李俊++++++李斌++++++代永紅++++++付世全
[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)血液透析聯(lián)合連續(xù)靜-靜脈血液濾過(guò)(CVVH)治療蜂蜇傷合并心衰的臨床效果。 方法 回顧性分析重慶市江津區(qū)中心醫(yī)院2014年3月~2016年3月收治的74例蜂蜇傷合并心衰患者的臨床資料,按照治療方法分為觀察組(37例)和對(duì)照組(37例),兩組均在常規(guī)治療的基礎(chǔ)上給予血液透析,觀察組加用CVVH。比較兩組患者治療前后生化指標(biāo)變化及透析相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,分析血液透析聯(lián)合CVVH的臨床療效與安全性。 結(jié)果 觀察組住院時(shí)間低于對(duì)照組,置換/透析液劑量、超濾量大于對(duì)照組,治療費(fèi)用高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),兩組患者總血液凈化時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。觀察組病死率為2.70%(1/37),小于對(duì)照組的13.51%(5/37),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者治療后谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及血肌酐(SCr)均較治療前下降,觀察組下降更為明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者治療后下肢水腫等心衰癥狀均有所緩解,心功能均恢復(fù)至Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)。觀察組臨床總有效率為97.30%,小于對(duì)照組的86.49%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者透析相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 較單純血液透析而言,血液透析聯(lián)合CVVH能夠在保證治療安全性的前提下縮短患者恢復(fù)時(shí)間、提高臨床總有效率,對(duì)患者生存質(zhì)量的改善具有積極意義,但是高昂的治療成本可能造成推廣范圍受限。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 血液透析;連續(xù)靜-靜脈血液濾過(guò);蜂蜇傷;心衰
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R646 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)02(b)-0113-04
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of hemodialysis combined with continuous veno venous hemofiltration (CVVH) treating bee sting patients with heart failure. Methods From March 2006 to March 2016, in Center Hospital of Jiangjin District, the clinical data of 74 bee sting patients with heart failure were retrospective analyzed, they were divided into observation (37 cases) group and control group (37 cases), they were treated with hemodialysis on the basis of conventional treatment, the observation group added with CVVH. The changes of biochemical indexes and dialysis related complications before and after treatment in two groups were compared, and the clinical efficacy and safety of hemodialysis combined with CVVH were analyzed. Results The hospitalization time in the observation group was lower than that of the control group, the replacement/dialysis dose, ultrafiltration volume, the cost of treatment in observation group were higher than those in control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), the total blood purification time of two groups were compared, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mortality rate of the observation group was 2.70% (1/37), which was lower than that of the control group [13.51% (5/37)], the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment, ALT, AST, CK, CK-MB, SCr in two groups decreased after treatment, the observation group decreased more significantly, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, extremity edema and other symptoms of heart failure of patients in two groups showed alleviated, the heart function was restored to grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ. The total effective rate of observation group was 97.30%, which was higher than that of control group (86.49%), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of dialysis related adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Compared with hemodialysis, hemodialysis combined with CVVH can shorten the patient recovery time guarantee with safety of the premise, increase the total clinical efficiency, it has a positive significance to improve the quality of life of patients, but its high cost of treatment may be caused limited promoted extension.
[Key words] Hemodialysis; Continuous veno venous hemofiltration; Bee sting; Heart failure
蜂蜇傷是臨床最常見(jiàn)的生物中毒疾病,根據(jù)叮咬程度、部位及個(gè)體差異不同,輕者僅出現(xiàn)局部紅腫熱痛等癥狀,但重者可出現(xiàn)全身過(guò)敏反應(yīng)性休克、多器官功能障礙等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,死亡率超過(guò)40%[1]。血液透析可及時(shí)清除血液內(nèi)小分子物質(zhì)及各類(lèi)毒素,通過(guò)降低機(jī)體負(fù)擔(dān),達(dá)到恢復(fù)代償功能、改善臨床癥狀的目的[2]。在此基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合應(yīng)用連續(xù)靜-靜脈血液濾過(guò)(CVVH)對(duì)于患者臟器功能的恢復(fù)與住院時(shí)間的縮短均具有積極意義,但對(duì)于部分合并心衰的患者而言,聯(lián)合CVVH是否會(huì)造成心功能惡化進(jìn)一步加劇,目前臨床尚存在爭(zhēng)議[3]。為明確血液透析聯(lián)合CVVH治療蜂蜇傷合并心衰的療效與安全性,本研究選取蜂蜇傷患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行了對(duì)照分析,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析重慶市江津區(qū)中心醫(yī)院2014年3月~2016年3月收治的74例蜂蜇傷合并心衰患者的臨床資料,按照治療方法分為觀察組(37例)和對(duì)照組(37例)。兩組患者年齡、發(fā)病至治療時(shí)間、性別等一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)(表1),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)相關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有明確的野蜂蜇傷史;②合并心力衰竭;③符合血液透析及CVVH治療適應(yīng)證[4]。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往有肝腎功能不全及神經(jīng)功能異常病史;②合并泌尿系結(jié)石、凝血功能障礙;③發(fā)病至入院時(shí)間>24 h;④未行血液凈化治療即死亡。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 治療方案 兩組患者均接受蜂蜇傷合并心衰常規(guī)治療,包括清洗創(chuàng)面、口服季德勝蛇藥片(精華制藥集團(tuán)股份有限公司,批號(hào)201201190)、保肝、利膽、營(yíng)養(yǎng)心肌、營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持、預(yù)防性應(yīng)用抗菌藥物等[5],并實(shí)施血液透析治療:使用Dialog+Online血液透析濾過(guò)機(jī)及F60S血液濾過(guò)器(德國(guó)貝朗公司)行低效血液透析,治療參數(shù):血流量180~200 mL/min,Online透析液流量200 mL/min,置換液流量100 mL/min,每日治療8~12 h,持續(xù)2~3 d。在上述治療的基礎(chǔ)上,觀察組患者第1天接受血液透析治療,而后接受CVVH治療:建立頸內(nèi)或股靜脈血管通路,采用低分子肝素抗凝法,將血液透析濾過(guò)機(jī)調(diào)整至CVVH模式,治療參數(shù):碳酸氫鹽置換液流量35~45 mL/(kg·h),血流量200~250 mL/min,治療持續(xù)24~48 h[6]。
1.2.2 觀察指標(biāo) 記錄兩組患者治療情況,并對(duì)其治療前后實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、心衰癥狀進(jìn)行觀察,總結(jié)血液透析聯(lián)合CVVH治療蜂蜇傷合并心衰的效果與安全性,其中治療情況包括住院時(shí)間、總血液凈化時(shí)間、置換/透析液劑量、超濾量、治療費(fèi)用及存活率等;實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)包括谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及血肌酐(SCr);臨床療效評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:治愈:臨床癥狀完全消失,各項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)均恢復(fù)正常;好轉(zhuǎn):臨床癥狀明顯改善,肝功能、腎功能、心肌酶譜等指標(biāo)之一較治療前好轉(zhuǎn)但未恢復(fù)正常;無(wú)效:臨床癥狀未見(jiàn)好轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)進(jìn)一步惡化或患者死亡。總有效率=(治愈+好轉(zhuǎn))/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 18.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組治療情況及預(yù)后
觀察組住院時(shí)間低于對(duì)照組,其置換/透析液劑量、超濾量大于對(duì)照組,治療費(fèi)用高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),兩組患者總血液凈化時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。觀察組1例病死,病死率為2.70%,對(duì)照組病死5例,病死率13.51%,觀察組小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。
2.2 兩組實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)情況
兩組患者治療后ALT、AST、CK、CK-MB、SCr均較治療前下降,觀察組下降更為明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。兩組患者治療后下肢水腫等心衰癥狀均有所緩解,心功能均恢復(fù)至Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)。
2.3 兩組臨床療效情況
觀察組臨床總有效率大于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
2.4 兩組不良反應(yīng)情況
兩組患者透析相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表5。
3 討論
蜂蜇傷是山區(qū)地區(qū)夏秋季常見(jiàn)中毒性疾病,單蜂蜇傷多以局部紅腫、瘙癢、疼痛,但大量毒蜂蜇傷往往導(dǎo)致多器官損傷,其中以腎臟受累最為嚴(yán)重[8-9]。此外,Viswanathan等[10]指出,蜂毒還具有心臟毒性作用,可發(fā)揮松弛血管降壓作用,造成心臟攣縮甚至不可逆性麻痹,因此,對(duì)于蜂蜇傷合并心衰患者而言,及時(shí)清除體內(nèi)蜂毒方為解除臨床癥狀、避免心臟進(jìn)一步受累的關(guān)鍵。
血液透析能夠有效清除體內(nèi)毒素、炎癥介質(zhì)與代謝廢物,且可清除蜂毒所致橫紋肌溶解引發(fā)的肌紅蛋白等二次毒素,對(duì)于維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定、恢復(fù)器官功能具有一定作用[11],但血液透析是一種低效、緩慢的治療方式,無(wú)法保證患者器官功能的迅速恢復(fù),臨床療效受限[12],特別是對(duì)于合并心衰患者而言,無(wú)法及時(shí)恢復(fù)器官功能即意味著病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的顯著增加。本研究對(duì)照組患者僅接受血液透析治療,其病死率及臨床總有效率均不及觀察組,印證了上述結(jié)論。
較常規(guī)血液透析而言,CVVH可以對(duì)流方式迅速清除體內(nèi)過(guò)量水分、尿毒癥毒素,吸附炎癥介質(zhì)、控制氮質(zhì)血癥,其置換量、超濾量更高,對(duì)患者器官功能與損傷心肌的早期恢復(fù)具有更為積極的作用[13-14]。與此同時(shí),血流動(dòng)力學(xué)較早恢復(fù)穩(wěn)定也可為后續(xù)綜合治療的實(shí)施奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)[15],故本研究觀察組實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)恢復(fù)更為理想。此外,Singh等[16]指出,CVVH對(duì)急慢性心衰的治療效果亦值得肯定,其治療機(jī)制為:通過(guò)濾出多余水分及內(nèi)毒素,心臟收縮力可得到有效恢復(fù),從而達(dá)到緩解心衰的作用;同時(shí),合并心衰患者更易出現(xiàn)肺部感染、心腎綜合征、低蛋白血癥、電解質(zhì)紊亂、水電解質(zhì)平衡失調(diào)等狀態(tài),此時(shí)行CVVH超濾脫水能夠降低心臟前負(fù)荷,解除炎癥因子“瀑布效應(yīng)”,故可在改善心功能、緩解病情的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步降低全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征、多器官功能障礙綜合征等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高患者生存質(zhì)量[17-18]。
需要注意的是,本研究結(jié)果示,雖然觀察組住院時(shí)間低于對(duì)照組,但其日均治療費(fèi)用明顯高于后者,與Mantopoulos 等[19]研究結(jié)果一致,說(shuō)明CVVH存在人力物力消耗偏高的弊端,且設(shè)備昂貴、操作復(fù)雜,均造成該方案臨床推廣受限。近年來(lái)有學(xué)者提出以腹膜透析、血液灌流、血漿置換替代CVVH的思路,也取得了一定進(jìn)展[20-21],因此,在探索CVVH治療成本優(yōu)化的同時(shí),可繼續(xù)尋求CVVH的替代方案,以期在保證臨床治療安全性與效果的基礎(chǔ)上,盡可能降低治療成本、減少患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。
綜上所述,在血液透析基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合CVVH能夠進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)患者臨床癥狀與生存質(zhì)量的改善,該方案具有確切的臨床療效與良好的安全性,但其高昂的治療成本對(duì)臨床推廣造成了一定影響,仍存在較大的優(yōu)化空間。
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