature megakaryocytes via the mechanism involving increased nuclear translocation activity of the transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2.
R979.1
A
1672 – 8157(2017)01 – 0019 –04
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81302801,81273597);解放軍總醫(yī)院科技創(chuàng)新苗圃基金項(xiàng)目(15KMM21);解放軍總醫(yī)院臨床科研扶持基金項(xiàng)目(2016FC-ZHCG-1004)
童衛(wèi)杭,男,主任藥師,研究方向:臨床藥理學(xué)。E-mail:chixiaohua93@126.com
遲小華,女,副主任藥師,研究方向:臨床藥理學(xué)。E-mail:yangsongru312@163.com