朱正, 趙心明, 周純武
·腹部影像學(xué)·
寶石能譜單能量成像及自適應(yīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建技術(shù)在腹部低劑量CT掃描中的可行性研究
朱正, 趙心明, 周純武
目的:探討在腹部低劑量CT掃描中使用寶石能譜單能量成像(GSI)結(jié)合自適應(yīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建技術(shù)的成像質(zhì)量。方法:90例患者使用GE Discovery CT750 HD 64排CT機(jī)行腹部CT平掃及雙期增強(qiáng)掃描。實(shí)驗(yàn)組A(30例)采用GSI 技術(shù)(60 keV+ASIR 50%)+對(duì)比劑碘劑量450 mg I/kg;實(shí)驗(yàn)組B(30例)采用常規(guī)掃描(120 kVp)+對(duì)比劑碘劑量300 mg I/kg;對(duì)照組(30例)行常規(guī)掃描(120 kVp)+對(duì)比劑碘劑量450 mg I/kg。每組均測(cè)量腹部大血管(動(dòng)脈期/靜脈期)、臟器和肌肉(三期)共26個(gè)ROI的CT值并計(jì)算相應(yīng)的SNR,使用5分法(Likert分級(jí))對(duì)各部位的圖像質(zhì)量進(jìn)行主觀評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果:三組患者的年齡、身高、體重及身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)間的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。A組中26個(gè)ROI的CT值均高于對(duì)照組,除平掃和動(dòng)脈期肝臟CT值和平掃肌肉CT值外,其它23個(gè)ROI的CT值在兩組間的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。B組各ROI的CT值均低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。A組中(除SMA外)各ROI的SNR均高于對(duì)照組,僅門脈左支、動(dòng)脈期肝和脾、平掃和靜脈期胰腺的SNR在兩組間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。B組的SNR均低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。主觀評(píng)價(jià)方面,三組間圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。A組與對(duì)照組間輻射劑量的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);B組對(duì)比劑劑量與對(duì)照組間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。結(jié)論:在能譜CT 成像結(jié)合ASIR技術(shù)的幫助下,使用低管電壓能得到較好的腹部CT圖像質(zhì)量。
體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī); 寶石能譜成像; 自適應(yīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建; 低輻射量; 腹部; 圖像質(zhì)量
表1 三組患者的基本臨床資料
目前多排CT增強(qiáng)掃描已成為腹部檢查的常規(guī)檢查手段,如何在盡可能低的輻射劑量條件下獲得可供臨床診斷的圖像質(zhì)量一直是相關(guān)領(lǐng)域研究的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。CT寶石能譜單能量成像(gemstone spectral imaging,GSI)及自適應(yīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建(adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction,ASIR)技術(shù)具有重要的臨床意義,因其可以處理電子噪聲和其它物理因素所導(dǎo)致的圖像偽影,在低對(duì)比劑劑量及低電壓的條件下就可能獲得滿足診斷要求的CT圖像,降低患者因輻射或?qū)Ρ葎淼臐撛陲L(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1]。因此本研究對(duì)GSI及低劑量對(duì)比劑在腹部三期CT成像中的效果進(jìn)行前瞻性研究。
1.臨床資料
將2015年10月-2016年12月擬行腹盆部CT增強(qiáng)掃描的患者納入觀察,將有嚴(yán)重心肝腎功能不全、對(duì)比劑禁忌證、年齡小于18歲或大于80歲的患者及孕婦等剔除。最終有90例患者納入研究,其中男48例,女42例,年齡24~77歲,平均55歲。將患者隨機(jī)分為3組(實(shí)驗(yàn)組A、B和對(duì)照組C),分別采用3種掃描方案。三組患者的基本臨床資料見表1,三組間患者一般情況的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.檢查方法
使用GE Discovery CT750 HD多排螺旋CT機(jī)?;颊邫z查前空腹4~6 h,將60%泛影葡胺20 mL加入1000 mL水中讓患者在檢查前1 h口服使膀胱充盈。所有患者行CT平掃(plain,P)及動(dòng)脈期(arterial-phase,AP)和門靜脈期( portal-phase,PP)增強(qiáng)掃描,掃描范圍自肝頂水平至坐骨結(jié)節(jié)水平。將患者隨機(jī)分為3組,分別采用3種掃描方案(表2)。
表2 三組的掃描方案
三組的其它掃描條件相同:層厚5 mm、層距5 mm,視野50 cm×50 cm,矩陣512 ×512,螺距0.984,重建層厚1.25 mm、層間距0.8 mm。掃描前在肘前靜脈置入20G的靜脈套管針。使用非離子型碘對(duì)比劑碘普羅胺(300 mg I/mL),3組中對(duì)比劑推注時(shí)間均為30 s,動(dòng)脈期及門脈期掃描延遲時(shí)間分別30和65 s。
3.分析內(nèi)容
所有CT圖像傳入PACS工作站,由2位放射科醫(yī)師(分別有26年及12年腹部影像診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn))采用獨(dú)立、隨機(jī)、無序、盲法的方式對(duì)所有圖像進(jìn)行閱片分析,在閱片前均接受關(guān)于評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng)一規(guī)范化培訓(xùn)。圖像質(zhì)量主觀評(píng)分(兩者討論后達(dá)成一致)依據(jù)Likert量表5分法進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[1]:1分(很差),噪聲很明顯;2分(較差),噪聲、偽影明顯;3分(中等),噪聲可接受,器官組織邊界欠清;4分(良好),圖像尚清晰,小的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)顯示邊界尚清晰;5分(優(yōu)異),圖像清晰,噪聲不明顯,小的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。評(píng)分≥3分為符合臨床診斷要求,評(píng)分≤2分為不符合診斷要求。CT值測(cè)量是在觀察血管及臟器放置ROI,包括在動(dòng)脈期圖像上測(cè)量腹主動(dòng)脈腹腔干分叉上方和下方、腹腔動(dòng)脈干、腸系膜上動(dòng)脈、脾動(dòng)脈、左腎動(dòng)脈、右腎動(dòng)脈、左髂總動(dòng)脈和右髂總動(dòng)脈,靜脈期圖像上測(cè)量門脈左支、門脈右支、門靜脈、脾靜脈和腸系膜上靜脈,分別在三期圖像上測(cè)量肝臟、胰腺、脾臟和豎脊肌,共26個(gè)感興趣部位。測(cè)量血管的CT值時(shí),ROI放置在血管近端,大小約為管徑的2/3(20~150 mm2),避開鈣化、斑塊及狹窄等;測(cè)量臟器及肌肉時(shí),則選取密度均勻的區(qū)域放置ROI。每個(gè)興趣部位測(cè)量三次取其平均值。同時(shí)測(cè)量同層脂肪的CT值,以其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(standard deviation,SD)作為背景噪聲值。利用公式(1)計(jì)算各興趣部位的信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR):
(1)
記錄掃描時(shí)劑量報(bào)告中的CT容積劑量指數(shù)(volume CT dose index,CTDIvol),并計(jì)算劑量長(zhǎng)度乘積(dose length product,DLP)[2]。
4.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。采用Kappa檢驗(yàn)對(duì)2位放射科醫(yī)師對(duì)三組圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分的一致性進(jìn)行分析。Kappa值<0.4為一致性差,0.4≤Kappa<0.75為一致性良好,Kappa≥0.75為一致性非常好。對(duì)三組患者一般情況和輻射劑量的比較使用單因素方差分析。對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組的CT值、SNR和對(duì)比劑劑量的比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
三組中各部位的CT值、SNR及統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析結(jié)果見表3~4。A組中各部位的的CT值均高于對(duì)照組,除平掃和動(dòng)脈期肝臟CT值和平掃肌肉CT值外,其它23個(gè)ROI的CT值在兩組間的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。B組各ROI的CT值均低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
表3 三組中各ROI的CT值及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果
注:t1值P1值為A組與C組的比較結(jié)果;t2和P2值為B組與C組的比較結(jié)果。AA1=腹主動(dòng)脈腹腔干分支上方;AA2=腹主動(dòng)脈腹腔干分叉下方;CA=腹腔動(dòng)脈干;SMA=腸系膜上動(dòng)脈;SA=脾動(dòng)脈;LRA=左腎動(dòng)脈;RRA=右腎動(dòng)脈;LCIA=左髂總動(dòng)脈;RCIA=右髂總動(dòng)脈;LPV=門脈左支;RPV=門脈右支;PV=門靜脈主干;SV=脾靜脈;MV=腸系膜上靜脈。
A組中除腸系膜上動(dòng)脈外,其余各ROI的SNR均高于對(duì)照組,僅門脈左支、動(dòng)脈期肝和脾、平掃和靜脈期胰腺的SNR在兩組間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。B組的SNR均稍低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
90例患者的圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分都為4~5分,A組中4分14例,5分16例; B組中4分13例,5分17例;對(duì)照組中4分10例,5分20例。三組間圖像質(zhì)量的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩位醫(yī)師對(duì)所有圖像的主觀評(píng)分間的一致性非常好(Kappa=0.816)。
三組的DLP測(cè)量結(jié)果見表5。實(shí)驗(yàn)組A中各期掃描的 DLP均顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組B與對(duì)照組C的對(duì)比劑劑量的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。
腹部是CT增強(qiáng)掃描目前應(yīng)用最為廣泛的部位,較高的管電壓、較大的對(duì)比劑劑量不僅會(huì)增加患者的輻射劑量、同時(shí)也增加了對(duì)比劑過敏反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率[3]。因此,在嚴(yán)格遵循ALARA原則(as low as reasonably achievable)的前提下[4],本研究對(duì)低管電壓、低對(duì)比劑劑量方案在腹部血管、臟器掃描中的可行性進(jìn)行了探討,結(jié)果顯示低劑量方案圖像上血管強(qiáng)化程度及信噪比優(yōu)于或不差于對(duì)照組,且主觀圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分亦無明顯差異,因此低劑量方案可替代常規(guī)劑量方案應(yīng)用于臨床。
ASIR是指通過自適應(yīng)技術(shù)精確描述和構(gòu)建探測(cè)到的信號(hào)的光子統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),是對(duì)原始數(shù)據(jù)層面的反復(fù)迭代運(yùn)算,可進(jìn)一步降低噪聲,提高圖像分辨率[5]。目前ASIR技術(shù)較多應(yīng)用于高BMI人群[6]、兒童[7-8]、肝硬化患者[9]和腎功能不全患者[10]的低劑量CT掃描,多用于觀察血管(如冠脈、腹部動(dòng)脈、門靜脈等)的CTA或CPV成像質(zhì)量[11-14],而本研究中對(duì)腹部大血管及臟器在不同時(shí)相(肝動(dòng)脈期和門脈期)低劑量CT增強(qiáng)掃描中的成像質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了分析。既往研究表明ASIR在40%~60%時(shí)的成像效果最佳,因此本研究在低管電壓組(實(shí)驗(yàn)組A)中使用50%ASIR。在掃描范圍一致的情況下,血管及臟器的圖像質(zhì)量主要與對(duì)比劑的碘含量和注射劑量等因素相關(guān),目前對(duì)比劑的使用大多根據(jù)患者的身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)進(jìn)行調(diào)整[7-9],且要與掃描時(shí)間相匹配。同時(shí)在ROI的選擇上,本研究將ROI的大小設(shè)置為血管管徑的2/3(ROI=20~150 mm2),同時(shí)避開鈣化、斑塊及狹窄等;在測(cè)量肌肉及脂肪時(shí),ROI放置則選取密度均勻的區(qū)域,測(cè)量結(jié)果取三次測(cè)量的平均值,這樣所得的數(shù)據(jù)最有代表性。
表4 三組中各ROI的SNR及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果
注:t1值P1值為A組與C組的比較結(jié)果;t2和P2值為B組與C組的比較結(jié)果。
表5 三組中三期掃描的DLP值及比較 (mGy·cm)
實(shí)驗(yàn)組A中除腸系膜上動(dòng)脈的SNR低于對(duì)照組,其它部位的SNR均高于對(duì)照組。王亞寧等[15]在研究中亦發(fā)現(xiàn)低劑量組部分血管、臟器的SNR值高于對(duì)照組。我們分析其原因可能因?yàn)槟c系膜上動(dòng)脈的管徑較細(xì)且彎曲,使測(cè)量過程中容易出現(xiàn)偏差所致,但亦可能與選擇的低管電壓的數(shù)值有一定相關(guān)性,我們將會(huì)在今后的研究中進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究。而實(shí)驗(yàn)組B因其僅單純的降低對(duì)比劑劑量及流率,其它掃描參數(shù)與對(duì)照組基本一致,因此各部位的CT值及SNR僅略低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
本研究不足之處是病例數(shù)略少,且未設(shè)置同時(shí)使用低管電壓和低對(duì)比劑劑量的"雙低"實(shí)驗(yàn)組,僅分別設(shè)立低管電壓或低對(duì)比劑劑量?jī)蓚€(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組;同時(shí),雖然三組間患者的基本臨床資料差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但如果能按照患者的BMI進(jìn)行更嚴(yán)格的分組,可能研究結(jié)果會(huì)更精確;其次,尚未進(jìn)行對(duì)比噪聲比及病灶檢出率的研究,需要今后在臨床開展較大樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究來完善相關(guān)的研究結(jié)果。
綜上所述,在使用ASIR及GSI時(shí)低管電壓或低對(duì)比劑方案較常規(guī)方案有一定優(yōu)勢(shì),可滿足影像診斷要求,可在臨床實(shí)踐中推薦使用。
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Feasibility study of gemstone spectral imaging and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction technique in low radiation dose abdominal CT scan
ZHU Zheng,ZHAO Xin-ming,ZHOU Chun-wu.
Department of Radiology,National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100021,China
Objective:The purpose of the present study was to investigate the image quality of low radiation dose abdominal CT scan using gemstone spectral imaging (GSI) and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction technique (ASIR).Methods:90 patients were enrolled and underwent both plain and dual-phase enhanced abdominal CT scan using GE Discovery 750HD 64-row CT scanner.In experiment group A (30 cases),GSI (60keV and 50% ASIR) with 450mg I/kg contrast material was administrated;in experiment group B (30 cases),conventional scan mode (120kVp) with 300mg I/kg contrast material was used;in control group C (30 cases),conventional scan mode (120kVp) with 450mg I/kg contrast material was dministrated.In each group,CT values of 26 ROIs including abdominal vessels [arterial-phase (AP) or portal-phase (PP)] and organs,muscles and fat tissue (in three phases) were obtained.The corresponding signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were calculated and image quality were subjectively evaluated using five point Likert scale.Results:There were no significant differences in age,height,weight and BMI among the three groups (P>0.05).The CT values of 26 ROIs in group A were higher than those in group C.Statistical differences were existed in the CT values of 23 ROIs between the two groups (P<0.05) except three ROIs of liver on plain and AP images and muscles on plain images.The CT value of each ROI in group B was less than that in group C,but no significant difference was showed (P<0.05).The SNRs of 25 ROIs (except SMA) in group A were higher than those in group C,no statistical difference was showed only in the SNRs of left portal vein,liver and spleen in AP,pancreas in plain and PP (P<0.05);and the SNRs in group B were less than those in group C but with no significant difference (P>0.05).As for subjective evaluation, there was no significant difference of image quality scores among the three groups (P>0.05).The dose-length product (DLP) in group A was less than that in group C with significant difference (P<0.001),and the contrast medium dose in group B was less than that in group C with significant difference (P<0.001).Conclusion:With the help of ASIR and GSI,abdominal CT scan using low tube voltage can get high quality images.
Tomography,X-ray computed; Gemstone spectral imaging; Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction; Low radiation dose; Abdomen; Image quality
100021 北京,國(guó)家癌癥中心/中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院影像診斷科
朱正(1981-),女,北京人,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事腹部影像診斷工作。
周純武,E-mail:cjr.zhouchunwu@vip.163.com
北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院2015年研究生創(chuàng)新基金(2015-1002-01-26)
R814.42; R572; R575; R543
A
1000-0313(2017)04-0418-05
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.04.026
2017-01-22
2017-04-01)