趙承琳, 高歌, 李飛宇, 方冬, 王鶴, 王霄英
·腹部影像學(xué)·
探討高低場(chǎng)強(qiáng)多參數(shù)MRI對(duì)PI-RADS(第2版)定性診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的價(jià)值
趙承琳, 高歌, 李飛宇, 方冬, 王鶴, 王霄英
目的:對(duì)比1.5T和3.0T多參數(shù)MRI(mpMRI)結(jié)合前列腺影像報(bào)告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(PI-RADS v2)對(duì)臨床顯著前列腺癌的診斷準(zhǔn)確性。方法:從2010年12月至2013年12月行前列腺mpMRI檢查的患者中,篩選出以定性診斷前列腺癌為目的、且在檢查后3個(gè)月內(nèi)取得經(jīng)直腸超聲引導(dǎo)下活檢病理結(jié)果的447例患者納入分析,年齡(68.7±9.0)歲,PSA(15.4±14) ng/mL。其中75例使用1.5T MR儀,372例使用3.0T MR儀。檢查序列包括常規(guī)T2WI、DWI(b=0、800 s/mm2)和動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描。以病理結(jié)果作為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Gleason評(píng)分≥7認(rèn)為是臨床顯著癌。由兩位放射科醫(yī)師對(duì)入組病例使用PI-RADS v2進(jìn)行獨(dú)立閱片分析,將1.5和3.0T mpMRI的診斷結(jié)果進(jìn)行診斷效能分析和一致性檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果:447例中經(jīng)病理證實(shí)的臨床顯著前列腺癌195例(43.6%)。1.5T和3.0T兩組的受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC)分別為0.94和0.89,診斷敏感度分別為95.0%和85.8%,特異度分別為91.4%和80.7%,陽性預(yù)測(cè)值為92.7%和76.1%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為94.1%和88.8%;兩組間診斷準(zhǔn)確性的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:不同場(chǎng)強(qiáng)多參數(shù)MRI對(duì)PI-RADS v2定性診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的影響不顯著。
多參數(shù)磁共振成像; 場(chǎng)強(qiáng); 前列腺癌; 前列腺影像報(bào)告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng); 診斷效能
前列腺癌是全球范圍內(nèi)男性中發(fā)病率居第二位的惡性腫瘤,由于東西方人群在種族、地域及飲食結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的差異性,中國(guó)人群中前列腺癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率較歐美人群稍低,但近期文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道顯示其發(fā)病率和死亡率在中國(guó)男性群體中也呈上升趨勢(shì)[1-2]。前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)是目前最常用的檢測(cè)和篩查前列腺癌的臨床生化指標(biāo)[3]。然而僅依靠PSA對(duì)前列腺疾病進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估和診斷會(huì)增加患者過度穿刺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),需結(jié)合其它的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素來幫助臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)患者進(jìn)行前列腺癌危險(xiǎn)性分層[4-6],如直腸指診(digital rectal examination,DRE)、經(jīng)直腸超聲(transrectal ultrasound,TRUS)和MRI等,以提高臨床診斷準(zhǔn)確性、減少不必要的活檢[5-11]。
多參數(shù)MRI(multiparametric MRI,mpMRI)不僅有助于前列腺癌的術(shù)前分期,還可進(jìn)行術(shù)后監(jiān)測(cè),尤其是對(duì)高級(jí)別前列腺癌患者[12-16]。然而,由于國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)前列腺疾病的mpMRI研究中使用的設(shè)備、掃描方案及診斷流程等存在一定差異,為了規(guī)范前列腺M(fèi)RI檢查及診斷流程,進(jìn)一步提高診斷的準(zhǔn)確性和一致性,歐洲泌尿生殖放射學(xué)會(huì)(European Society of Urogenital Radiology,ESUR)于2012年以專家共識(shí)的形式提出了前列腺影像報(bào)告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System,PI-RADS)[17],并基于大量臨床病例的驗(yàn)證及實(shí)際臨床工作中應(yīng)用研究的反饋,于2014年12月發(fā)布了第二版(v2)PI-RADS[18],新版本的PI-RADS對(duì)前列腺臨床顯著癌(clinically significant prostate cancer,CSPCa)進(jìn)行了定義。目前,對(duì)前列腺癌mpMRI中各成像要素的研究仍然較少,尤其是不同磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度是否會(huì)影響MRI對(duì)前列腺癌的檢出能力尚有待研究,而經(jīng)過優(yōu)化的PI-RADS v2的診斷效能仍需要大量臨床病例來進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。本研究通過回顧性分析,評(píng)價(jià)1.5T和3.0T mpMRI結(jié)合PI-RADS v2對(duì)前列腺臨床顯著癌的診斷效能。
1.病例材料
回顧性分析2010年11月-2013年12月因臨床疑診前列腺癌(PSA升高、DRE或TRUS發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)節(jié)等)而在本院行mpMRI的620例連續(xù)患者的病例資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有完整的mpMRI數(shù)據(jù),包括T2WI、DWI和動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比增強(qiáng)(dynamic contrast-enhanced,DCE)序列;②mpMRI檢查后3個(gè)月內(nèi)行超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺活檢且病理結(jié)果完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①mpMRI檢查前3個(gè)月內(nèi)接受過前列腺穿刺檢查;②既往有前列腺癌病史或初次MRI檢查診斷為前列腺肉瘤;③檢查前接受過內(nèi)分泌、粒子植入、放療或手術(shù)治療。最終447例患者納入本研究,平均年齡(68.7±9.0)歲,PSA(15.4±14.0) ng/mL。根據(jù)所使用的MR儀的磁場(chǎng)場(chǎng)強(qiáng)將患者分為1.5T組(1.5T)和3.0T組(372例)。1.5T組的平均年齡(69.7±8.0)歲,PSA (17.3±16.8) ng/mL;3.0T組平均年齡(68.5±9.2)歲,PSA(15.0±13.3) ng/mL。兩組間患者的年齡及PSA的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審查同意。
將超聲引導(dǎo)下前列腺系統(tǒng)穿刺活檢的病理結(jié)果作為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行對(duì)照。系統(tǒng)活檢按照六分區(qū)法或五區(qū)13針法,部分患者加做病灶局部活檢。由泌尿病理研究室醫(yī)師對(duì)送檢組織進(jìn)行病理診斷及組織學(xué)分級(jí),采用Gleason 5級(jí)10分制。Gleason評(píng)分≥7分者(包括3+4分,即包括次要生長(zhǎng)方式為4分者)被認(rèn)為是臨床顯著癌。
2.MRI掃描技術(shù)
患者檢查前1天進(jìn)食少渣飲食并口服緩瀉劑(番瀉葉5g)。使用GE Signa TwinSpeed 1.5T、Signa HD 3.0T、Discovery MR750 3.0T或Phillip Achivea 3.0T磁共振掃描儀和腹部相控陣線圈?;颊呷⊙雠P位,線圈外面用綁帶固定以減少呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)圖像的影響。mpMRI序列和掃描參數(shù)見表1。動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描對(duì)比劑為釓噴酸葡胺,劑量0.1 mmol/kg,注射流率2 mL/s,共掃描15個(gè)時(shí)相。
表1 mpMRI 掃描參數(shù)
注:*LAVA為肝臟容積加速采集序列(liver acquisition with volume acceleration)。
3.MRI診斷
對(duì)兩位放射科醫(yī)師(A和B)進(jìn)行PI-RADS v2的閱片培訓(xùn),培訓(xùn)完成后使用PI-RADS v2進(jìn)行獨(dú)立閱片,如果閱片結(jié)果存在差異,通過討論達(dá)成一致意見。對(duì)前列腺病變采用5級(jí)評(píng)分制[18]。1分:肯定良性;2分:良性可能大;3分:良惡性無法鑒別;4分:惡性可能大;5分:肯定惡性。
4.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS 18.0和Medcalc 12.7.0.統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件包。分別將1.5T和3.0T組的診斷結(jié)果進(jìn)行診斷效能分析并繪制受試者工作特性(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲線,用約登指數(shù)得到最佳截?cái)嘀担⒂?jì)算最佳截?cái)嘀禇l件下的ROC曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC),以及診斷的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值(positive predictive value,PPV)和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值(negative predictive value,NPV)。比較1.5T組和3.0T組應(yīng)用PI-RADS評(píng)分系統(tǒng)診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的診斷效能。P<0.05為具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1.5T組中44例(58.7%)為前列腺癌,其中40例(53.3%)為臨床顯著癌;3.0T組中185例(49.7%)為前列腺癌,其中155例(41.7%)為臨床顯著癌。1.5T組和3.0T組基于PI-RADS v2的MRI診斷結(jié)果見表2。
圖1 兩組基于PI-RADS v2的mpMRI診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的ROC曲線。a)1.5T組;b)3.0T組。
評(píng)分1.5T組(%)CSPCa非CSPCa合計(jì)3.0T組(%)CSPCa非CSPCa合計(jì)10(0.0)1(2.9)1(1.3)0(0.0)8(3.7)8(2.2)22(5.0)28(80.0)30(40.0)7(4.5)132(60.8)139(37.4)30(0.0)3(8.5)3(4.0)15(9.7)35(16.1)50(13.4)416(40.0)2(5.7)18(24.0)53(34.2)32(14.8)85(22.8)522(55.0)1(2.9)23(30.7)80(51.6)10(4.6)90(24.2)合計(jì)40(100)35(100)75(100)155(100)217(100)372(100)
注:括號(hào)內(nèi)為構(gòu)成比。
1.5T組和3.0T組中基于PI-RADS v2的mp MRI診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的ROC曲線見圖1,其它診斷效能指標(biāo)值見表3。非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)(Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn))結(jié)果顯示,兩組的診斷符合率的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-0.464,P=0.643>0.05)。
表3 兩組的診斷效能指標(biāo)值 (%)
注:括號(hào)內(nèi)為95%可信區(qū)間。
前列腺癌影像學(xué)檢查的首要任務(wù)是病灶的檢出和定位,對(duì)前列腺癌灶進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)定位不僅可以增加活檢的敏感度,更有助于幫助患者選擇治療計(jì)劃及后續(xù)的主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè),同時(shí)也能協(xié)助泌外科醫(yī)師制定手術(shù)方案,爭(zhēng)取在切除癌灶的同時(shí)盡可能的保留正常前列腺組織[19]。mpMRI在前列腺癌的檢出及定位方面的能力得到了普遍認(rèn)可[20-21]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,mpMRI對(duì)前列腺癌的檢出及定位與穿刺活檢或前列腺癌根治術(shù)后病理檢查結(jié)果(病灶位置及組織學(xué)特征如格里森評(píng)分、體積和結(jié)構(gòu)等)間存在顯著相關(guān)性[20]。
從理論角度分析,場(chǎng)強(qiáng)的增加與靜電場(chǎng)(B0)的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度呈線性相關(guān),在不影響圖像噪聲的情況下,場(chǎng)強(qiáng)越大,信號(hào)強(qiáng)度越強(qiáng),故隨著B0場(chǎng)強(qiáng)由1.5T提高到3.0T,圖像的信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR),也會(huì)相應(yīng)提高,3.0T成像儀還能夠提高成像的空間分辨率和/或時(shí)間分辨率。因此,從理論上來講,若要獲得與1.5T同樣的圖像質(zhì)量,3.0T可以實(shí)現(xiàn)更大的空間分辨率和/或更短的掃描時(shí)間,并能夠在有限時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)獲得更多的形態(tài)學(xué)、灌注和功能代謝方面的數(shù)據(jù)。
然而,實(shí)際上3.0T MRI的圖像質(zhì)量還受到其它因素的影響,如化學(xué)位移效應(yīng)、RF磁場(chǎng)(B1)的不均勻性及磁敏感性增強(qiáng)等,因此需要選取合適的脈沖序列及掃描參數(shù)來保證圖像質(zhì)量。因?yàn)?,化學(xué)位移偽影和磁敏感偽影會(huì)隨著B0場(chǎng)的提高而增加,從而導(dǎo)致水-脂界面化學(xué)位移偽影的增加和局部信號(hào)的損失,通常需要增加接收帶寬來避免化學(xué)位移的影響,然而增加帶寬確實(shí)能夠校正化學(xué)位移偽影、加快數(shù)據(jù)采集速度,但是也會(huì)在降低最短回波時(shí)間的同時(shí)增加圖像噪聲、降低SNR[22]。 PI-RADS委員會(huì)認(rèn)為,掃描參數(shù)經(jīng)過調(diào)整和優(yōu)化后,1.5T和3.0T均能夠提供滿足臨床診斷要求的圖像,但大多數(shù)成員仍認(rèn)為3.0T MR儀的掃描優(yōu)勢(shì)更大[18]。
本研究并未采用直腸內(nèi)線圈。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,不論何等磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度,當(dāng)采用直腸內(nèi)線圈時(shí),MRI的信噪比要優(yōu)于體外相控陣線圈所提供的前列腺M(fèi)RI圖像[23]。而Bratan等[24]認(rèn)為磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度及線圈的選擇對(duì)于腫瘤的檢測(cè)和評(píng)價(jià)作用并不顯著。而部分老的1.5T MR設(shè)備若想獲取高分辨率前列腺圖像或者需要對(duì)前列腺病變進(jìn)行影像學(xué)分期,則直腸內(nèi)線圈(endorectal coil,ERC)被認(rèn)為是不可或缺的重要條件。雖然目前尚缺少關(guān)于ERC和體外相控陣線圈在腫瘤的檢測(cè)及分期方面的對(duì)照研究,但目前臨床上多認(rèn)為采用體外相控陣線圈的3.0T MR設(shè)備所獲得的圖像質(zhì)量與應(yīng)用了ERC的1.5T MR儀所獲得的圖像質(zhì)量相當(dāng)[25]。
本研究中1.5T和3.0T兩組之間對(duì)診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異不顯著,ROC曲線下面積分別為0.941和0.891(P>0.05)。1.5T和3.0T兩組診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的敏感度為95.0%和85.8%,特異度為91.4%和80.7%,陽性預(yù)測(cè)值為92.7%和76.1%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為94.1%和88.8%,可見1.5T和3.0T mpMRI結(jié)合PI-RADS v2對(duì)診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的診斷能力均較高。這與Junker等應(yīng)用3.0T mpMRI結(jié)合PI-RADS的研究結(jié)果一致,對(duì)于外周帶的病灶,T2WI、DWI、DCE的ROC曲線下面積>0.900;對(duì)于移行帶病灶,T2WI及DWI的AUC>0.900,mpMRI對(duì)前列腺臨床顯著癌的診斷準(zhǔn)確性較高[18]。
基于以上多種因素的考慮,盡管1.5T和3.0T對(duì)mpMRI結(jié)合PI-RADS v2 診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌方面的影響并不顯著,但從臨床應(yīng)用角度來看,3.0T MRI設(shè)備進(jìn)行掃描的優(yōu)勢(shì)更明顯。
研究的不足之處:首先,本研究為單中心研究,多中心大樣本量的研究勢(shì)在必行。其次,本研究中采用的病理對(duì)照為穿刺活檢的病理結(jié)果,缺少最后手術(shù)病理大切片的結(jié)果,這也許會(huì)對(duì)研究結(jié)果造成一定的偏倚。高低場(chǎng)強(qiáng)mpMRI對(duì)PI-RADS v2定性診斷前列腺臨床顯著癌的影響不顯著。
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The value of multiparametric MRI examination using 1.5T and 3.0T with PI-RADS (version 2) in the qualitative diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer
ZHAO Cheng-lin,GAO Ge,LI Fei-yu,et al.
Department of Radiology,Peking University First Hospital,Beijing 100034,China
Objective:To compare the diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) using 1.5T and 3.0T scanner with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS version 2) for clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPCa).Methods:447 consecutive patients [mean age:(68.7±9.0)y;PSA: (15.4±14.0) ng/mL] with suspected CSPCa who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy from December 2010 to December 2013 within 3 months after mpMRI examination were included in this study.Conventional T2WI,diffusion weighted imaging (b=0,800s/mm2) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI were performed at 1.5T (n=75) or 3.0T (n=372) scanner.The pathological results were considered as the golden standard,and the CSPCa was defined as Gleason score≥7.The mpMRI data were evaluated by two radiologists using PI-RADS version 2,and the diagnostic efficacy in 1.5T and 3.0T group were analyzed and compared.Results:There were 195 out of 447 (43.6%) CSPCa patients confirmed by pathology results.Receiver-operation characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) in 1.5T and 3.0T group was 0.94 and 0.89,diagnostic sensitivity was 95.0% and 85.8%,specificity was 91.4% and 80.7%,positive predictive value (PPV) was 92.7% and 76.1%,negative predictive value (NPV) was 94.1% and 88.8%,respectively.There was no significant difference of diagnostic accuracy between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion:Both 1.5T and 3.0T mpMRI using PI-RADS version 2 perform well for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging; Tesla: Prostate cancer; Prostate imaging and reporting archiving data system; Diagnostic efficacy
100034 北京,北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科(趙承琳、高歌、李飛宇、王鶴、王霄英),泌尿外科(方冬)
趙承琳(1985-),女,山東煙臺(tái)人,博士研究生,主要從事影像診斷新技術(shù)研究工作。
王霄英,E-mail:cjr.wangxiaoying@vip.163.com
R445.2; R737.25
A
1000-0313(2017)04-0414-04
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.04.025
2016-07-20
2016-07-20)