猜詞題和推斷題是初中生在做閱讀題時經(jīng)常會遇到的兩類題型,今天我們就來一起看看如何解這兩類題。
猜
詞
題
在中考閱讀理解的考查要求中,有一項要求考生能根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法等推斷、理解生詞的含義,這項要求對應(yīng)的題正是我們平常所說的“猜詞題”??稍谥锌嫉膶嶋H考查中,利用構(gòu)詞法來猜測詞義的情況并不多見,往往需要考生利用上下文來推斷生詞。而這一方法不僅僅只適用于猜詞題,在平常的閱讀中大家也常常會遇到各種生詞,也會需要學(xué)會去利用上下文來推測詞義。一般來說,大家可以采用以下四種方法來幫助猜測詞義。
通過上下文的關(guān)系(如因果、轉(zhuǎn)折等)來推測詞義
52. What does the underlined word "intrusive" probably mean? (2016年北京市東城一模)
A. Interruptive. B. Helpful.
C. Unsatisfactory. D. Important.
原文:Now that I have just moved to France, this can be very convenient. I can ring my sister who lives in Los Angeles on Viber, or I can Skype my parents or friends back in England for a chat. However, sometimes the convenience and dependability of technology can be intrusive.
本題考查猜詞題,題目問劃線詞intrusive是什么意思。原文寫到“... I have just moved to France, this can be very convenient”,在說溝通交流的便捷,其感情色彩應(yīng)為正面的。而intrusive在轉(zhuǎn)折詞however的后面,所以其感情色彩應(yīng)為負(fù)面的,排除B和D。第二段又說“每個人都需要有自己的時間”,說明作者認(rèn)為我們現(xiàn)在的生活被各種溝通交流的技術(shù)所干擾,故正確答案為選項A。
因此我們在猜測閱讀題中的單詞詞義的時候,我們可以先根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞判斷前后句的關(guān)系,從而推測劃線詞在句中的含義。
通過同義詞和近、反義詞來推測詞義
What does the underlined word "essential" mean in Chinese? (2012年長沙市中考)
A. 時髦的。 B. 必要的。 C. 昂貴的。
原文:"No one in New York is going to let their child go to school without a cellphone." What about the cellphone owners, the students? Most of the students said since cellphones were essential, they were like an extra (額外的) hand or foot for them.
由連詞and可知essential和后文的“were like an extra (額外的) hand or foot for them.”意義相近,再通過對比選項,我們可知B選項最接近答案。
因此可知,我們在面對這類題型時,需要先判斷清前后半句話的聯(lián)系,再由已知的半句話推斷詞義。而已知內(nèi)容與需要猜測的內(nèi)容必定是意思相近或者相反的,因此我們可以通過已知的同義詞和近、反義詞來推測。
通過定義或釋義說明來推測詞義
A psychologist is a person who may help you with your ______. (2009年北京市高級中等學(xué)校招生考試)
A. illness and abilities
B. thoughts and behavior
C. mind and nervous system
D. physical activity and daily exercise
先回到原文找劃線詞:Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psychologists, are starting to believe it. 從原文中的called (被叫做)可知,called前面的部分正是單詞psychologists的定義。通過對比原文和選項我們發(fā)現(xiàn),原文中“study the human mind”對應(yīng)選項中的thought,原文中“try to explain why people behave in the way that they do”和選項中的behavior相對應(yīng),因此正確答案為B。
注意:中考解題時,如果在原文中發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如called、that is to say、another name is等等這樣的表達(dá)時,附近基本就有定義或釋義,倘若有相關(guān)的猜詞題,完全有可能從這些地方找到答案。
通過生活常識來推測詞義
在閱讀的時候我們還會碰到一些詞,雖然并不涉及解題,但在閱讀原文時如果能推測出其詞義將會有助于對文章的理解。試看下面兩個例子。
1
In the old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large dowry.
2
But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there will be a drought.
我們在閱讀過程中可能還會遇到一類題目,需要我們通過常識來判斷詞義。
第1句中,我們可以知道dowry是古時候女孩子出嫁到丈夫家時需要帶上的東西。由生活常識我們可知,dowry應(yīng)該是“嫁妝”。
第2句中,通過常識判斷,很長很長時間沒有下雨之后自然會發(fā)生干旱,因此此處的drought應(yīng)為“干旱”。
推
斷
題
在中考閱讀理解的考查要求中,還有這樣一項要求:考生能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,能根據(jù)上下文理解作者的態(tài)度、觀點和意圖。而這項要求對應(yīng)的題型就是我們平常所說的“推斷題”。解推斷題時必須牢記以下兩點:①答案來自于原文但不等同于原文;②答案必須忠于原文,不能主觀臆斷。且看下面的例題。
What can be inferred from the first paragraph? (洛陽市第一高級中學(xué)2015~2016高一上學(xué)期月考)
A. The writer was a newcomer to her office.
B. A fellow sent her a dozen red roses as a Christmas present.
C. She was in low spirits because she had to work before Christmas.
D. She was at work with a light heart.
原文:It was the afternoon of December 24, the day before Christmas, and as the newest doctor in our office, I had to work. The only thing that brightened my day was the beautifully decorated Christmas tree in our waiting room and a gift sent to me by a fellow I was dating (約會) —a dozen long-stemmed red roses.
題中infer表明這是一道推斷題,需要我們根據(jù)第一段來進(jìn)行推斷。由原文“as the newest doctor in our office”可知A選項為原文復(fù)現(xiàn),不屬于推斷,因此不選。由第一段最后一句話可知,B選項也為同義轉(zhuǎn)述,因此等同于原文,不選。由“... I had to work. The only thing that brightened my day was ...”可推斷,作者并不愿意工作,并且今天大部分時間都是不開心的,因此C選項為推斷內(nèi)容。D選項與原文表達(dá)意思相反,因此不選。由此可見,只要嚴(yán)格遵守上述兩個規(guī)則,解推斷題并不難。
作者簡介:
田園,北京新東方學(xué)校優(yōu)能中學(xué)初中英語組老師,負(fù)責(zé)組內(nèi)教材編撰,主教中考英語。
希望上述講解對猜詞題以及推斷題的解題指導(dǎo)能對你攻克中考閱讀有所幫助!