趙 萌,李 巖
1.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110013; 2.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
以腸道菌群為靶點(diǎn)治療腸易激綜合征的研究進(jìn)展
趙 萌1,李 巖2
1.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110013; 2.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一種病因不明的功能性腸病,主要表現(xiàn)為腹痛和排便習(xí)慣的改變。腸道菌群紊亂是IBS的重要發(fā)病原因之一,通過(guò)糞菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,F(xiàn)MT)、補(bǔ)充益生菌、艾灸刺激調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群和根除幽門(mén)螺桿菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)均能對(duì)IBS的癥狀起到緩解作用。本文就IBS、腸道菌群紊亂和以腸道菌群為靶點(diǎn)治療IBS的研究進(jìn)展作一概述。
腸易激綜合征;治療;腸道菌群;糞菌移植;益生菌;幽門(mén)螺桿菌
腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一種非器質(zhì)性胃腸功能紊亂性疾病,根據(jù)羅馬Ⅳ標(biāo)準(zhǔn),IBS的診斷需在反復(fù)腹痛(腹痛發(fā)作至少1 d/周)的基礎(chǔ)上再加上如下兩條以上的臨床癥狀:(1)腹痛與排便相關(guān);(2)伴隨排便頻率的改變;(3)伴隨糞便形狀的改變。每個(gè)典型癥狀的持續(xù)時(shí)間需至少3個(gè)月,其中首發(fā)癥狀需持續(xù)至少6個(gè)月[1]。
IBS發(fā)病率在世界范圍內(nèi)都相當(dāng)可觀,在西方國(guó)家,其發(fā)病率為15%~20%,占胃腸病門(mén)診的20%~50%,在我國(guó),IBS患者占胃腸病門(mén)診的30%~50%。其流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,城市發(fā)病率高于鄉(xiāng)村,青壯年的發(fā)病率高于其他年齡,腦力工作者的患病率高于其他職業(yè),其高峰集中在41~50歲的中老年女性[2]。西方國(guó)家以便秘型為主,而我國(guó)主要是腹瀉型。
目前IBS的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,是一種多因素疾病,可能與以下幾點(diǎn)有關(guān):(1)胃腸動(dòng)力學(xué)異常;(2)內(nèi)臟感覺(jué)異常[3];(3)腸道感染,Neal等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)544例細(xì)菌性胃腸炎追隨6個(gè)月后25%發(fā)生腸功能紊亂,其中年輕女性發(fā)病率較高。北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院[5]報(bào)道痢疾、腸炎后IBS發(fā)生率為14.6%,較對(duì)照組增長(zhǎng)了0.8%;(4)小腸細(xì)菌過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)(small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,SIBO)[6-7],以腹瀉、腹脹、營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收不良及小腸動(dòng)力異常為主要表現(xiàn),其原因在于遠(yuǎn)端腸道菌群移位進(jìn)入小腸;(5)精神心理因素,IBS對(duì)各種刺激反應(yīng)超常,常見(jiàn)于焦慮、抑郁及神經(jīng)質(zhì)等精神狀態(tài)。
2.1 正常菌群的生理作用 人體腸道內(nèi)的微生物中,細(xì)菌[8]占99%以上,總數(shù)多達(dá)100萬(wàn)億,種類(lèi)超過(guò)1 000種。腸道菌群是一個(gè)龐大而又復(fù)雜的微生態(tài)系統(tǒng),其生理意義主要表現(xiàn)在以下5個(gè)方面:(1)菌群屏障作用;(2)影響?zhàn)つっ庖撸?3)促進(jìn)免疫器官的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,啟動(dòng)免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng);(4)激活免疫因子,從而增強(qiáng)免疫功能,提高宿主的抗病能力;(5)益生菌可干預(yù)細(xì)胞免疫,刺激人體產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答。
2.2 腸道微生態(tài)紊亂與IBS IBS患者腸道功能紊亂,不同地域的患者腸道菌群紊亂的模式與程度均有不同[9],腸道微生態(tài)平衡被打破主要體現(xiàn)在腸道微生物種類(lèi)和數(shù)量上的改變,處于有益菌減少,有害菌增加的失衡狀態(tài)[10],這種失衡狀態(tài)可導(dǎo)致腸屏障功能殘缺,腹痛、腹部不適、腸鳴等癥狀隨之而來(lái)[11]。IBS患者腸道微生態(tài)變化主要表現(xiàn)在以下5個(gè)方面[12]:(1)腸道中優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群數(shù)量減少;(2)腸道中微生物群多樣性及穩(wěn)定性被破壞;(3)有益菌如乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌數(shù)量減少,而有害菌屬如大腸菌群和擬桿菌屬數(shù)量增加;(4)腹瀉型IBS較便秘型IBS患者的腸道微生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)和數(shù)量變化更顯著;(5)腹瀉型IBS與其他腹瀉型疾病腸道微生態(tài)改變有一定相同之處。Borody等[13]對(duì)便秘型IBS患者腸道菌群分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),腸道內(nèi)硫酸鹽還原菌及便秘相關(guān)的甲烷生成菌數(shù)量均增加。Saulnier等[14]通過(guò)對(duì)22例IBS患兒的糞便進(jìn)行16SrDNA測(cè)序分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康兒童相比,IBS患兒γ變形菌門(mén)含量顯著增多;類(lèi)瘤胃球菌屬與IBS所引發(fā)的腸道功能紊亂密切相關(guān);另外,IBS患兒疼痛發(fā)作頻率隨Alistipes屬細(xì)菌豐度的增加而增加。Si等[15]對(duì)25例IBS患者和25名健康對(duì)照者的糞便細(xì)菌研究發(fā)現(xiàn),B/E值<1,IBS患者糞便中雙歧桿菌比例明顯降低,而大腸桿菌比例顯著升高。Malinen等[16]通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)PCR技術(shù)比較IBS患者與健康對(duì)照者糞便細(xì)菌的組成,發(fā)現(xiàn)腹瀉型IBS患者糞便中乳酸桿菌數(shù)量減少,便秘型IBS患者韋榮球菌數(shù)量增多,且兩種IBS患者糞便中的梭狀芽胞桿菌和雙歧桿菌數(shù)量均顯著低于健康對(duì)照者。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[17]證實(shí),腸道菌群紊亂可使乳酸桿菌NCC2461的分泌產(chǎn)物減少,進(jìn)而引起內(nèi)臟敏感性增加。Jeffery等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS患者腸道菌群組成結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,表現(xiàn)為種類(lèi)減少及擬桿菌門(mén)數(shù)量減少。Shukla等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同亞型IBS其菌群紊亂的模式不同,其中銅綠假單胞菌數(shù)量的增多在IBS患者腸道菌群中更常見(jiàn)。
3.1 糞菌移植 醫(yī)學(xué)上,移植的糞菌來(lái)自健康供者,移植到患者胃腸道內(nèi)幫助其糾正紊亂的腸道菌群和重建正常的腸道微生態(tài)。可通過(guò)保留灌腸、經(jīng)鼻胃管、胃鏡和自控式灌腸等方式將功能糞菌移植。糞菌移植可以從朋友或親人中指定供者,也可以從機(jī)構(gòu)獲得健康供者的糞便。這種從健康供者到患者的糞菌移植,避免了親屬之間糞菌移植的隱患[20],如相似的基因、相似的環(huán)境易感性。在中國(guó)古代,東晉時(shí)期的葛洪率先記載了用動(dòng)物糞便治療人類(lèi)疾病,“驢矢,絞取汁五六合,及熱頓服,立定”明代李時(shí)珍在《本草綱目》也記載了口服糞水治療嚴(yán)重腹瀉、發(fā)熱、嘔吐和便秘等疾病。Borody等[21]首次將糞菌移植用于對(duì)55例IBS患者的治療,其中20例治愈,治愈率達(dá)36%,但是,此研究的不足在于受試IBS患者中包括炎癥性腸病患者和艱難梭菌感染的患者,因此,其研究結(jié)果并未表明用糞菌移植在治療這三種疾病中有效程度的區(qū)別。Borody等[22]又將糞菌移植用于對(duì)300例傳統(tǒng)療法無(wú)效的腹瀉型IBS的治療,其結(jié)果表明患者腹痛和腹瀉都有所緩解。Pinn等[23]研究表明,將糞菌移植用于治療難治性IBS,70%的IBS患者糞菌移植治療后癥狀都有所改善。相比于炎癥性腸病,特定目標(biāo)菌群移植治療IBS效果不如IBD顯著,但確實(shí)是值得考慮的一種治療手段[24]。關(guān)于中國(guó)患者對(duì)糞菌移植的接受程度,調(diào)查研究表明,中國(guó)患者普遍能夠接受糞菌移植這種治療方式[25]。
3.2 補(bǔ)充益生菌 益生菌是一種定植在宿主體內(nèi),用以調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)菌群生態(tài)平衡,從而促進(jìn)宿主健康生活的具有明確名稱(chēng)的微生物。主要是各種雙歧桿菌、乳酸桿菌等,人體健康不可或缺,可以合成各種維生素,參與食物的消化,促進(jìn)腸道的蠕動(dòng),抑制治病菌群的生長(zhǎng),分解有害、有毒的物質(zhì)。此外,益生菌不僅能刺激造血,而且也能增強(qiáng)成熟細(xì)胞的功能[26]。人體的健康和腸道內(nèi)的益生菌群結(jié)構(gòu)息息相關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)充益生菌能夠改變腸道菌群的構(gòu)成與數(shù)量[27-28],單一低劑量短療程可明顯緩解IBS的腸道癥狀[29]。朱麗明等[30]通過(guò)對(duì)158例腹瀉型IBS患者的研究表明,美常安(枯草桿菌、屎腸球菌二聯(lián)活菌)和培菲康(雙歧桿菌、乳酸桿菌、腸球菌三聯(lián)活菌)可以減輕腹瀉型IBS的臨床癥狀,改善生活質(zhì)量,并且益生菌組的不良反應(yīng)與安慰劑對(duì)照組不良反應(yīng)并無(wú)顯著性差異。楊文偉等[31]對(duì)84例IBS患者的研究表明,雙歧桿菌四聯(lián)活菌片治療IBS療效確切,其通過(guò)抑制IBS患者血清P物質(zhì)的釋放和促進(jìn)神經(jīng)肽Y的釋放,糾正腦-腸軸中興奮性與抑制性物質(zhì)的比例失調(diào)密切相關(guān)。高宇等[32]對(duì)120例IBS患者的研究表明,益生菌結(jié)合行為干預(yù)療效較好,且能促進(jìn)免疫功能的提高,緩解患者焦慮與抑郁的情緒,提高生活質(zhì)量。此外,Aizawa等[33]近年研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)雙歧桿菌和乳酸桿菌減輕IBS患者抑郁情緒。然而并不是所有益生菌都能對(duì)IBS起到緩解癥狀的作用,Kruis等[34]研究了Escherichia coli Nissle 1917對(duì)IBS的治療效果,結(jié)果顯示IBS患者的癥狀緩解率和生活質(zhì)量并無(wú)明顯提高。
3.3 艾灸刺激 艾灸是一種中醫(yī)療法,是中國(guó)古代治療疾病的手段,將燃燒后的艾條懸灸于人體特定的穴位,從而通過(guò)局部溫?zé)岽碳ば?yīng)和經(jīng)絡(luò)調(diào)節(jié)治療疾病。王樹(shù)東等[35]對(duì)大鼠腸道菌群失調(diào)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),艾灸不同部位的募穴可以選擇性調(diào)整腸道優(yōu)勢(shì)益生菌,艾灸關(guān)元穴可使雙歧桿菌和乳酸桿菌數(shù)量增加,艾灸天樞穴可使腸桿菌和腸球菌數(shù)量增加,從而調(diào)整菌群治療腸道疾病。但此治療在人體尚需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。羅三嬌等[36]將95例腹痛腹瀉型IBS患者隨機(jī)分為治療組和對(duì)照組,治療組采用艾灸結(jié)合舒特治療,對(duì)照組采用得舒特治療,結(jié)果表明艾灸結(jié)合得舒特能顯著提高治療IBS的療效。潘彩虹[37]選取了68例IBS患者,均分兩組,對(duì)照組只用參苓白術(shù)散加味治療,觀察組加以艾灸治療,結(jié)果表明,觀察組有效率顯著高于對(duì)照組,且復(fù)發(fā)率顯著低于對(duì)照組,兩組試驗(yàn)結(jié)果差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。包春輝等[38]研究表明,灸法可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群的機(jī)制,對(duì)IBS患者無(wú)論是腹瀉型還是便秘型都有良好的陣痛效果,可改善患者的生活質(zhì)量。
3.4 根除H.pyloriH.pylori是一種有鞭毛的螺旋狀微需氧菌,革蘭氏染色陰性,經(jīng)糞-口途徑或口-糞途徑傳播。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家H.pylori感染率約30%,在包括我國(guó)在內(nèi)的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,其感染率達(dá)50%以上。H.pylori感染與胃和十二指腸潰瘍的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。Gerards等[39]對(duì)31例IBS患者的H.pylori感染率進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,研究表明,感染H.pylori的IBS患者其內(nèi)臟敏感性高于未感染H.pylori的IBS患者。而Reshetnikov等[40]對(duì)439例青少年IBS患者的研究表明,H.pylori的感染與IBS無(wú)關(guān)。黎志軍[41]對(duì)功能性消化不良患者根除H.pylori治療前后的各種癥狀進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)根除H.pylori后患者功能性消化不良癥狀明顯改善。呂颯美[42]在2015年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腸易激組H.pylori的感染率高達(dá)62.5%,而對(duì)照組僅為45.5%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,然而H.pylori的感染與IBS的分型并無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。葉天利[43]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),功能性消化不良與H.pylori感染存在明顯的關(guān)系,在治療功能性消化不良時(shí),根除H.pylori是不錯(cuò)的選擇。綜上,根除H.pylori對(duì)IBS的治療價(jià)值還需進(jìn)一步研究。
目前IBS發(fā)病機(jī)制并不確切,上述諸多研究表明IBS患者普遍存在腸道菌群的紊亂,以腸道菌群為靶點(diǎn)調(diào)整腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和重建腸道微生態(tài)能夠確實(shí)緩解IBS的癥狀,但是也存在諸多問(wèn)題,如,糞菌移植治療IBS的論證不夠充分,是否能作為常規(guī)治療手段還未有定論,艾灸治療缺乏大樣本的討論,并且每種治療方式都缺乏一定的特異性和個(gè)體化,隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)和分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,未來(lái)研究應(yīng)著手于了解IBS患者腸道菌群的具體改變及其致病作用,以綜合化、個(gè)體化的治療達(dá)到臨床最佳治療效果。
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(責(zé)任編輯:陳香宇)
Progress of intestinal flora in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
ZHAO Meng1, LI Yan2
1.Department of Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, China
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder with unclear pathogenesis. It is characterized by abdominal pain and change of bowel evacuation habits. Studies have shown that intestinal flora disorder acts an important role of its pathogenesis. Symptoms can be alleviated by fecal microbiota transplantation, adding probiotics, aijiu therapy and obliterating Helicobacter pylori. This article reviewed the progress of the treatments of IBS by modulating intestinal flora.
Irritable bowel syndrome; Therapy; Intestinal flora; Fecal microbiota transplantation; Probiotics; Helicobacter pylori
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.05.003
趙萌,在讀本科生,E-mail:351525991@qq.com
李巖,教授,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:腸道微生態(tài)。E-mail:yanli0227@126.com
R574.4
A
1006-5709(2017)05-0487-04
2016-08-15