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鞘內(nèi)注射米諾四環(huán)素對脊神經(jīng)結(jié)扎大鼠神經(jīng)病理性疼痛模型的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)

2017-04-05 21:09周于然李瑛
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報 2017年5期

周于然+李瑛

[摘要] 目的 探討脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞參與調(diào)解神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的分子機制。 方法 成年雄性SD大鼠32只,隨機分為4組,每組各8只。假手術(shù)(SO)組,暴露脊神經(jīng)但不結(jié)扎;結(jié)扎L5/6脊神經(jīng)(SNL)組;SNL+生理鹽水(NS)組結(jié)扎L5/6脊神經(jīng),鞘內(nèi)注射NS;SNL+米諾四環(huán)素(MI)組,結(jié)扎L5/6脊神經(jīng),鞘內(nèi)注射MI。分別測量各組大鼠術(shù)前及術(shù)后2~7 d機械縮足閾值(MWT)和熱痛縮足潛伏期(TWL)。SNL+NS組和SNL+MI組于術(shù)后7 d測量痛閾前30 min鞘內(nèi)注射NS或MI。最后一次痛閾測量后,將大鼠處死取脊髓背角用ELISA法檢測脊髓組織腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-1β(IL-1β)表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 四組大鼠痛閾基礎(chǔ)值差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。SNL組、SNL+NS組和SNL+MI組,術(shù)后2~6天MWT和TWL較SO組顯著下降(P < 0.05)。與SNL組比較,鞘內(nèi)注射NS對大鼠MWT和TWL無影響(P > 0.05);鞘內(nèi)注射MI顯著升高大鼠MWT和TWL(P < 0.05)。SNL組脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)水平較SO組顯著升高(P < 0.05);SNL+NS組TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)水平明顯高于SO組(P < 0.05),與SNL組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);SNL+MI組TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)水平與SO組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),明顯低于SNL組(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞參與調(diào)解SNL神經(jīng)病理性疼痛,鞘內(nèi)注射米諾四環(huán)素的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)可能與TNF-α、IL-1β密切相關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞;神經(jīng)病理性疼痛;米諾四環(huán)素;痛閾

[中圖分類號] R614.41 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)02(b)-0016-04

[Abstract] Objective To discuss the molecular mechanisms of spinal cord microglia involving in modulating neuropathic pain. Methods 32 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group had 8 rats. Sham operation (SO) group: the spinal nerves were exposed but not ligated; spinal nerves ligated (SNL) group: the L5/6 spinal nerves were exposed and ligated; SNL+ normal saline (SNL+NS) group: after SNL neuropathic pain model prepared, rats were received intrathecal injection of NS; SNL+Minocycline(MI) group: after SNL neuropathic pain model prepared, rats were received intrathecal injection of MI. The thermal withdrawal latency(TWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) were measured before operation and on the 2-7th d after operation. NS or MI was given at 30 min before measuring pain thresholds on the 7th day after SNL. At the end of the last measuring pain thresholds, rats were sacrificed and the dorsal horn of spinal cords were sampled to detect the expression level of TNF-α and IL-1β by ELISA. Results There was no significant difference in the baseline of pain threshold among rats in 4 groups (P > 0.05). TWL and MWT in SNL group, SNL+NS group and SNL+ MI group were significantly lower than those in the SO group on 2-6 d after operation (P < 0.05). Compared to SNL group, intrathecal injection of NS had no effect on MWT and TWL (P > 0.05); intrathecal injection of MI significantly increased the levels of MWT and TWL in rats (P < 0.05). The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the dorsal horn of spinal cords in SNL group were significantly higher than those in SO group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in SNL+NS group were significantly higher than those in SO group (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the SNL group and SNL+NS group (P > 0.05). The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in SNL+MI group were not significantly different from those in SO group (P > 0.05), and they were significantly lower than those in SNL group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Spinal microglia is involved in mediating SNL neuropathic pain. The analgesic effect of intrathecal injection of Minocycline may be closely related to TNF-α and IL-1β.

[Key words] Microglia; Neuropathic pain; Minocycline; Pain threshold

神經(jīng)病理性疼痛通常由神經(jīng)損傷或疾病引起,病程持續(xù)較長,對止痛藥不敏感,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量[1]。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是定居在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的巨噬細(xì)胞,來源于卵黃囊原始巨噬細(xì)胞[2]。研究表明,外周神經(jīng)損傷可以激活脊髓背角小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[3]。外周神經(jīng)損傷后脊髓背根神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表達(dá)顯著增加,且鞘內(nèi)注射MMP-9可以激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[4]。MMP-9激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)仍不清楚,白介素-1β(IL-1β)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)可能與之有關(guān)[5]。盡管研究表明脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可能參與調(diào)解神經(jīng)病理性疼痛,但具體機制有待闡明。本研究擬通過鞘內(nèi)注射小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞特異性抑制劑米諾四環(huán)素(minocycline,MI)觀察其對神經(jīng)病理性疼痛模型大鼠痛閾及脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)的影響,從而明確脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞調(diào)解神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的機制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 藥品與儀器

米諾四環(huán)素(Sigma,美國),多聚甲醛(天津市大茂化學(xué)試劑廠),水合氯醛(成都科龍化工試劑廠),TNF-α、IL-1β試劑盒(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司),BME-410C型全自動熱痛刺激儀(北京凱輝盛達(dá)科技發(fā)展有限公司),Electronic Von Frey測痛儀(美國IITC公司),高速離心機(美國Thermo公司)。

1.2 實驗動物及分組

健康成年雄性SD大鼠32只,SPF級,體重(250±20)g,由第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)動物實驗中心提供(許可證號:SCXK(渝)2012-0005)。所有與動物飼養(yǎng)和操作都遵循國際動物保護(hù)協(xié)會和國際疼痛研究學(xué)會組織的相關(guān)規(guī)定,并獲得遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院實驗動物倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。采用隨機數(shù)字表將大鼠分為四組:假手術(shù)(sham opration,SO)組,僅暴露大鼠脊神經(jīng),但不進(jìn)行結(jié)扎;結(jié)扎L5/6脊神經(jīng)(spinal nerves ligated,SNL)組,暴露并結(jié)扎大鼠L5/6脊神經(jīng);SNL+生理鹽水(normal saline,NS)組,結(jié)扎大鼠L5/6脊神經(jīng)術(shù)后第7天鞘內(nèi)注射NS;SNL+米諾四環(huán)素(Minocycline,MI)組,結(jié)扎大鼠L5/6脊神經(jīng)術(shù)后第7天鞘內(nèi)注射米諾四環(huán)素。

1.3 SNL神經(jīng)病理性疼痛模型建立

10%水合氯醛50 mg/kg腹腔麻醉后,剔除大鼠背部毛發(fā),2%碘酒和75%酒精消毒。做L3~S2背部正中切口,分離脊柱旁肌肉,暴露并咬斷L6脊椎橫突,分離L5/6脊神經(jīng),用5-0絲線結(jié)扎L5/6脊神經(jīng)背根神經(jīng)節(jié)的遠(yuǎn)端,最后縫合切口并消毒。SO組大鼠顯露脊神經(jīng),但不用絲線結(jié)扎。

1.4 鞘內(nèi)給藥

將大鼠置于俯臥位,腹部墊一圓柱形物體,脊柱下段可探及一鈍形突起即為髖結(jié)節(jié)[6],其兩側(cè)水平連線位置即為L6棘突。用10 μL微量注射器連接30G針頭,經(jīng)L5~L6間隙緩慢垂直進(jìn)針,大鼠出現(xiàn)S型甩尾或尾部顫動表示穿刺成功[7],即可緩慢注射藥物。SNL模型建立后7 d,SNL+NS組和SNL+MI組于痛閾測定前30 min分別鞘內(nèi)注射NS或MI(5 g/L)20 μL。

1.5 痛閾測定

機械縮足閾值(mechanical withdrawal threshold,MWT):將大鼠置于一透明底部均勻分布大小0.5 cm×0.5 cm孔徑的玻璃籠中,30 min后使用von Frey測痛儀垂直刺激大鼠左后肢足掌部,刺激力度以von Frey絲輕微彎曲為準(zhǔn),持續(xù)5 s或直至出現(xiàn)縮足反應(yīng)。若出現(xiàn)縮足反應(yīng)記為陽性,否則視為陰性。采用up-and-down法[8]計算50% MWT。MWT=最大值-(最大值-最小值)/[最大值×(最大百分比-50%)]。測定時間為SNL疼痛模型建立術(shù)前和術(shù)后2~7 d,每天08∶00~10∶00。

熱縮足潛伏期(thermal withdrawal latency,TWL):大鼠適應(yīng)30 min后,使用熱痛刺激儀,輻射熱對準(zhǔn)小鼠左足掌正中照射,自動記錄縮足反應(yīng)的潛伏期作為熱痛閾。持續(xù)時間為20 s,以免造成足底損傷。每只大鼠測定3次,取3次平均值作為TWL。測定時間為SNL疼痛模型建立術(shù)前和術(shù)后2~7 d,每天15∶00~17∶00。

1.6 脊髓背角取材及TNF-α、IL-1β含量測定

最后一次痛閾測定結(jié)束后,戊巴比妥鈉(60 mg/kg)腹腔麻醉,用剪刀截取椎體腰段部分,從椎管注射冰冷生理鹽水將脊髓沖出。用刀片切取腰膨大部(相當(dāng)于L4~L6脊髓)并截取背角,放入-80℃冰箱凍存。

檢測前將脊髓背角取出稱質(zhì)量,然后將其置于預(yù)冷組織勻漿液中。勻漿液由0.1 mol/L磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)和1 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)組成,pH=7.4。使用玻璃勻漿器在4℃下組織勻漿,并使用離心機20 000 r/min離心30 min,取上清液。按照酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)試劑盒提供的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)步驟測定腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白介素(IL)-1β水平。所有組織標(biāo)本均進(jìn)行雙管檢測,結(jié)果以“pg/mg”表示。

1.7 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗;同組不同時間點比較采用重復(fù)測量的方差分析;以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 四組痛閾比較

四組大鼠痛閾基礎(chǔ)值差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。SNL組、SNL+NS組和SNL+MI組,術(shù)后2~6 d MWT和TWL較OS組和術(shù)前均顯著下降(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后7 d,SNL+NS組MWT和TWL明顯低于SO組(P < 0.05),與SNL組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);SNL+MI組MWT和TWL值低于SO組(P < 0.05),高于SNL組(P < 0.05)。見表1、2。

2.2 四組TNF-α和IL-1β含量比較

SNL組TNF-α和IL-1β水平高于SO組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);SNL+NS組TNF-α和IL-1β水平高于SO組(P < 0.05),與SNL組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);而SNL+MI組TNF-α和IL-1β水平與SO組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),明顯低于SNL組(P < 0.05)。見圖1。

3 討論

神經(jīng)病理性疼痛,常發(fā)生于神經(jīng)損傷或某些疾病之后,如癌癥引起的骨壓縮、自身免疫性疾、糖尿病等,神經(jīng)病理性疼痛不僅是疾病的一個癥狀,更可能是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能紊亂所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果[9]。

大鼠疼痛模型是研究神經(jīng)病理性疼痛發(fā)病機制的常用動物模型。SNL神經(jīng)病理性疼痛模型主要用于模擬灼性神經(jīng)痛,表現(xiàn)為痛覺過敏或超敏,疼痛可持續(xù)4個月以上,有自發(fā)性疼痛行為,但無自殘表現(xiàn),其主要優(yōu)點是產(chǎn)生的疼痛反應(yīng)差異性較小[10]。Bai等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SNL術(shù)后1 d大鼠TWL較術(shù)前明顯下降。本研究SNL組、SNL+NS組和SNL+MI組SNL術(shù)后2 d較術(shù)前MWT和TWL均顯著下降,表明SNL模型建立成功。此外,SNL組、SNL+NS組、SNL+MI組大鼠2~6 d MWT和TWL無明顯差異,說明SNL模型疼痛反應(yīng)差異性較小,是較為可靠的動物疼痛模型。

周圍神經(jīng)損傷引起的痛覺超敏不單是神經(jīng)元變化導(dǎo)致結(jié)果,更可能是膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞多重改變引起的,比如中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的免疫細(xì)胞-小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[12]。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)主要的免疫細(xì)胞,對病理性侵襲可迅速做出反應(yīng)[13]。病理性疼痛或外周神經(jīng)損傷均可激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,主要表現(xiàn)為胞體肥大增厚、細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多、特異性標(biāo)記物染色如CD11b加深等[14]。本研究鞘內(nèi)注射MI減輕了SNL引起的痛閾升高,表明小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞參與了該過程。Wang等[15]研究也證實SNL模型大鼠脊髓背角小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞被激活。

在神經(jīng)病理性疼痛持續(xù)和慢性化過程中,中樞敏化發(fā)揮著重要作用[16]。中樞敏化過程主要表現(xiàn)為膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活,IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和前列腺素等釋放增加,而膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放的細(xì)胞因子可引起突觸前囊泡釋放致痛物質(zhì)[17]。有研究證實,脊髓TNF-α mRNA和其蛋白在神經(jīng)損傷早期迅速增高[18]。外周神經(jīng)損傷后IL-1β mRNA和其蛋白水平也顯著增加[19]。因此,TNF-α與IL-1β與神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的發(fā)生和維持關(guān)系密切。本研究采用ELISA法檢測脊髓背角TNF-α與IL-1β表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果顯示:SNL組大鼠脊髓背角TNF-α與IL-1β表達(dá)水平顯著高于SO組,也進(jìn)一步證實了TNF-α與IL-1β參與了SNL神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的發(fā)生和維持。鞘內(nèi)注射MI明顯降低了TNF-α與IL-1β的表達(dá)水平,表明小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與SNL導(dǎo)致的TNF-α與IL-1β表達(dá)水平增高有關(guān)。另外一項研究也證實了鞘內(nèi)注射MI可以逆轉(zhuǎn)坐骨神經(jīng)損傷疼痛模型大鼠注射強啡肽引起的IL-1β和IL-6升高[20]。因此,鞘內(nèi)注射MI緩解SNL引起的痛閾降低可能與其降低脊髓背角IL-1β和TNF-α水平有關(guān)。由此可見小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在神經(jīng)病理性疼痛發(fā)生和維持過程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。

本研究具有以下幾點不足之處:首先,SNL引起大鼠痛閾明顯下降可能和脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活有關(guān),但本研究沒有利用免疫學(xué)技術(shù)證實脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活狀態(tài)。其次,本研究鞘內(nèi)注射MI可以緩解SNL模型大鼠的疼痛程度,但沒有完全逆轉(zhuǎn),表明除了小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,可能還存在其他機制,比如星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可能也參與了SNL引起的痛閾降低。最后,本研究只檢測了IL-1β和TNF-α兩種細(xì)胞因子,在病理性疼痛發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程中還有其他一些炎性因子也參與該過程,本研究沒有全部檢測。

總之,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SNL可導(dǎo)致大鼠MWT和TWL顯著下降,脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)水平升高。鞘內(nèi)注射MI可部分逆轉(zhuǎn)SNL導(dǎo)致的痛閾下降,并且完全翻轉(zhuǎn)SNL導(dǎo)致的TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)水平升高。該結(jié)果表明脊髓小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞參與調(diào)解SNL神經(jīng)病理性疼痛,鞘內(nèi)注射MI的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)可能與TNF-α、IL-1β密切相關(guān)。本研究可為臨床研發(fā)新型鎮(zhèn)痛藥物提供理論與實驗支持,靶向調(diào)控小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可能成為治療神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的新策略。

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