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運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)慢性腎臟病管理的作用

2017-03-10 05:11漆媛媛郭俊含王沁園
臨床薈萃 2017年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:腎臟病有氧心血管

馬 瀟,漆媛媛,楊 艷,郭俊含,王沁園

(蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院 腎內(nèi)科,甘肅 蘭州 730030)

·綜述·

運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)慢性腎臟病管理的作用

馬 瀟,漆媛媛,楊 艷,郭俊含,王沁園

(蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院 腎內(nèi)科,甘肅 蘭州 730030)

慢性腎臟病的管理不再局限于傳統(tǒng)的治療方法,近年來(lái)慢性腎臟病的運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練治療研究越來(lái)越多。本文從心血管疾病、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力、蛋白能量消耗、肌肉力量、慢性炎癥、腎功能六個(gè)方面闡述運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于慢性管腎臟病管理的重要性。

運(yùn)動(dòng);腎疾?。恢委?/p>

近年來(lái)慢性腎臟病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的發(fā)病率持續(xù)上升,全球一般人群CKD患病率已高達(dá)14.3%,在我國(guó)18 歲以上人群患病率為10.8%,成為全球嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題[1-2]。大量的研究證實(shí),體力活動(dòng)缺乏與許多慢性疾病如2型糖尿病、心血管疾病以及CKD密切相關(guān)[3],也是導(dǎo)致許多非傳染性疾病發(fā)病和死亡的主要原因之一[4]。相比于健康人群,CKD患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)量明顯減少。運(yùn)動(dòng)量的缺乏可影響CKD患者尤其是透析患者長(zhǎng)期生存,使CKD患者不能獨(dú)立完成工作任務(wù)和進(jìn)行日?;顒?dòng),且生活質(zhì)量有所下降[5-6]。2007年,美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)(ACSM)提出“Exercise Is Medicine Program”的理念[7],2013年第60屆ACSM首次將運(yùn)動(dòng)定義為一種“藥物”,最終達(dá)成 “Exercise Is Good Medicine”的共識(shí)。鑒于運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于CKD患者的重要性,改善全球腎臟病預(yù)后組織(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, KDIGO ) 指南推薦在相適應(yīng)的心血管條件下,建議 CKD人群每周進(jìn)行5次,每次至少30分鐘的規(guī)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)[7]。但由于各種原因,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在CKD人群中未能普遍展開(kāi)。本文主要就運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)CKD患者心血管疾病、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力、蛋白能量消耗、肌肉力量、慢性炎癥、腎功能6個(gè)方面的影響進(jìn)行綜述,加強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于CKD管理重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)。

1 心血管疾病

目前,心血管疾病仍舊是CKD發(fā)病和死亡的主要原因[8]。對(duì)于CKD患者心血管疾病的管理至關(guān)重要,以運(yùn)動(dòng)為核心的心血管疾病康復(fù)已經(jīng)得到公認(rèn)[9]。2005年美國(guó)腎臟病基金會(huì)腎臟病生存質(zhì)量指導(dǎo)(NKF Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative, NKF KDOQI) 強(qiáng)調(diào)在透析患者心血管疾病的管理中,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練應(yīng)該成為治療的基本方法之一[10]。本文將從動(dòng)脈硬化、血壓、血脂以及血糖幾個(gè)方面闡述運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于CKD患者心血管疾病的重要意義。

1.1動(dòng)脈硬化 脈搏傳播速度(pulse wave velocity,PWV)是動(dòng)脈硬化檢測(cè)的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),PWV 越快,動(dòng)脈的彈性或順應(yīng)性越差,僵硬度越高;反之,PWV 越慢,動(dòng)脈彈性或順應(yīng)性越好,血管僵硬度越低[11]。既往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著腎功能逐漸下降,PWV逐漸增加[8],而且有研究證實(shí)PWV 是終末期腎病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)患者病死率升高的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[12]。Blacher等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)PWV每增加1 m/s,ESRD的全因病死率增加39%。多項(xiàng)研究表明運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于改善動(dòng)脈硬化有益。Greenwood等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)進(jìn)展性CKD3~4期患者,在進(jìn)行有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)合抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的第6個(gè)月和第12個(gè)月,其PWV水平均明顯低于基線水平。Mustata等[15]采用另外一種動(dòng)脈硬化的指標(biāo)—反射波增強(qiáng)指數(shù)(AI)同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)CKD3~4患者經(jīng)過(guò)的12個(gè)月的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后AI明顯改善。

1.2血壓 ACSM提出,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練是原發(fā)性高血壓綜合治療的基礎(chǔ)。高血壓是心血管疾病的主要病因之一,同時(shí)也是ESRD的的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[16]。超過(guò)80%的CKD患者常伴有不同程度的高血壓[17],運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉能否改善CKD患者血壓目前尚未得出一致性結(jié)論。既往研究表明,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)合抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠降低收縮壓及舒張壓,規(guī)律性的運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可使CKD患者靜息時(shí)的血壓下降4~7 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)CKD患者意義重大,因?yàn)榧词馆p微的血壓下降(2 mmHg),就可以使冠心病、卒中及全因病死率的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低[10]。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析證實(shí),相比于對(duì)照組,進(jìn)行規(guī)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)的CKD患者其舒張壓可降低2.23 mmHg,收縮壓可降低6.08 mmHg(P<0.05)[18]。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于CKD患者血壓無(wú)明顯影響[19-20]。CKD合并高血壓患者與一般高血壓患者相比,需要服用更多的降壓藥,忍受更多的不良反應(yīng)且有較高的非依從性。因此,通過(guò)增加運(yùn)動(dòng)量來(lái)降低血壓可明顯減少藥物劑量,且能更好的控制血壓。這樣既減輕了經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),又改善了生活質(zhì)量。

1.3血脂和血糖 既往研究證實(shí)高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)的降低以及甘油三酯(TG)升高可以加速CKD的進(jìn)展[21-22]。但KDOQI營(yíng)養(yǎng)指南表明對(duì)CKD患者血清總膽固醇低于2.26 mmol/L可能是這類(lèi)人群的危險(xiǎn)因素[4]。從以上觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看,血脂的降低或者升高是否一定對(duì)CKD患者有利,尚不能得出肯定性結(jié)論。也有研究證實(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于HDL-C、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)以及TG無(wú)顯著影響[18]。有研究表明,CKD患者進(jìn)行每周1次的醫(yī)院內(nèi)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)(半小時(shí)的踏自行車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng))以及家庭活動(dòng)(半小時(shí)的散步),12周后患者血清TG、LDL-C水平明顯降低,同時(shí)HDL-C水平增高[20]。Yurtkuran等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)血液透析患者進(jìn)行12周規(guī)律的瑜伽訓(xùn)練(每次30分鐘,每周2次)后,血清膽固醇水平較干預(yù)之前下降15%。甚至有研究表明運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后CKD患者的血清總膽固醇水平增加[24]。

糖尿病腎病是CKD的重要類(lèi)型[25],同時(shí)CKD 患者尤其是ESRD患者由于周?chē)h(huán)中尿毒癥毒素、活性維生素D3缺乏、腎性貧血、炎癥以及糖皮質(zhì)激素的使用等常常存在胰島素抵抗。胰島素抵抗可促使和加速CKD患者的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,增加患者的心血管疾病的發(fā)病率和病死率。運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)糖尿病患者有重要意義,尤其是有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可增強(qiáng)外周組織對(duì)胰島素的敏感性、增加對(duì)胰島素的利用、降低血糖和糖化血紅蛋白水平[26]。迄今為止,運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)于糖尿病伴CKD患者的血糖控制方面的研究較少,但有研究顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)可以增加CKD患者對(duì)胰島素的敏感性[27],說(shuō)明運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于改善胰島素抵抗是有益的,然而對(duì)于血糖控制是否有影響,還有待于進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。

2 運(yùn)動(dòng)能力

透析前CKD患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力只有健康人群的50%~80%,并且隨著疾病的進(jìn)展逐漸下降[18, 28]。在CKD患者中,運(yùn)動(dòng)能力等級(jí)的評(píng)估需盡早進(jìn)行,因研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肌酐清除率在60~90 ml/min(即CKD2期)時(shí)患者運(yùn)動(dòng)能力下降的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)增加[29]。在運(yùn)動(dòng)生理學(xué)和康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中評(píng)價(jià)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力等級(jí)較經(jīng)濟(jì)、簡(jiǎn)單及實(shí)用的測(cè)量方法常用代謝當(dāng)量(metabolic equivalent,MET)來(lái)表示,1 MET相當(dāng)于正常成人安靜狀態(tài)下的耗氧量(VO2)的3.5 ml/(kg·min),例如人在靜坐時(shí)MET約為1.0,穿衣時(shí)MET約為2.0,速度為4 km/h的散步MET約3.0,速度為9.6 km/h的跑步MET約為10.0等。且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CKD與運(yùn)動(dòng)能力具有明顯的相關(guān)性,隨著CKD的進(jìn)展,發(fā)生低運(yùn)動(dòng)能力(<5 MET)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)逐漸增加[29]。運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的下降使這類(lèi)患者不能獨(dú)立完成工作任務(wù)及日?;顒?dòng),嚴(yán)重影響其生活質(zhì)量。運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的下降與肌無(wú)力、動(dòng)脈硬化、貧血等有關(guān)。峰值氧消耗(peak oxygen consumption,VO2peak)是評(píng)價(jià)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也是CKD生存率強(qiáng)相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[30]。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)規(guī)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,能明顯提高CKD患者的VO2peak[14,24,31-32]。對(duì)透析前的老年CKD患者進(jìn)行12周,每周3次的低強(qiáng)度抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,其肌肉力量及運(yùn)動(dòng)能力明顯增加[31]。Thomas等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)CKD3~4期患者在進(jìn)行12個(gè)月高強(qiáng)度的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)及有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)后,其VO2peak明顯增加。血液透析患者通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后VO2peak同樣也明顯增加[32]。總之,規(guī)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能有效改善CKD患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。

3 蛋白能量消耗(protein energy wasting,PEW)

由于低蛋白飲食可以延緩腎功能損傷的進(jìn)展或者降低CKD相關(guān)并發(fā)癥如代謝性酸中毒、礦物質(zhì)骨異常、胰島素抵抗、蛋白尿等的發(fā)生率,所以在這類(lèi)人群中推薦低蛋白飲食。然而,低蛋白飲食導(dǎo)致蛋白合成代謝減少同時(shí)分解代謝增加,尤其是在熱量攝入不足時(shí)更加明顯,導(dǎo)致PEW的發(fā)生。近幾年發(fā)現(xiàn)20%~25%輕中度的CKD患者存在PEW問(wèn)題,使患者的住院率及病死率明顯增加[4]。因此,CKD患者除了需要在低蛋白飲食的基礎(chǔ)上補(bǔ)充熱量,還需限制鈉、磷、鉀等的攝入以減少高鈉、高磷、高鉀血癥的發(fā)生,對(duì)這一問(wèn)題,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的干預(yù)是較好的選擇。如上文所述,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以增加骨骼肌對(duì)胰島素的敏感性,促使葡萄糖以及氨基酸的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),有利于能量的儲(chǔ)存。Castaneda等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)CKD患者經(jīng)過(guò)12周,每周3次,運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷為0.8 RM(repetition maximum,RM)(1 RM=肌肉全程收縮所對(duì)抗的最大阻力)的高強(qiáng)度抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后,可增加肌肉的橫截面積,對(duì)抗低蛋白飲食導(dǎo)致的肌肉的分解代謝。近年來(lái),營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療在CKD的綜合治療中具有重要地位,營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的補(bǔ)充對(duì)改善CKD的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)具有重要意義。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),相比于單純的補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)或者運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)的同時(shí)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能夠明顯增加透析前患者或血液透析患者肌肉蛋白的合成[34-36],其機(jī)制可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)肌肉的血流量增多和細(xì)胞對(duì)胰島素的敏感性增強(qiáng),促進(jìn)了糖原合成及氨基酸的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),從而有利于肌肉蛋白的合成。

4 肌肉力量

研究表明CKD患者在疾病的早期就出現(xiàn)了肌肉組織病理學(xué)異常以及Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肌纖維的萎縮,透析后更加明顯[37]。這與代謝性酸中毒、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、氧化應(yīng)激、活動(dòng)受限、透析治療、血液丟失以及隨年齡增加的肌少癥等有關(guān)[38]。一般以肌肉橫截面積大小來(lái)象征肌肉質(zhì)量的多少,多項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能夠改善CKD患者肌肉力量及肌肉質(zhì)量,尤其是抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練[38]。Watson等[38]對(duì)CKD3b~4期患者進(jìn)行每周3次,每次3組10~12次腿部伸展,負(fù)荷為1RM的70%,為期 8周的漸進(jìn)性抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,結(jié)果表明股直肌的肌肉力量及肌肉橫截面積均增加,并且運(yùn)動(dòng)能力也得到改善。Castaneda等[39]也發(fā)現(xiàn)CKD患者經(jīng)過(guò)12周的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后I型以及Ⅱ型纖維的橫截面積增加,并且肌肉力量增加。此外,Sakkas等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)血液透析的患者經(jīng)過(guò)6個(gè)月的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后,肌纖維的橫截面積有所增加,同時(shí)肌萎縮減少。然而有些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練雖然能夠增加肌肉力量,但對(duì)肌纖維的橫截面積并沒(méi)有明顯改善,這可能與神經(jīng)肌肉的適應(yīng)性相關(guān)[31, 41]。這些運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)于肌肉力量的影響有所差異可能是測(cè)量的肌肉類(lèi)型不同,肌肉橫截面積測(cè)量方法(如超聲波、CT、肌肉活檢)的敏感性與準(zhǔn)確性不同,以及運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的類(lèi)型有所不同。須注意,不適宜的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致軟組織、骨骼肌肉的損傷,其他還有骨折、肢體疼痛等,對(duì)于CKD運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的患者,需要告知這些“不良反應(yīng)”,并給予相應(yīng)處理。

5 慢性炎癥

CKD患者處于持續(xù)的微炎癥狀態(tài),表現(xiàn)為血漿白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-1β、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)等的升高[42]。Viana等[43]發(fā)現(xiàn)在非透析的CKD患者,經(jīng)過(guò)6個(gè)月的規(guī)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練(>30 min/次,5次/周)后,IL-6水平下降,這表明在CKD患者中運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練具有抗炎作用。在血液透析的患者同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能夠降低IL-6和CRP水平[44]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)接受低蛋白飲食并進(jìn)行漸進(jìn)性抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的CKD患者,其IL-6、CRP水平明顯降低[39]。但也有研究表明運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)CKD患者的IL-6與CRP水平并沒(méi)有顯著影響[45]。

6 腎功能

CKD治療的主要目的之一是延緩腎臟疾病的進(jìn)展,多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能夠影響腎功能,其機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,可能與血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變(如剪切力)、內(nèi)臟脂肪的降低(如瘦素)以及代謝性因素(如血脂)等相關(guān)。Greenwood等[14]將進(jìn)展期的CKD3~4期的患者分為康復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練組和對(duì)照組,康復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練組給予每周3次,維持12個(gè)月的有氧及抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性治療,對(duì)照組只進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性治療,相比于干預(yù)前兩組估算的腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(eGFR)的變化率差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,康復(fù)訓(xùn)練組的eGFR下降率較低。Baria等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)超重的CKD男性患者進(jìn)行12周的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后,發(fā)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)臟脂肪以及腹圍測(cè)量值下降,同時(shí)eGFR增加。肥胖是心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素,也是CKD進(jìn)展的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[47],通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可使內(nèi)臟脂肪、腹圍下降,改善腎功能。也有研究表明運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)eGFR無(wú)明顯影響[15, 45]。從以上研究來(lái)說(shuō),運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可能使腎功能得到改善。

綜上所述,通過(guò)規(guī)律性運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療可以改善CKD患者的功能性指標(biāo),如心血管疾病、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力、PEW、肌肉力量、慢性炎癥以及腎功能等,這對(duì)CKD患者的管理具有重要意義。但是由于患者和臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的認(rèn)識(shí)欠缺,以及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、患者的依從性、管理的復(fù)雜性、缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)等問(wèn)題,導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練干預(yù)治療并沒(méi)有在CKD患者中普遍開(kāi)展。而且在實(shí)施過(guò)程中需針對(duì)CKD不同年齡、生理和病理狀態(tài)制定個(gè)性化的“運(yùn)動(dòng)處方”,即確定最佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式、頻率、強(qiáng)度和維持時(shí)間,同時(shí)在運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練過(guò)程中也要根據(jù)患者的生理狀態(tài)及時(shí)調(diào)整方案。盡管運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在CKD管理的實(shí)施中有許多阻礙,但是隨著認(rèn)識(shí)的提高和理念的更新,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在CKD患者管理中越來(lái)越重要。

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馬瀟,Email: max2015@lzu.edu.cn

R692

A

1004-583X(2017)11-1008-05

10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2017.11.024

2017-07-12 編輯:武峪峰

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