趙欣,王春立,李楠,馬濤,尤勝義
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院,天津300052)
多烯紫杉醇聯(lián)合反義miR-21對人胰腺癌細胞增殖和凋亡的影響
趙欣,王春立,李楠,馬濤,尤勝義
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院,天津300052)
目的 探討多烯紫杉醇(DTX)聯(lián)合反義miR-21(AS-miR-21)對胰腺癌細胞增殖及凋亡的影響及其可能的作用機制。方法 采用7種濃度 DTX篩選對人胰腺癌MiaPaCa-2細胞增殖抑制最佳的IC50(15 μmol/L)進行后續(xù)試驗。隨機將MiaPaCa-2細胞分為空白對照組、無義序列組、DTX組、AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組。AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組轉(zhuǎn)染AS-miR-21,無義序列組轉(zhuǎn)染Lipofectamine2000,均轉(zhuǎn)染24 h;DTX+AS-miR-21組轉(zhuǎn)染后予15 μmol/L的DTX作用48 h;空白對照組未行任何處理,DTX組加入15 μmol/L的DTX作用48 h。收集各組細胞,RT-PCR法檢測miR-21的相對表達量,克隆形成實驗檢測細胞增殖能力,流式細胞儀檢測細胞早期凋亡率,Western blotting法檢測細胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶5(CDK5)的相對表達量。結(jié)果 與無義序列組、空白對照組比較,AS-miR-21組、AS-miR-21+DTX組miR-21的相對表達量均明顯降低(P均<0.05)。與空白對照組、無義序列組比較,DTX組、AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組克隆數(shù)目明顯降低、早期凋亡率明顯升高、CDK5的相對表達量明顯降低,以DTX+AS-miR-21組變化最明顯(P均<0.05)。結(jié)論 DTX聯(lián)合AS-miR-21可明顯抑制胰腺癌細胞增殖并促進其早期凋亡,其機制可能與CDK5表達下降有關(guān)。
胰腺癌;多烯紫杉醇;微小RNA-21;細胞增殖;細胞凋亡
胰腺癌是最常見的致死性腫瘤之一,惡性程度高,其病死率居所有惡性腫瘤的第4位[1,2]。化療雖然不是胰腺癌首選的治療方式,但在臨床治療中占重要地位。目前,胰腺癌整體的化療效果不甚理想,探索新的治療靶點和干預(yù)方式以提高胰腺癌的化療效果是目前亟需解決的難點[3]。多烯紫杉醇(DTX)為一種新型的紫杉烷類抗腫瘤藥物,抗腫瘤活性明顯高于紫杉醇,具有細胞內(nèi)滯留時間長、局部濃度高等優(yōu)點[4]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在胰腺癌中miR-21的下游靶點可參與激活或抑制多條信號通路,特別在腫瘤細胞的增殖、凋亡等生物學(xué)行為調(diào)控方面發(fā)揮重要作用[5,6]。2016年3~9月,我們觀察了DTX聯(lián)合反義miR-21(AS-miR-21)對胰腺癌細胞增殖和凋亡的影響,并探討其可能的作用機制。
1.1 材料 人胰腺癌細胞株MiaPaCa-2,由天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)南開醫(yī)院中西醫(yī)結(jié)合研究所提供。DTX,江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司。LightCycler 480定量PCR儀,德國Roche公司;FACSCalibur流式細胞儀,美國BD公司。FBS,杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司;DMEM培養(yǎng)基,美國Hyclone公司;胰蛋白酶,北京雷根生物技術(shù)有限公司;TRIzol、Lipofectamine 2000,美國Invitrogen公司;AS-miR-21寡核苷酸序列(5′-GUCAACAUCAGUCUGAUAAGCUA-3′)及無義序列(5′-AAGGCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGU-3′),由廣州銳博生物科技有限公司合成。2×miRNA qPCR Master Mix、目的基因(miR-21)、內(nèi)參基因(U6),上海生工生物工程股份有限公司;四甲基噻唑藍(MTT)、二甲基亞砜(DMSO),北京索萊寶科技有限公司;細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒,美國BD公司。
1.2 DTX最佳劑量篩選 取人胰腺癌細胞MiaPaCa-2,置于DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基(含10% FBS、1%青-鏈霉素),37 ℃、5% CO2、飽和濕度條件下常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。細胞融合70%~80%時,用含EDTA的胰酶消化,待細胞變圓、尚未漂起時加入適量完全培養(yǎng)液,反復(fù)吹打后加入10%凍存液,逐步降溫,液氮中保存。復(fù)蘇細胞時,在37 ℃水浴中迅速解凍細胞并加入適量的完全培養(yǎng)液。3~5天更換完全培養(yǎng)液,常規(guī)1∶4傳代培養(yǎng)。取對數(shù)生長期人胰腺癌細胞MiaPaCa-2,消化后計數(shù),調(diào)整細胞密度為5×104個/mL,接種于96孔板,每孔100 μL。待細胞貼壁后去除培養(yǎng)基,分別加入含5、10、20、40、60、80、120 μmol/L DTX的DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基,每個濃度設(shè)5個復(fù)孔。37 ℃ 5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)常規(guī)培養(yǎng)24、48、72 h,加入MTT 20 μL,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。吸棄上清液,每孔加入DMSO 150 μL,振蕩10 min,使結(jié)晶充分溶化。采用酶標(biāo)儀檢測每孔490 nm波長處的吸光度(A)值,計算細胞增殖抑制率。細胞增殖抑制率(%)=[(對照組A值-空白組A值)-(藥物組A值-空白組A值)]/(對照組A值-空白組A值)×100%。實驗重復(fù)3次,取平均值。采用GraphPad PRISM5.0軟件計算IC50。結(jié)果顯示,隨DTX濃度升高及作用時間延長,細胞增殖抑制率逐漸升高(P均<0.05),呈濃度和時間依賴性(見表1)。培養(yǎng)72 h時細胞增殖抑制率雖然高于培養(yǎng)48 h時,但顯微鏡下觀察細胞形態(tài)差,故取DTX作用48 h計算IC50,此時IC50為15 μmol/L。以此作為有效劑量進行下一步試驗。
表1 不同濃度DTX作用24、48、72 h時MiaPaCa-2細胞的增殖抑制率±s)
1.3 細胞轉(zhuǎn)染及miR-21表達檢測 取對數(shù)生長期MiaPaCa-2細胞,常規(guī)消化后接種于6孔板中,隨機分為空白對照組、無義序列組、DTX組、AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組。培養(yǎng)24 h至細胞融合70%~80%,棄去完全培養(yǎng)基,用無血清的DMEM清洗2次,每孔加入2 mL無血清、無抗生素的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,培養(yǎng)箱中饑餓培養(yǎng)。取Lipofectamine2000、AS-miR-21各5 μL,分別與250 μL無血清DMEM混勻后,室溫放置20 min,即無義序列轉(zhuǎn)染液、AS-miR-21轉(zhuǎn)染液。無義序列組加入無義序列轉(zhuǎn)染液,AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組加入AS-miR-21轉(zhuǎn)染液,混勻。轉(zhuǎn)染24 h,無義序列組、AS-miR-21組更換為含10% FBS的完全培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h,DTX+AS-miR-21組更換為含10% FBS的完全培養(yǎng)基后加入15 μmol/L DTX作用48 h??瞻讓φ战M未行任何處理,DTX組加入15 μmol/L DTX作用48 h。收集各組細胞,采用TRIzol法提取細胞總RNA,按照熒光定量PCR試劑盒說明將其逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA。miR-21及U6引物由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成。反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃ 10 min,95 ℃ 15 s,65 ℃ 30 s,共40個循環(huán)。以U6 snRNA作為內(nèi)參,按照2-ΔΔCt法計算miR-21的相對表達量。以空白對照組miR-21的相對表達量為1,無義序列組、DTX組、AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組miR-21的相對表達量分別為0.818 2±0.055 8、0.365 3±0.031 4、0.285 2±0.019 6、0.172 9±0.016 6。與無義序列組、空白對照組比較,DTX組、AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組miR-21的相對表達量均明顯降低(P均<0.05),AS-miR-21+DTX組miR-21的相對表達量較DTX組、AS-miR-21組明顯降低(P均<0.05),其余組間比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。說明轉(zhuǎn)染成功。
1.4 相關(guān)指標(biāo)觀察
1.4.1 細胞增殖能力 采用克隆形成實驗。取各組轉(zhuǎn)染48 h細胞,胰酶消化,細胞計數(shù)后接種于細胞培養(yǎng)皿中,1 000個/皿,吹打均勻,顯微鏡下觀察各細胞間不相連且均勻分布于皿底。常規(guī)培養(yǎng)14天,倒置顯微鏡下觀察克隆形成情況,棄去培養(yǎng)基,PBS洗滌2次。1%結(jié)晶紫甲醇溶液固定染色5 min,PBS溶液洗去染料,倒置顯微鏡下觀察。多于50個細胞的細胞團計為一個克隆,以克隆數(shù)目表示細胞增殖能力。
1.4.2 細胞早期凋亡率 采用AnnexinV-FITC法。取各組轉(zhuǎn)染48 h細胞,接種于6孔板,每孔1×105個。待細胞貼壁,胰酶消化后加入1 mL培養(yǎng)基,輕輕吹打,并將細胞懸液收集于EP管中,4 ℃,800~1 000 r/min低速離心3~5 min,管底可見細胞形成白色沉淀,小心棄去上清。加入PBS 500 μL,輕輕吹打均勻,洗滌并重復(fù)以上步驟3次,立即按照AnnexinV-FITC細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒說明書進行操作。采用流式細胞儀檢測,激發(fā)波長488 nm,發(fā)射波長530 nm。應(yīng)用CellQuest軟件采樣并將結(jié)果錄入計算機存儲。應(yīng)用Modifit軟件繪制不同染色狀態(tài)細胞的象限分布圖(散點圖)。Annexin-V染色陽性、PI染色陰性細胞所占的比例即為細胞的早期凋亡率。
1.4.3 細胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶5(CDK5)表達 采用Western blotting法。收集各組轉(zhuǎn)染48 h細胞,用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌2次,置于6孔板中,每孔加入預(yù)冷的蛋白裂解液(RIPA∶PMSF=100∶1)100 μL,冰上裂解30 min,待細胞充分裂解。用細胞刮刀收集6孔板中的蛋白,4 ℃ 12 000 r/min離心15 min,取上清液,吹打均勻后分光光度法測定蛋白濃度合格。取部分蛋白,與等體積2×蛋白上樣緩沖液混勻,100 ℃水浴15~20 min,冰上冷卻。再次吹打均勻,取20 μL上樣行瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,常規(guī)轉(zhuǎn)膜、封閉后加入CDK5一抗(1∶1 000),4 ℃孵育過夜,二抗(1∶1 000)室溫下?lián)u床慢搖1 h,顯色曝光。采用Quantity One圖像分析軟件分析蛋白電泳條帶的灰度值,計算CDK5的相對表達量。以β-actin為內(nèi)參,CDK5的相對表達量=CDK5灰度值/β-actin灰度值。實驗至少重復(fù)3次,取平均值。
2.1 各組細胞克隆數(shù)目及早期凋亡率比較 見表2。
表2 各組細胞克隆數(shù)目及早期凋亡率比較±s)
注:與空白對照組比較,*P<0.05;與無義序列組比較,#P<0.05;與DTX組比較,△P<0.05;與AS-miR-21組比較,▲P<0.05。
2.2 各組CDK5表達比較 空白對照組CDK5的相對表達量為0.793 5±0.048 2,無義序列組為0.763 2±0.016 8,DTX組為0.616 2±0.026 6,AS-miR-21組為0.548 5±0.026 6,DTX+AS-miR-21組為0.099 1±0.006 9。與空白對照組、無義序列組比較,DTX組、AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組CDK5的相對表達量均明顯降低(P均<0.05);與DTX組、AS-miR-21組比較,DTX+AS-miR-21組CDK5的相對表達量下降最為明顯(P均<0.05)。
miRNA是一類在細胞和組織中特異性表達的非編碼RNA,在很多細胞生物學(xué)進程中具有重要作用[7]。miR-21是miRNA家族中的一員,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平扮演促癌角色,通過與其3′非編碼區(qū)互補配對的靶基因結(jié)合,抑制相應(yīng)蛋白的表達。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-21在胰腺癌中明顯高表達,并且在細胞的增殖與凋亡及腫瘤的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移中扮演重要角色,發(fā)揮癌基因作用[8]。有研究亦證實,化療聯(lián)合抑制miR-21的表達可明顯抑制腫瘤細胞的增殖[8]。
DTX作為新型紫杉烷類化療藥物,在肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤化療中發(fā)揮了重要作用[9]。DTX的抗癌機制是通過加強微管蛋白聚合,抑制微管解聚,將細胞阻滯于G2/M期,干擾腫瘤細胞有絲分裂的正常進行,進而促進腫瘤細胞凋亡[10,11]。有文獻報道,特異性抑制miR-21的表達能夠明顯抑制腫瘤細胞增殖,且可在阻滯細胞周期的進程中發(fā)揮作用[12]。但抑制miR-21表達增加DTX作用效果的機制目前尚未完全闡明。CDK5作為周期依賴性蛋白激酶(CDK)家族中比較特殊的成員,雖然不能被細胞周期蛋白(如cyclinD、cyclinE)激活,也不直接參與細胞周期的調(diào)控,但可參與多種腫瘤細胞的病理過程,如神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞瘤、肝細胞癌、前列腺癌和胰腺癌等[13,14]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CDK5在胰腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用,其促癌作用是通過Ras-CDK5-Ral信號途徑來實現(xiàn)的[15];胰腺癌小鼠異種移植模型皮下注射CDK inhibitor可抑制CDK的表達,明顯抑制腫瘤生長同時提高化療藥物的療效[16]。因此推測,AS-miR-21聯(lián)合DTX能夠改變胰腺癌細胞的生物學(xué)行為,在抑制細胞增殖、促進細胞凋亡方面發(fā)揮作用;AS-miR-21增加DTX對胰腺癌細胞增殖抑制作用的機制可能與CDK5表達降低有關(guān)。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,DTX作用后對MiaPaCa-2細胞的增殖抑制率逐漸升高,具有濃度和時間依賴性;轉(zhuǎn)染AS-miR-21后,AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組miR-21的相對表達量較空白對照組明顯降低,表明轉(zhuǎn)染成功。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DTX+AS-miR-21組細胞克隆數(shù)目明顯少于其他各組,且其早期凋亡率明顯高于其他各組,說明DTX聯(lián)合AS-miR-21可明顯抑制MiaPaCa-2細胞增殖,并促進其凋亡。有研究證實,CDK5調(diào)節(jié)亞基相關(guān)蛋白1(CDK5RAP1)是miR-21下游的直接靶點;CDK5RAP1可抑制CDK5激酶活性,進而抑制CDK5表達[17,18]。本研究DTX組、AS-miR-21組、DTX+AS-miR-21組CDK5的相對表達量明顯低于空白對照組、無義序列組,以DTX+AS-miR-21組降低最明顯;而DTX組與AS-miR-21組CDK5的相對表達量比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。說明CDK5可能是DTX和AS-miR-21抑制胰腺癌細胞的共同作用因子,應(yīng)用AS-miR-21后CDK5表達進一步下降,提示DTX單獨應(yīng)用對胰腺癌的療效有限,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用AS-miR-21可明顯提高療效。
綜上所述,DTX聯(lián)合AS-miR-21可明顯抑制胰腺癌細胞增殖并促進其早期凋亡,其機制可能與抑制CDK5表達有關(guān)。
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Effect of docetaxel combined with antisense miR-21 on proliferation and apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cell
ZHAOXin,WANGChunli,LINan,MATao,YOUShengyi
(TianjinMedicalUniversityGeneralHospital,Tianjin300052,China)
Objective To investigate the effect of docetaxel combined with antisense miR-21 on proliferation and apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa-2, and to discuss its possible mechanism. Methods Seven concentrations of docetaxel (DTX) were selected to detect their proliferation inhibition rates on human pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells to choose the best IC50(15 μmol/L) which was then used to do the following experiment. Human pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa-2 cells were divided into the control group, antisense miR-21 group, DTX group, AS-miR-21 group, and DTX+AS-miR-21 group. Cells in the AS-miR-21 group and DTX+AS-miR-21 group were transfected by AS-miR-21, and the antisense miR-21 group was transfected by Lipofectamine2000 for 24 h. Cells in the DTX+AS-miR-21 group were treated with DTX, and DTX group was treated with 15 μmol/L DTX for 48 h. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-21 in each group. The proliferation capacity of cells was detected by the cloning formation assay. The apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of cyclindependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in each group was evaluated by Western blotting. Results The relative expression of miR-21 in the AS-miR-21 group and DTX+AS miR-21 group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and antisense miR-21 group, which indicated that the transfection was successful. Compared with the control group and antisense miR-21 group, the number of clones in the DTX group, AS-miR-21 group and DTX+AS-miR-21 group was significantly decreased, the early apoptosis rate was significantly increased, and the relative expression of CDK5 protein was significantly decreased, and the most significant changes were found in the DTX+AS-miR-21 group (allP<0.05). Conclusion DTX combined with AS-miR-21 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells and induce the apoptosis, which may be associated with the decrease of CDK5 protein expression.
pancreatic carcinoma; docetaxol; miR-21; cell proliferation; apoptosis
天津市科技計劃項目(12ZCZDSY03500)。
趙欣(1991-),女,碩士在讀,研究方向為消化道腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail: pwkzhaoxin@qq.com
尤勝義(1955-),男,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向為消化道腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail: shengyiyou126@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2017.08.004
R735.9
A
1002-266X(2017)08-0013-04
2016-10-25)