高麗虹,孫愛(ài)軍
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京 100730)
·綜 述·
絕經(jīng)激素補(bǔ)充治療和血脂代謝
高麗虹,孫愛(ài)軍*審校
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京 100730)
女性到絕經(jīng)后,心血管疾?。–VD)的發(fā)病率明顯上升,是絕經(jīng)后婦女的主要死亡原因。血脂紊亂是CVD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)后期血脂如何變化,絕經(jīng)激素補(bǔ)充治療(MHT)對(duì)于血脂有何影響一直是研究的熱點(diǎn)和有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題,本文對(duì)此進(jìn)行綜述。
絕經(jīng)激素補(bǔ)充治療;總膽固醇;甘油三酯;高密度脂蛋白;低密度脂蛋白
心血管疾病(CVD)是人類(lèi)最主要的致死原因[1],據(jù)估計(jì),2010~2030年中國(guó)CVD發(fā)病率將再增加一半[2]。男女之間CVD發(fā)生規(guī)律有差異,女性在絕經(jīng)前發(fā)生較少,危險(xiǎn)性為男性的50%左右,絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期后發(fā)病率急劇上升,接近甚至超過(guò)同齡男性的發(fā)病率[1-3]。血脂改變作為CVD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[4-6],在絕經(jīng)后如何改變,MHT對(duì)血脂效應(yīng)是否存在差異,目前仍存爭(zhēng)議,本文對(duì)此作一綜述。
LDL水平上升是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生和發(fā)展的必備因素,是CVD的主要危險(xiǎn)因子[7]。降低 LDL水平,可顯著減少動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性CVD的發(fā)病率及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8]。血清 TG 水平輕至中度升高者患CVD危險(xiǎn)性增加[9]。HDL低于0.9 mmol/L是較為明確的CVD危險(xiǎn)因素[10],如果HDL上升1%,CVD發(fā)生率將降低2~3%[11]。高TC和CVD發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)[12],高TC導(dǎo)致致死性CVD的HR為1.67(95%CI 1.18~2.38)[13]。近年來(lái),Lp(a)被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)可以確認(rèn)和評(píng)估心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的有用指標(biāo),它的升高和一年內(nèi)CVD事件發(fā)生率增加有關(guān),HR為3.1(95%CI 1.1~8.6)[7]。
和絕經(jīng)前相比,女性圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)后期多表現(xiàn)為血脂代謝紊亂。絕經(jīng)后女性較絕經(jīng)前相比,總TC上升14%,TG升高12%,LDL升高27%,HDL下降7%[14]。一項(xiàng)病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后女性TC、LDL較絕經(jīng)前上升(P<0.001),HDL較前下降(P<0.001),TG有所上升但沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.675)[15]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期女性6年的隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),自然絕經(jīng)組和未絕經(jīng)女性相比,HDL明顯下降(P<0.01),LDL、TG明顯上升(P<0.05),TC沒(méi)有明顯變化[16]。日本的一項(xiàng)研究檢測(cè)了16 名健康圍絕經(jīng)期女性在絕經(jīng)前4年和絕經(jīng)后3年血脂的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)與絕經(jīng)前4年基線相比,絕經(jīng)后1年女性TC平均上升25 mg/dL(14%),LDL上升20 mg/dL(19%),而TG和HDL卻沒(méi)有變化[17]。綜上,大多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為絕經(jīng)后女性LDL升高,但是TC、TG、HDL變化卻存在差異。
有研究進(jìn)一步根據(jù)女性不同絕經(jīng)階段分組,研究各階段血脂的變化規(guī)律。一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)7年(平均3.9年)的多中心研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在圍絕經(jīng)期晚期和絕經(jīng)后早期,TC、LDL、TG和Lp(a)上升,在圍絕經(jīng)期早期這些指標(biāo)變化不大,而HDL在圍絕經(jīng)期晚期卻有所上升[18]。2016年北京地區(qū)一項(xiàng)研究顯示,血脂最大的變化發(fā)生在絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期的早期和晚期兩個(gè)階段,TC、LDL、TG和TC/HDL比值在絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期早期最低,在絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期晚期最高。與絕經(jīng)前比較,這些脂質(zhì)、脂蛋白和TC/HDL比值在絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期早期稍低(P>0.05)[19]。
SWAN研究觀察了FSH、E2水平和血脂的關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),高E2水平組的TC、LDL和TG最低,同時(shí)HDL在高E2水平組表現(xiàn)最高值,E2水平和Lp(a)無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。而在FSH四分位距分組間,血脂呈現(xiàn)了和E2相反的關(guān)系,即在高FSH組TC、LDL、TG表現(xiàn)為最高,但是,HDL在高FSH組也為最高,Lp(a)和FSH呈正相關(guān)[18]。Chu等對(duì)有正常月經(jīng)周期的健康女性進(jìn)行了FSH和血脂變化的研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)FSH≥7 IU/L組較FSH<7 IU/L組TC、LDL更高(P=0.009,0.019),HDL和TG兩組間沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[20]。以上證據(jù)提示絕經(jīng)后血脂的改變,不是單一E2作用的結(jié)果,可能和多種激素改變相關(guān),F(xiàn)SH的作用似乎優(yōu)先于E2下降的作用。
Godsland匯總分析了1974~2000年發(fā)表的248個(gè)不同MHT方案對(duì)血脂影響的前瞻性研究結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)單用雌激素方案升高了HDL,降低了LDL和TC,但是添加孕激素后會(huì)影響或削弱這一有利作用,影響程度從小到大依次為地屈孕酮、美屈孕酮、黃體酮、醋酸環(huán)丙孕酮、醋酸甲羥孕酮、經(jīng)皮醋酸炔諾酮、甲基炔諾酮、口服醋酸炔諾酮,而替勃龍卻顯示了HDL和TG的下降[21]。希臘的一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)比了倍美力(CEE)組(0.625 mg/d)、倍美力+安宮黃體酮(CEE/MPA)組(CEE 0.625 mg/d + MPA 5mg/d)、17β雌二醇+醋酸炔諾酮(17β-E2/NETA)組(17β-E22mg/d+NETA 1mg/d)、替勃龍(Tibolone)組(2.5 mg/d)以及雷諾昔芬(Raloxifene)組(60 mg/d)對(duì)于血脂代謝的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)組TC較基線都有所降低;LDL在CEE、CEE/MPA以及Raloxifene組顯著降低(-11.2%,-11.9%,-11.0%);TG在CEE、CEE/MPA組顯著升高(23.7%,21.8%),在17β-E2/NETA組沒(méi)有影響,在Tibolone組TG下降20.6%;HDL在CEE、CEE/MPA組分別上升7.4%和11.8%,在Tibolon組下降13.6%;除了Raloxifene組外,Lp(a)在其余各組均降低[22]。近期的一篇薈萃分析提示,和安慰劑相比,MHT后Lp(a)平均下降20.35%(95%CI-25.33%~15.37%,P<0.0001),但使用替勃龍后卻沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著性差異(95% CI -63.43%~15.74%,P=0.238)[23]。綜上,不同方案MHT對(duì)于血脂影響不盡相同,高LDL的女性似乎更能從雌激素/雌孕激素方案中獲益,高TG血癥的女性使用替勃龍可能對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)更有利。方案的選擇需要根據(jù)患者個(gè)人意愿、血脂情況、有無(wú)子宮、有無(wú)月經(jīng)需求以及孕激素的安全性等綜合判斷。
近年來(lái),在MHT臨床實(shí)踐中,我們強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)重要概念—最低有效劑量,并提出低劑量、極低劑量激素補(bǔ)充方案。以0.625 mg倍美力為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量,0.3 mg或相當(dāng)于0.3 mg倍美力(0.5 mg微粒化雌二醇或者25 ug經(jīng)皮雌激素)被認(rèn)為是低劑量,低劑量的一半被稱(chēng)為極低劑量[24]。研究提示,低劑量MHT能減少65%圍絕經(jīng)期潮熱反應(yīng),是安慰劑緩解率的一倍[25],同時(shí)也能減少骨量流失,而且心血管系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低,但也存在爭(zhēng)議。Terauchi等比較了不同劑量MHT后血脂的變化,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)0.5 mg和1 mg微?;贫迹╩E2)治療8周后mE2(1 mg)組LDL降低,TC、HDL和TG沒(méi)有變化,而mE2(0.5 mg)組血脂之間沒(méi)有差異;mE2(1 mg)配伍10 ug,20 ug或40 μg左炔諾孕酮(LNG)治療24周后,發(fā)現(xiàn)不論哪個(gè)LNG劑量,TC和LDL都有所下降,TG在20 ug、40 μg LNG組下降,HDL在高LNG組中有所下降[26]。一項(xiàng)單中心、前瞻性、隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究比較了低劑量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量雌激素聯(lián)合不同孕激素使用12月后對(duì)絕經(jīng)后女性代謝綜合征的影響,結(jié)果表明,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量組HDL和載脂蛋白A較基線上升(P<0.05),LDL有顯著性下降(P<0.05),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量雌激素聯(lián)合地屈孕酮組TG較前增高(P=0.026),各組對(duì)TC、脂蛋白A、脂蛋白B均沒(méi)有影響,認(rèn)為低劑量雌激素不足以產(chǎn)生如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量組的血脂有利影響[27]。綜上,現(xiàn)有證據(jù)不足以提示低劑量或極低劑量雌孕激素方案對(duì)于血脂更為友善。
一項(xiàng)研究隨機(jī)給予50名有代謝綜合征的絕經(jīng)后女性口服雌激素(oE2)或經(jīng)皮雌激素(tE2)治療,3月后發(fā)現(xiàn),oE2組HDL升高更明顯[28]。140例切除子宮的絕經(jīng)后女性使用替勃龍或tE2后3月發(fā)現(xiàn),替勃龍組TG下降22.6%,HDL下降9.3%,tE2組TG下降10.9%,HDL上升3.6%[29]。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)絕經(jīng)后切除子宮女性的多中心、隨機(jī)、對(duì)照、雙盲研究提示,tE2和oE2組TC下降(tE2,-4.7%,oE2,-6.9%),LDL也下降(tE2,-5.8%,oE2,-12.6%),HDL和TG沒(méi)有顯著性變化,Lp(a)在oE2組下降6.6%[30]。Anagnostis研究認(rèn)為與tE2相比,oE2組Lp(a)下降更快[23]。
絕經(jīng)后血脂發(fā)生較大改變,規(guī)律仍存在爭(zhēng)議,但是血脂變化最大的時(shí)機(jī)是在絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期早期和晚期,這也為MHT適時(shí)介入改善血脂提供了理由。MHT對(duì)血脂也呈現(xiàn)不同的改變規(guī)律,但是各種不同方案有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn),會(huì)產(chǎn)生LDL的下降,其余血脂代謝指標(biāo)變化并不一致。低劑量MHT并不一定對(duì)血脂更有利,口服雌激素較經(jīng)皮雌激素在血脂方面可能更友善,替勃龍會(huì)導(dǎo)致HDL的下降??傊琈HT的激素種類(lèi)、劑型、途徑較多,究竟何種雌激素與孕激素,以何種劑量,何種途徑對(duì)絕經(jīng)后婦女血脂產(chǎn)生最大的正性影響以及改善血脂的作用機(jī)制,是以后關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。
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Postmenopausal hormone supplementation and blood lipid metabolism
GAO Li-hong,SUN Ai-jun*
(Department of gynaecology and obstetrics and Gynecology,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Beijing Academy of Medical Sciences,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100730,China)
The incidence of cardiovascular disease(CVD)increased significantly after menopause which is the leading cause of death in postmenopausal women. Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for CVD. The change of the blood lipids in perimenopause and postmenopause and the effects of MHT on lipid profile are reviewed in this article.
Menopausal hormone replacement therapy(MHT); Total cholesterol(TC); Triglyceride(TG); High density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL); Low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL)
R977
A
ISSN.2095-8803.2017.22.9.03
高麗虹,女,漢族,浙江湖州人,嘉興市婦幼保健院主治醫(yī)師,現(xiàn)北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院博士在讀,婦科內(nèi)分泌專(zhuān)業(yè),Tel:13967398185
孫愛(ài)軍,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院,E-mail:18686735@qq.com
國(guó)家“十二五”科學(xué)技術(shù)支撐計(jì)劃課題 No.2014BAI10B10國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金 No.11471024
本文編輯:劉帥帥