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右美托咪定預(yù)防超聲引導(dǎo)臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯止血帶疼痛效果觀察

2017-03-29 15:29張曉俠聶明輝王志學(xué)劉新偉董龍
現(xiàn)代儀器與醫(yī)療 2017年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯右美托咪定

張曉俠 聶明輝 王志學(xué) 劉新偉 董龍 李汝泓 于鐵莉

[摘 要] 目的:觀察右美托咪定預(yù)防超聲引導(dǎo)臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯止血帶疼痛的臨床效果。方法:選擇2014年6月至2016年6月于我院在臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯下行手術(shù)治療的斷指、斷腕或斷臂患者101例,隨機(jī)分為右美托咪定組(A組,n=50例),羅哌卡因組(B組,n=51例)。止血帶充氣前0.5h,A組患者先靜脈泵注右美托咪定1.0ug/kg,10min后以0.5ug/kg.h的速度恒速泵注至手術(shù)結(jié)束前15min,B組患者同時(shí)間內(nèi)泵注等體積的生理鹽水。記錄兩組止血帶充氣前(T1)、止血帶充氣30min時(shí)(T2)、止血帶充氣60min時(shí)(T3)、90min時(shí)(T4)及止血帶放氣10min后(T5)患者生命體征(MAP、HR)變化,并分別于T1~T5時(shí)間點(diǎn)采用VAS評(píng)分法和Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分評(píng)估患者鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分,記錄患者術(shù)中出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果:兩組患者T1和T5時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP和HR相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T2~T4時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者M(jìn)AP和HR明顯低于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05;兩組患者T1時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分和Ramsay評(píng)分相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P>0.05,T2~T5時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者VAS評(píng)分明顯低于B組且A組患者的Ramsay評(píng)分明顯高于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05;B組發(fā)生的躁動(dòng)的患者例數(shù)明顯高于A組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,兩組患者發(fā)生心動(dòng)過緩、低血壓、呼吸抑制的例數(shù)相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:右美托咪定可安全用于臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的手術(shù)患者,不僅可以有效減少患者止血帶疼痛發(fā)生率,而且能減少患者術(shù)中煩躁的發(fā)生。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯;止血帶疼痛;上肢手術(shù)

中圖分類號(hào):R614 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2017)01-035-03

DOI:10.11876/mimt201701014

Effect of dexmedetomidine on prevention of tourniquet pain in ultrasound-guided brachial plexus blockade ZHANG Xiaoxia1,NIE Minghui2,WANG Zhixue1,LIU Xinwei1,DONG Long1,LI Ruhong1,YU Tieli1. (1. Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical university;2. Department of Ultrasonography, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical university,Chengde 067000 China)

[Abstract] Objective: This study objective was to observe the clinical effect of dexmedetomidine on the prevention of tourniquet pain in ultrasound-guided brachial plexus blockade. Methods: 101 patients scheduled for surgery of upper extremities under brachial plexus blockade guided by ultrasonography from June 2014 to June 2016 in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups: dexmedetomidine group (group A, n=50) and ropivacaine group (group B, n=51). 0.5 h before the tourniquet was inflated, the patients in group A were injected with 1.0 μg/kg dexmedetomidine for 10 mins, and then pumped at a constant speed of 0.5 μg/ kg·h until 15 mins before the end of the operation. Group B was pumped into the same volume of saline at the same time. The changes of vital signs (MAP, HR) in the patients before tourniquet inflation (T1), at 30 mins (T2), 60 mins (T3), 90 mins (T4) and 10 mins after tourniquet inflation (T5), and the analgesic and sedation scores were evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) at T1-T5 respectively, and the adverse effects were recorded. Results: There was no significant difference in MAP and HR between the two groups at T1 and T5. The MAP and HR of group A were significantly lower than those of group B from the time points of T2 to T4 (P<0.05); There was no significant difference in the scores of VAS and RSS between the two groups at the time point of T1, and the VAS scores of group A were significantly lower than those of group B from the time points of T2 to T5, and the Ramsay score of group A were significantly higher than those of group B from the time points of T2 to T5 (P<0.05). The number of patients with agitation in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance between the two groups in the incidence of bradycardia, hypotension and respiratory depression. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine can safely be used in patients with brachial plexus blockade, which can not only reduce the incidence of tourniquet pain, but also reduce the occurrence of irritability in patients.

[Key words] dexmedetomidine; brachial plexus blockade; tourniquet pain; upper extremity surgery

上肢手術(shù)操作精細(xì)而復(fù)雜,手術(shù)時(shí)間長,在麻醉方面不僅要求鎮(zhèn)痛良好,而且需要患者患肢相對(duì)靜止,上肢外傷手術(shù)患者常選擇臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉[1-2]。氣壓止血帶是術(shù)中常用的輔助工具之一,恰當(dāng)使用可以顯著降低術(shù)中出血,使術(shù)野清晰,但使用不當(dāng)則會(huì)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),止血帶疼痛則是其一[3-4]。減輕患者術(shù)中的止血帶疼痛不僅可以提高患者術(shù)中的舒適度,而且可以增加患者術(shù)中的配合,有利于手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行。右美托咪定具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗焦慮、抗交感神經(jīng)等作用[5]。本研究將探討右美托咪定預(yù)防超聲引導(dǎo)臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯止血帶疼痛的臨床效果。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選擇2014年6月至2016年6月于我院在臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯下行手術(shù)治療的斷指、斷腕或斷臂患者101例,ASA I~I(xiàn)I級(jí),18~65歲。隨機(jī)分為兩組,右美托咪定組(A組,n=50例),羅哌卡因組(B組,n=51例)。排除有嚴(yán)重心、肺疾病、肝腎功能不全、對(duì)局麻藥過敏、局部穿刺禁忌證、高血壓、糖尿病、竇性心動(dòng)過緩、精神病患者、長期服用鎮(zhèn)靜藥或抗交感神經(jīng)藥物史等患者。兩組患者年齡、性別比、體重指數(shù)、止血帶壓力和手術(shù)時(shí)間相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),且所有患者均簽署知情同意書。

1.2 方法

清醒入室后,鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧(2~3L/min),持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓、脈搏氧飽和度,開放上肢外周靜脈通道,給予乳酸林格式液補(bǔ)充生理需要量,所有患者均給予2mg咪達(dá)唑侖進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)靜。兩組患者均取平臥位,頭部向健側(cè)偏轉(zhuǎn)30度左右,對(duì)患者患側(cè)的肌間溝進(jìn)行識(shí)別標(biāo)記,常規(guī)使用碘伏紗布消毒、鋪巾。超聲儀探頭頻率調(diào)至10Hz并套上無菌保護(hù)膜,在超聲的引導(dǎo)下,緩慢刺入穿刺針至臂叢神經(jīng)的位置,在其周圍注入0.375%的羅哌卡因,直至麻醉藥物完全覆蓋神經(jīng)表面,總劑量控制在18mL左右。止血帶充氣前0.5h,A組患者先靜脈泵注右美托咪定1.0ug/kg,10min后以0.5ug/kg.h的速度恒速泵注至手術(shù)結(jié)束前15min,B組患者同時(shí)間內(nèi)泵注等體積的生理鹽水。兩組患者均使用成人上肢低壓止血帶,系于肱骨中上1/3處,充氣壓力為200~250mmHg,每次充氣時(shí)間為90min,間隔10min。兩組患者均由同一組外科醫(yī)生施行手術(shù),術(shù)中順利。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

記錄兩組患者止血帶充氣前(T1)、止血帶充氣30min時(shí)(T2)、止血帶充氣60min時(shí)(T3)、90min時(shí)(T4)及止血帶放氣10min后(T5)患者平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)變化,并分別于T1~T5時(shí)間點(diǎn)采用視覺模擬評(píng)分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)和Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分評(píng)估患者鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分,記錄患者術(shù)中出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)(躁動(dòng)、心動(dòng)過緩、低血壓、呼吸抑制)。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn)或方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)生命體征的變化

兩組患者T1和T5時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP和HR相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,T2~T4時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者M(jìn)AP和HR明顯低于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05,見表1。

2.2 不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分和Ramsay評(píng)分比較

兩組患者T1時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分和Ramsay評(píng)分相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P>0.05,T2~T5時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者VAS評(píng)分明顯低于B組且A組患者的Ramsay評(píng)分明顯高于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05,見表2。

2.3 兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較

B組發(fā)生的躁動(dòng)的患者14例,例數(shù)明顯高于A組患者的2例,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,兩組患者發(fā)生心動(dòng)過緩、低血壓、呼吸抑制的例數(shù)均為0例,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

3 討論

止血帶是骨科手術(shù)中常用輔助工具之一,為長時(shí)間的骨科手術(shù)提供了清晰的手術(shù)視野。但長時(shí)間的止血帶捆扎固定會(huì)造成患者肢體出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)烈的燒灼感、疼痛感、麻木感和沉重感,即止血帶疼痛[6]。止血帶疼痛機(jī)制復(fù)雜,通過激活外周性傷害性感受器、刺激神經(jīng)干軸索以及激活神經(jīng)C類纖維,激發(fā)脊髓背角交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反應(yīng),進(jìn)而引起兒茶酚胺類等遞質(zhì)釋放的增加,產(chǎn)生疼痛反應(yīng)[7-8]。止血帶疼痛常使患者出現(xiàn)躁動(dòng)不配合甚至終止手術(shù),臨床上常使用阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥來減輕止血帶疼痛,但常無法取得理想效果[9-10]。臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉是骨科上肢手術(shù)患者常選擇的麻醉方式,它通過向臂叢神經(jīng)干周圍區(qū)域注入局麻藥而達(dá)到阻滯神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)目的[11]。對(duì)于術(shù)中出現(xiàn)的止血帶疼痛再次施行臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯不僅不易施行,而且增加了患者局麻藥中毒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12]。

右美托咪定是一種選擇性的α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑,起效快,達(dá)峰時(shí)間短,廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床麻醉和重癥監(jiān)護(hù)患者中[13-14]。本研究中T2~T5時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者VAS評(píng)分明顯低于B組且A組患者的Ramsay評(píng)分明顯高于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,主要是由于右美托咪定作用于脊髓后角突觸前膜、藍(lán)斑以及中間神經(jīng)元的突觸后膜α2腎上腺素受體,不僅抑制了疼痛信號(hào)的傳導(dǎo),而且抑制了突觸前膜P物質(zhì)、傷害性肽類物質(zhì)的釋放以及外周C類神經(jīng)纖維,產(chǎn)生了鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛作用[15],因此A組患者鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分低于B組患者而鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分高于B組患者。T2~T4時(shí)間點(diǎn)A組患者M(jìn)AP和HR明顯低于B組患者是由于右美托咪定激活α2腎上腺素受體可以產(chǎn)生抗交感神經(jīng)的作用,抑制患者體內(nèi)腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素的釋放,減輕患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[16],因此A組患者生命體征的變化也明顯低于B組患者,同時(shí)這種減輕應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的作用也可以減輕患者的疼痛反應(yīng)。由于A鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于B組,因此A組術(shù)中躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率明顯低于B組,兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),表明右美托咪定的使用具有良好的安全性。

綜上所述,美托咪定可安全用于臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的手術(shù)患者,不僅可以有效減少患者止血帶疼痛的發(fā)生率,而且能減少患者術(shù)中煩躁的發(fā)生。

參 考 文 獻(xiàn)

[1] De AJ, Sala BX. Ultrasound in the practice of brachial pleaus anesthesia[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2002,27(2):77-89.

[2] Greher M, Scharber G, Kamolx IP, et al. Ultrasonuxl guided lumbar facet nerve block. A sonoanatomic study of a new methodologic approach[J]. Anesthesiol, 2004,10(3):1243-1248.

[3] Hanci V, Erol B, Bektas S, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine on testicular torsion/detorsion damage in rats[J]. Urol Int, 2010, 84(1): 105-111.

[4] Willigers HM, Prinzen FW, Roekserts PM. The effects of esmolol and dexmedetomidine on myocardial oxygen consumption during sympathetic stimulation in dogs[J]. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2006,20(3):364-370.

[5] Boyer J. Treating agitation with dexmedetomidine in the ICU[J]. Dimens Crit Care Nurs, 2009,28(3):102-109.

[6] Kishikawa H, Kobayashi K, Takemori K, et al. The effects of dexmedetomidine on human neutrophil apoptosis[J]. Biomed Red, 2008,29(4):189-194.

[7] Short J. Use of dexmedetomidine for primary sedation in a general intensive care unit[J]. Crit Care Nurse, 2010,30(1):29-38.

[8] Almustafa MM, Badran IZ, Abuali HM, et al. Intravenous dexmedetomidine prolongs bupivacaine spinal analgesia[J]. Middle East Anesthesiol, 2009,20(2):225-231.

[9] Gertler R, Brown HC, Mitchell DH, et al. Dexmedetomidine: a novel sedative analgesic agent[J]. Proc , 2001,14(1):13-21.

[10] Shukry M, Miller JA. Update on dexmedetomidine: use in nonintubated patients requiring sedation for surgical procedures[J]. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2010,6(1):111-121.

[11] Chad M, Brummett MD, Elizabeth K, et al. Perineural dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block in rats prolongs the duration of analgesia by blocking the hyperpolarization aetivated action current[J]. Anesthesiology, 2011,115(4):836-843.

[12] Aantaar R, Jaakola ML, Kallio A, et al. A comparison of dexmedetomidine, and alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, and midazolam as premedication for minor gynaecological surgery[J]. Br J Anaesth, 1991,67(4):402-409.

[13] Dilley A, Bove GM. Disruption of axonal transport induces mechanical sensitivity in intact rat C-fibre nociceptor axons[J]. J Physiol, 2008,586(2):593-604.

[14] Tohda C, Sasaki M, Konemura T, et al. Axonal trasport of VRI capsaiein receptor mRNA in primary afferents and its paticipation in inflanunation induced increase in capsaiein sensitivity[J]. J Neurochem, 2001, 76(6):1628-1635.

[15] Gorgias NK, Maidatsi PG, Kyriakidis AM, et al. Clonidine versus ketamine to prevent tourniquet pain during intravenous reginal anesthesia with lidocaine[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2001,26(6):512-517.

[16] 張紅星. 鞘內(nèi)注射右美托咪定的鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)制及其神經(jīng)毒性的研究[D]. 沈陽:中國醫(yī)科大學(xué), 2013.

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超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯對(duì)上肢手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果觀察及對(duì)血清IL—6和IL—10的影響
羥考酮復(fù)合右美托咪定在頸叢神經(jīng)阻滯下甲狀腺手術(shù)麻醉中的應(yīng)用
右美托咪定用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)的臨床研究
腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉中右美托咪定的應(yīng)用及意義評(píng)析
觀察右美托咪定腰硬麻醉在子宮肌瘤切除術(shù)中的臨床鎮(zhèn)靜效果
超聲引導(dǎo)下三種入路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯在上肢手術(shù)中的效果觀察
臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合丙泊酚麻醉下手法肩關(guān)節(jié)松解的臨床觀察
臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯復(fù)合丙泊酚麻醉下手法肩關(guān)節(jié)松解的臨床觀察
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