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非酒精性脂肪性肝病無創(chuàng)診斷和評估的臨床研究進展

2017-03-09 04:04:19顧天翊陸倫根
胃腸病學 2017年9期
關鍵詞:變性酒精性脂肪肝

顧天翊 陸倫根

上海交通大學附屬第一人民醫(yī)院消化科(200080)

非酒精性脂肪性肝病無創(chuàng)診斷和評估的臨床研究進展

顧天翊 陸倫根*

上海交通大學附屬第一人民醫(yī)院消化科(200080)

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是指除外長期大量飲酒和其他損傷肝臟因素所引起的以肝臟脂肪沉積為主要表現(xiàn)的臨床綜合征,其發(fā)病機制與環(huán)境、遺傳、免疫等多種因素相關。早期診斷有助于鑒別單純性非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH),同時可對NAFLD病變程度進行分級并延緩其進一步發(fā)展。本文就NAFLD無創(chuàng)診斷和評估的臨床研究進展作一綜述。

非酒精性脂肪性肝??; 非酒精性脂肪性肝炎; 肝硬化; 生物學標記; 無創(chuàng)診斷

Correspondenceto: LU Lungen, Email: lungenlu1965@163.com

AbstractNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hepatic fat deposition, and not caused by chronic heavy drinking and other liver damage factors. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is associated with environmental, genetic, immune and other various factors. Early diagnosis is helpful not only for distinguishing between simple non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but also for grading the extent of NAFLD lesion and delaying its further development. This article reviewed the clinical research progress of non-invasive diagnosis and evaluation of NAFLD.

KeywordsNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis; Liver Cirrhosis; Biological Markers; Non-Invasive Diagnosis

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是指除外長期大量飲酒和其他損傷肝臟因素所引起的以肝臟脂肪沉積為主要表現(xiàn)的一組臨床綜合征?;颊吒闻K脂肪代謝功能出現(xiàn)明顯障礙,使大量脂肪類物質蓄積于肝細胞內(nèi),導致肝細胞發(fā)生脂肪變性,從單純性非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)發(fā)展到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH),最終發(fā)展為肝纖維化、肝硬化和終末期肝病,甚至肝癌。NAFL是一種相對良性的臨床過程,但10%~15%的NASH可能發(fā)展為肝硬化甚至肝癌。因此對NAFLD進行預防、診斷、評估和治療顯得尤為重要,尤其是NAFLD無創(chuàng)診斷的建立對患者的隨訪和監(jiān)測具有更重要的臨床意義。本文就NAFLD無創(chuàng)診斷和評估的臨床研究進展作一綜述。

一、流行病學

雖然NAFLD在全世界范圍內(nèi)的流行病學和人口學特征各不相同,但其總體發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢,病死率明顯高于年齡和性別相同的普通人群,因而NAFLD已成為全球不可忽視的公共健康問題。全球超過6億人口患有NAFLD,其中歐美約4億,中國約2億。中國NAFLD患者例數(shù)約占全國總人口數(shù)的15%,占肝病患者總例數(shù)的49.3%[1]。44%~64%的NAFL患者在發(fā)病后3~7年可進展為NASH,其中10%~25%的NASH患者在NAFL確診后8~14年可進展為晚期肝纖維化或肝硬化(平均每7年進展至下一個肝纖維化階段);2%~13%的晚期肝纖維化或肝硬化患者在確診后3~7年可進展為肝癌;22%~24%的NAFL患者在發(fā)病后3~7年可進展為晚期肝纖維化或肝硬化[2]。一般認為,NAFL是進展緩慢的良性、可逆性疾病,而NASH更容易發(fā)展為肝纖維化、肝硬化甚至肝癌,NAFL進展為NASH是病情惡化的轉折點,NASH或顯著肝纖維化患者的終末期肝病并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風險最大。

二、NAFLD的診斷和評估

NAFLD可導致血脂異常、胰島素抵抗增強、血糖升高以及嚴重的心血管疾病[3],因此早期診斷尤為重要。NAFLD的診斷和評估取決于肝臟脂肪變程度、肝臟炎癥程度以及肝纖維化程度。NAFLD的診斷方法分為無創(chuàng)和有創(chuàng)兩種。無創(chuàng)診斷包括臨床評估、血清生物標記物、影像學檢查和綜合診斷等;有創(chuàng)診斷主要指組織病理學檢查。目前肝穿刺活檢仍是診斷NASH以及評估肝纖維化程度的金標準[4]。根據(jù)WGO指南,肝活檢對于疾病診斷、分期、鑒別診斷以及治療方案選擇具有重要意義[5]。然而,肝穿刺活檢的有創(chuàng)性及其并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風險限制了其在臨床的廣泛應用。因此,建立新的或進一步評價現(xiàn)有的無創(chuàng)診斷方法,從而及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并診斷NASH和進展期肝纖維化,對于患者的治療和預后具有重要意義。

NAFLD的組織學評估方法一般利用NAFLD活動度(NAS)評分系統(tǒng)來評估疾病嚴重程度,主要包括肝脂肪變(0~3分)、小葉炎癥(0~2分)和肝細胞氣球樣變(0~2分),總分≥5分診斷為NASH,<3分排除NASH,4分疑似NASH。盡管NAS評分與穩(wěn)態(tài)模型評估胰島素抵抗指數(shù)(HOMA-IR)的相關性良好,但其預后價值較低。近年提出的NAFLD脂肪變性、活動度和纖維化(SAF)評分系統(tǒng)評估指標與NAS評分相同,但其評判標準不同。已證實SAF評分系統(tǒng)重復性更好,且描述更為準確全面[6],已得到越來越廣泛的應用。

三、NAFLD的無創(chuàng)診斷方法

1. 臨床評估:NAFLD的高危人群包括年齡>40歲、體質指數(shù)(BMI)>24 kg/m2、糖耐量異常、2型糖尿病、高血壓、高脂血癥和代謝綜合征患者。Li等[7]通過對21項隊列研究進行meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖人群的NAFLD患病風險是正常人群的3.5倍,且與BMI呈正相關;多項研究[8-10]結果證實,NAFLD的發(fā)病與特定基因(如PNPLA3和TM6SF2)突變也有一定相關性,且基因突變型NAFLD一般不易發(fā)生心血管疾病。

2. 血清生物標記物:生化指標對NAFLD肝脂肪變、炎癥和纖維化有一定診斷價值?,F(xiàn)有指標包括鐵蛋白、IgA、IgG、IgM、細胞角蛋白18(CK-18)、視黃醇結合蛋白、Ⅲ型前膠原、脂聯(lián)素、瘦素、微RNA(miRNA)、β抑制蛋白、熱休克蛋白70和炎癥標記物(如IL-6、超敏C反應蛋白和TNF-α)等[11-13],但這些指標的診斷價值和臨床應用仍有待進一步驗證[14]。多項研究[15-16]發(fā)現(xiàn),SteatoTest用于預測肝臟脂肪變性時,具有無創(chuàng)、操作簡單和定量評估的特點,在一定程度上可減少肝穿刺的需求,尤其是對伴有重度肥胖伴代謝危險因素的患者。Fedchuk等[17]的研究表明脂肪肝指數(shù)(FLI)、NAFLD-肝臟脂肪分數(shù)(NAFLD-LFS)、三酰甘油-葡萄糖指數(shù)、內(nèi)臟脂肪指數(shù)(VAI)和肝脂肪變性指數(shù)(HSI)這五項指標可用于診斷肝脂肪變性,且與胰島素抵抗有相關性,但因受肝纖維化和炎癥影響,無法精確定量評估脂肪變性程度,使其臨床應用受到限制。丙氨酸氨基轉移酶(ALT)水平升高的NAFLD患者的NASH患病風險更高,但ALT水平正常的患者亦無法完全排除NASH的可能,因此ALT水平并不能確診NASH[18]。此外,較有應用前景的NAFLD診斷標記物還包括CK-18、脂聯(lián)素、IL-6和CCL2[19]。為提高實驗室指標預測NAFLD相關肝纖維化的評估價值,許多研究者將其與臨床指標聯(lián)合用于肝纖維化的預測評分,包括BARD評分[20]、FIB-4評分[21]、NAFLD纖維化評分[22]和FibroMeter評分[23]等。

3. 影像學檢查:NAFLD的影像學檢查方法包括腹部超聲、CT、磁共振成像(MRI)和瞬時彈性成像(TE)等[24],目前這些方法均無法鑒別診斷單純性脂肪肝和NASH。Imajo等[25]認為MRI與MRE相比,在診斷肝臟脂肪變性和肝纖維化方面更具優(yōu)勢。

腹部超聲是最常用和經(jīng)濟的檢查方法,是無癥狀的肝臟酶升高患者和NAFLD患者的首選方法。腹部超聲的敏感性為60%~94%,與肝臟脂肪變性程度呈正相關;當肝臟脂肪變性程度>33%時,腹部超聲的敏感性為100%,特異性為84%~95%;當肝臟脂肪變性程度<30%時,超聲檢查難以檢出,可能會漏診25%~33%的患者。對于肥胖癥患者,腹部超聲的敏感性還將降低40%[26]。彌漫性肝臟脂肪變性和肝纖維化有類似的超聲表現(xiàn),因此超聲檢測有時很難區(qū)分兩者。

CT診斷脂肪肝的特異性高于超聲檢查,但其敏感性較差。對肝臟脂肪變性程度的診斷價值,增強CT并不優(yōu)于CT平掃。CT平掃可觀察肝臟的密度改變,并可利用密度梯度管對肝臟脂肪進行半定量分析。存在脂肪變性的肝臟CT成像較脾臟深且兩者衰減參數(shù)不同[27],通過計算肝脾比值可對脂肪肝嚴重程度進行分級:輕度0.7~1.0,中度0.5~0.7,重度<0.5。

質子磁共振頻譜分析(1H-MRS)是近年發(fā)展起來的新型影像學檢查手段,可檢測極低含量脂肪,診斷價值優(yōu)于超聲、CT和傳統(tǒng)MRI,可鑒別診斷無纖維化NASH,是目前無創(chuàng)定量診斷脂肪肝最準確的方法,在一定程度上可取代病理檢查[28-29]。定量MRI所測的質子密度脂肪分數(shù)和單能量CT(SECT)所測的脂肪衰減參數(shù)(FAP)與MRS測量結果的相關性良好,可作為精確量化脂肪變性程度的非侵入性指標[30]。FAP是利用超聲衰減原理重新定義的新參數(shù),是一種準確、可靠的非侵入性檢查指標,可結合其他生物標記物,全面檢測和量化肝臟脂肪變性程度[31]。

TE技術是采用低頻剪切波對肝臟組織實施主動激勵以形成應變,同時利用專業(yè)探頭捕捉低頻剪切波在肝臟中的傳播過程以及超聲信號在傳播過程中的能量衰減,從而快速定量肝臟組織彈性值和脂肪變性程度,評估肝纖維化程度和脂肪肝病變程度。目前常用于臨床的肝臟硬度測定儀是法國的FibroScan和我國的FibroTouch。FibroTouch是一類影像(超聲)引導的肝纖維化和脂肪肝程度的集成檢測系統(tǒng),可同時完成肝臟硬度值和FAP值的測定,提供對肝臟組織形態(tài)、纖維化程度和脂肪變性程度的一體化檢測和全方位評估方案。Wong等[32]證實,肝臟硬度值不受肝脂肪變性的影響。研究[33]表明,F(xiàn)ibroTouch能較好反映慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者的肝臟脂肪變性程度,可用于CHB合并NAFLD患者的臨床診治。

受控衰減參數(shù)(CAP)是衡量肝臟脂肪變性程度的重要指標[34],其與肝臟脂肪含量獨立相關,可有效區(qū)分不同程度的肝臟脂肪變性[24,35]。然而有研究顯示TE技術用于診斷NAFLD的可靠性不高。Gaia等[36]通過對219例(35%為慢性丙型肝炎,32%為CHB,33%為NAFLD)6個月內(nèi)接受過肝臟活檢的慢性肝病患者進行TE檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),TE技術可作為評估慢性丙型肝炎患者肝纖維化的有力手段,但其用于CHB和NAFLD患者時,易受患者本身以及疾病相關因素的影響,無法作出準確診斷。

四、結語

綜上所述,肝活檢仍是評估NAFLD嚴重程度的金標準。NAFLD的無創(chuàng)診斷研究較多,但尚未廣泛應用于臨床,其準確性和有效性仍需進一步綜合評估加以證實,評估內(nèi)容包括代謝相關因素、肝臟脂肪變性程度、肝臟炎癥和肝纖維化程度等。隨著醫(yī)學技術的不斷發(fā)展,NAFLD的無創(chuàng)診斷將具有越來越廣闊的前景。

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32 Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL, et al. Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Hepatology, 2010, 51 (2): 454-462.

33 毛重山, 寧會彬, 何佳, 等. FibroTouch脂肪衰減參數(shù)在慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者中的應用價值[J]. 中華傳染病雜志, 2015, 33 (6): 339-342.

34 Sasso M, Beaugrand M, de Ledinghen V, et al. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP): a novel VCTETMguided ultrasonic attenuation measurement for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: preliminary study and validation in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease from various causes[J]. Ultrasound Med Biol, 2010, 36 (11): 1825-1835.

35 Sasso M, Tengher-Barna I, Ziol M, et al. Novel controlled attenuation parameter for noninvasive assessment of steatosis using Fibroscan (?): validation in chronic hepatitis C[J]. J Viral Hepat, 2012, 19 (4): 244-253.

36 Gaia S, Carenzi S, Barilli AL, et al. Reliability of transient elastography for the detection of fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis[J]. J Hepatol, 2011, 54 (1): 64-71.

(2017-03-24收稿;2017-04-04修回)

ProgressinNon-invasiveDiagnosisandAssessmentofNon-alcoholicFattyLiverDisease

GUTianyi,LULungen.

DepartmentofGastroenterology,ShanghaiGeneralHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai(200080)

10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.09.011

*本文通信作者,Email: lungenlu1965@163.com

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