城市防震減災(zāi)

·編者按·

我國是世界上遭受地震災(zāi)害最為嚴(yán)重的國家之一。我國地震災(zāi)害損失嚴(yán)重。死亡人口占世界50%左右，損失比例一直居高不下，抗震設(shè)防水平與抗震先進(jìn)國家仍有相當(dāng)差距，重救輕防不當(dāng)意識仍很嚴(yán)重，城市遭受特大和重大地震災(zāi)害損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高。城市人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)、工程密度越來越高，生命線系統(tǒng)規(guī)模和復(fù)雜程度日益提高，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施抗震應(yīng)急保障能力偏低，不滿足抗震設(shè)防標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和抗震未設(shè)防房屋建筑存量巨大。我國防震減災(zāi)除了包括地震部門防震減災(zāi)內(nèi)容外，還包括建設(shè)、交通、水利等部門的抗震防災(zāi)內(nèi)容。

習(xí)近平總書記在唐山地震40周年的講話中強(qiáng)調(diào)，更加重視預(yù)防亦即工程抗震設(shè)防和抗震風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防控，指出：“堅(jiān)持以防為主、防抗救相結(jié)合，堅(jiān)持常態(tài)減災(zāi)和非常態(tài)救災(zāi)相統(tǒng)一，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)從注重災(zāi)后救助向注重災(zāi)前預(yù)防轉(zhuǎn)變，從應(yīng)對單一災(zāi)種向綜合減災(zāi)轉(zhuǎn)變，從減少災(zāi)害損失向減輕災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變，全面提升全社會抵御自然災(zāi)害的綜合防范能力。”

城市的防震減災(zāi)是國家公共安全的重要組成部分，它承擔(dān)著保護(hù)城鎮(zhèn)人民群眾生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重任，是構(gòu)建和諧社會和全面建設(shè)小康社會的重要保障。如何建立完善的防震減災(zāi)工作，大幅提升城市的災(zāi)害監(jiān)測預(yù)警、防災(zāi)備災(zāi)、應(yīng)急處置、災(zāi)害救助、恢復(fù)重建能力等以減少傷亡破壞和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失，是我國城市發(fā)展長期面臨的一項(xiàng)重大任務(wù)。

本專題得到專家馬東輝教授（北京工業(yè)大學(xué)抗震減災(zāi)研究所）、劉經(jīng)緯研究員（中國地震局地殼應(yīng)力研究所）的大力支持。

·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2017年2月5日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告顯示，以“城市（urban）”“地震（earthquake）”“防震減災(zāi)（seismic resistance and disaster reduction）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為1004條與1618條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）（續(xù)表）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）（續(xù)表）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告，以“城市（urban）”“地震（earthquake）”“防震減災(zāi)（seismic resistance and disaster reduction）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為1004條與1618條為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，以“城市（urban）”“地震（earthquake）”“防震減災(zāi)（seismic resistance and disaster reduction）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為1004條與1618條為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP50文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

We calculate the probability of strong shaking in Istanbul, an urban center of 10 million people, from the description of earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault system in the Marmara Sea during the past 500 years and test the resulting catalog against the frequency of damage in Istanbul during the preceding millennium. Departing from current practice, we include the time-dependent effect of stress transferred by the 1999 moment magnitudeM=7.4 Izmit earthquake to faults nearer to Istanbul. We find a 62+/-15% probability (one standard deviation) of strong shaking during the next 30 years and 32+/-12% during the next decade.

來源出版物：Science, 2000, 288(5466): 661-665

Decorrelation of SAR data by urban damages caused by the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake

Yonezawa, C; Takeuchi S

Abstract:Large part of urban area of around Kobe city were damaged by the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake. For detecting the damaged area, the authors computed correlation coefficients from single-look complex ERS-1/ SAR data. Two types of correlations, intensity correlation and coherence were computed. Decorrelation was found in the damaged urban built-up area in the data pair of which interval included the earthquake occurrence. The similarity of the decorrelation between the intensity correlation and the coherence indicated that major factor of the decorrelation is closely related to interferometric processes, which results in the change of speckle patterns in the single-look intensity images. A normalized difference was calculated from the correlation coeffcients between the data pair including the earthquake occurrence and the pair before the earthquake. The distribution patterns of the pixels for which normalized difference was higher than a threshold showed good correspondence with the result of the ground survey. The result of this study indicates the possibility of detecting urban disasters using the decorrelation of SAR data.

來源出版物：International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2001, 22(8): 1585-1600

Earthquake damage assessment of buildings using VHR optical and SAR imagery

Brunner, Dominik; Lemoine, Guido; Bruzzone, Lorenzo

Abstract:Rapid damage assessment after natural disasters (e. g., earthquakes) and violent conflicts (e. g., war-related destruction) is crucial for initiating effective emergency response actions. Remote-sensing satellites equipped with very high spatial resolution (VHR) multispectral and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging sensors can provide vital information due to their ability to map the affected areas with high geometric precision and in anuncensored manner. In this paper, we present a novel method that detects buildings destroyed in an earthquake using pre-event VHR optical and post-event detected VHR SAR imagery. The method operates at the level of individual buildings and assumes that they have a rectangular footprint and are isolated. First, the 3-D parameters of a building are estimated from the pre-event optical imagery. Second, the building information and the acquisition parameters of the VHR SAR scene are used to predict the expected signature of the building in the post-event SAR scene assuming that it is not affected by the event. Third, the similarity between the predicted image and the actual SAR image is analyzed. If the similarity is high, the building is likely to be still intact, whereas a low similarity indicates that the building is destroyed. A similarity threshold is used to classify the buildings. We demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the method for a subset of the town of Yingxiu, China, which was heavily damaged in the Sichuan earthquake of May 12, 2008. For the experiment, we use QuickBird and WorldView-1 optical imagery, and TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed SAR data.

來源出版物：Communications of the ACM, 2004, 47 (6): 53-57

Ambient noise horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio in site effects estimation and correlation with seismic damage distribution in urban environment: The case of the city of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece)

Panou, AA; Theodulidis, N; Hatzidimitriou, P; et al.

Abstract:The validity of the estimation of seismic site response characteristics from ambient noise measurements was investigated in the downtown district of the city of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece), which was strongly affected by the 20/6/1978 (M = 6.5) damaging earthquake. For this purpose 250 ‘single site’ ambient noise measurements were performed in a dense grid of points covering the center of the city. The ambient noise H/V spectral ratio for each site was calculated and the fundamental frequency (fo) and corresponding H/V amplitude level (Ao) were estimated. Contour maps of both, to and Ao, were compared with results from geological and geotechnical studies as well as with macroseismic data of the 1978 earthquake and were found to be well correlated. These comparisons provide strong evidence that ambient noise measurements properly processed with the (H/V) spectral ratio technique can be used as an inexpensive and fast tool for microzonation studies in urban environments.

來源出版物：Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2005, 25(4): 261-274

Tsunami damage investigation of built-up areas using multitemporal spaceborne full polarimetric SAR images

Chen, Si-Wei; Sato, Motoyuki

Abstract:This paper explores the use of full polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images for tsunami damage investigation from the polarimetric viewpoint. The great tsunami induced by the earthquake of March 11th, 2011, which occurred beneath the Pacific off the northeastern coast of Japan, is adopted as the study case using the Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar multitemporal PolSAR images. The polarimetric scattering mechanism changes were quantitatively examined with model-based decomposition. It is clear that the observed reduction in the double-bounce scattering was due to a change into odd-bounce scattering, since a number of buildings were completely washed away, leaving relatively a rough surface. Polarization orientation (PO) angles in built-up areas are also investigated. After the tsunami, PO angle distributions from damaged areas spread to a wider range and fluctuated more strongly than those from the before-tsunami period. Two polarimetric indicators are proposed for damage level discrimination at the city block scale. One is the ratio of the dominant double-bounce scattering mechanism observed after-tsunami to that observed before-tsunami, which can directly reflect the amount of destroyed ground-wall structures in built-up areas. The second indicator is the standard deviation of the PO angle differences, which is used to interpret the homogeneity reduction of PO angles. Experimental results from after-and before-tsunami comparisons validate the efficiency of these indexes, since the built-up areas with different damage levels can be well discriminated. In addition, comparisons between before-tsunami pairs further confirm the stability of the two polarimetric indexes over a long temporal duration. These interesting results also demonstrate the importance of full polarimetric information for natural disaster assessment.

來源出版物：IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 2013, 51 (4): 1985-1997

典

文章題目第一作者來源出版物1 Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: An interaction-based probability calculation Parsons, T Science, 2000, 288(5466): 661-665 2 Decorrelation of SAR data by urban damages caused by Yonezawa, C International Journal of Remote Sensing, the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake 2001, 22(8): 1585-1600 3 Earthquake damage assessment of buildings using VHR Brunner, Communications of the ACM, 2004, 47 optical and SAR imagery Dominik (6): 53-57 Ambient noise horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio in site 4 effects estimation and correlation with seismic damage Panou, AA Soil Dynamics and Earthquake distribution in urban environment: The case of the city Engineering, 2005, 25(4): 261-274 of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) 5 Tsunami damage investigation of built-up areas using Chen, Si-Wei IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and multitemporal spaceborne full polarimetric SAR images Remote Sensing, 2013, 51(4): 1985-1997

Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: An interaction-based probability calculation

Parsons, T; Toda, S; Stein, RS; et al.