張青萍 許昱
[摘要] 變應(yīng)性鼻炎與支氣管哮喘均屬于呼吸道炎癥疾病,由IgE介導(dǎo)、嗜酸粒細(xì)胞數(shù)量在氣道顯著增加為其病理生理特點,兩者有相似且交叉的發(fā)病機制及臨床治療,流行病學(xué)上兩者的發(fā)病率密切相關(guān),基于“同一氣道、同一疾病”的觀點,在支氣管哮喘重塑研究的基礎(chǔ)上,變應(yīng)性鼻炎是否存在重塑尚有爭議,本文總結(jié)變應(yīng)性鼻炎在流行病學(xué)上與哮喘的關(guān)系,鼻黏膜在變應(yīng)原長期刺激下的重塑(包括上皮細(xì)胞、基底膜厚度、血管及黏液腺的改變)及在重塑研究中可能起重要作用的細(xì)胞因子,更加全面且深入地研究變應(yīng)性鼻炎,旨在為臨床治療變應(yīng)性鼻炎提供一條新策略及途徑。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 變應(yīng)性鼻炎;重塑;支氣管哮喘
[中圖分類號] R765.21 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2016)11(c)-0043-05
Research on remodeling and related factors of allergic rhinitis
ZHANG Qingping XU Yu
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
[Abstract] Allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma are respiratory inflammatory diseases mediated by IgE, the number of eosinophils in the airway was significantly increased as the pathological and physiological characteristics, the two have similar and cross the pathogenesis and clinical treatment, epidemiological study on the incidence of the two closely linked,based on the "one airway, one disease" point of view, the study of remodeling on bronchial asthma is comprehensive, allergic rhinitis remodeling remains controversial, this article aims to summarize the relationship between allergic rhinitis and asthma in the epidemiology, remodeling of the nasal mucosa in long-term allergen stimulated (including epithelial cells, basement membrane thickness, vascular and glandulae mucosa changes) and the cytokines may play an important role in the remodeling of the nasal mucosa, more comprehensive and in-depth study of allergic rhinitis, and provide a new strategy and approach for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
[Key words] Allergic rhinitis; Remodeling; Bronchial asthma
變應(yīng)性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)和支氣管哮喘(bronchial asthma,BA)均屬于氣道變應(yīng)性疾病,在致敏原的刺激下Th1/Th2 CD4+細(xì)胞分化偏倚Th2 CD4+細(xì)胞,以IgE介導(dǎo)、嗜酸粒細(xì)胞浸潤為主要特征,肥大細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞、嗜堿粒細(xì)胞等多種炎性細(xì)胞及其分泌的細(xì)胞因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IFN-r、TNF-α等)參與的呼吸道慢性變應(yīng)性炎癥疾病。哮喘,為變應(yīng)性炎癥引起的下氣道病變,氣道長期處于修復(fù)和重塑的動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài),最終導(dǎo)致氣道不可逆性縮窄,并發(fā)老年慢性支氣管炎、肺氣腫、肺心病等嚴(yán)重疾患。在哮喘氣道黏膜組織重塑的基礎(chǔ)研究上學(xué)者們把目光放在了AR鼻黏膜是否可能和下呼吸道相似存在組織重塑,相關(guān)的報道不多且已有的報道尚存在爭議。本文就近年對AR在流行病學(xué)與哮喘的關(guān)系、鼻黏膜病理組織重塑及與之可能相關(guān)的重塑因子做一總結(jié)。
1 流行病學(xué)
《全球哮喘負(fù)擔(dān)報告》公布,世界范圍內(nèi)已有3億多例的哮喘患者,且尚有許多潛在增加的患者未統(tǒng)計在內(nèi)[1]。AR患者在全球范圍內(nèi)亦持續(xù)增多[2-3]。Settipane等[4]進(jìn)行了一項為期23年的前瞻性調(diào)查研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)10.5%的AR患者會發(fā)展為哮喘,而未患有AR的人只有3.6%會發(fā)展為哮喘。Togias[5]報道,AR患者中同時患有哮喘的占20%~38%,顯著高于普通人群的3%~8%。哮喘患者中有60%~70%同時患有AR,而普通人群AR的患病率為5%~25%。Grossman[6]首次明確提出“同一氣道、同一疾病”的觀點,強調(diào)呼吸道炎癥性疾病整體性的概念,提示鼻黏膜的過敏性炎癥反應(yīng)(鼻癢、鼻塞、流清涕、打噴嚏)為氣道炎癥的局部表現(xiàn)。
2 鼻黏膜在變應(yīng)原長期刺激下的重塑
鼻黏膜是呼吸道對外來物質(zhì)的第一道屏障,電鏡下可見纖毛柱狀上皮細(xì)胞纖毛整齊,上皮間細(xì)胞緊密連接,基底細(xì)胞無破壞、基底膜無增厚,血管無擴(kuò)張和淤血,而AR鼻黏膜上皮、基底膜、血管增生及黏液分泌等方面是否存在重塑,尚無完全統(tǒng)一的觀點。
2.1 鼻黏膜上皮細(xì)胞的改變
在既往的報道中,AR患者鼻黏膜組織可觀察到上皮細(xì)胞損傷,上皮細(xì)胞間的緊密連接被破壞[7]。Glück等[8]報道在花粉致敏期,AR患者鼻黏膜上皮細(xì)胞顯著增生和化生,纖毛細(xì)胞缺失,杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量無改變[9]。另有報道,常年性AR患者相對于正常對照組鼻黏膜上皮增厚,并且可以觀察到上皮細(xì)胞化生[10-13]。目前,大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為,AR鼻黏膜受損與哮喘支氣管黏膜相比不如其明顯,但是電鏡下還可以察覺到一些細(xì)微的變化,如細(xì)胞質(zhì)空泡的形成和細(xì)胞間的間隙增大,纖毛細(xì)胞的不典型增生和化生[14-15]。
2.2 基底膜厚度
在無哮喘病史的AR患者中,Chakir等[16]對其支氣管黏膜活檢進(jìn)行基底膜研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)Ⅰ和Ⅲ型膠原、纖維連接蛋白相對于健康對照組在基底膜區(qū)的含量增加,上呼吸道基底膜區(qū)是否有相同的變化,Mora等[17]取26位AR患者下鼻甲黏膜進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)92.3%基底膜區(qū)增厚。Agha-Mir-Salim等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基底膜增厚在AR患者下鼻甲黏膜中較為常見,其可能是對上皮細(xì)胞損傷的反應(yīng),膠原沉積導(dǎo)致的纖維化可能是一種保護(hù)和調(diào)節(jié)機制,避免鼻黏膜過度水腫擴(kuò)張和增加通氣阻力。另外,支氣管哮喘有關(guān)研究報道,基底膜的厚度與疾病本身的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[19],但在AR疾病中尚缺乏此方面大樣本有力的研究。
2.3 血管重塑
AR鼻黏膜血管重塑目前研究尚無統(tǒng)一定論。鼻腔黏膜下的血管極其豐富,有大量的小動脈、小靜脈及其組成的血管網(wǎng)。通過比較AR患者與正常對照組患者鼻黏膜血管體積和密度,提示無血管再生[20],但是促進(jìn)血管起始形成及成熟的細(xì)胞因子,如PDGF及血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在鼻黏膜表達(dá)上升[21]。
2.4 黏液腺改變
黏液的分泌一部分由鼻黏膜表皮的杯狀細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,同時在固有層也有一些漿液-黏液分泌腺。在對季節(jié)性AR的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在發(fā)病期杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量與平時沒有明顯不同,所以于杯狀細(xì)胞的數(shù)量在AR患者鼻黏膜中是否有增多仍值得商榷[9]。另外,Salib等[22]研究報道提示,腺體的結(jié)構(gòu)有變化,如腺泡腫脹、腺泡和導(dǎo)管退化萎縮甚至阻塞。
3 鼻黏膜重塑相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子和生長因子
近些年,研究AR重塑相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子和生長因子相關(guān)報道大量涌現(xiàn),其中轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(transforming growth factor beta 1,TGF-β1),基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制劑(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases,TIMPs),VEGF和PDGF與AR的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。
3.1 TGF-β
TGF-β有6種亞型,其中TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3有60%~80%的序列同源。TGF-β1存在于所有的哺乳動物中,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞組織修復(fù)和纖維化的發(fā)生[23],在氣道的重塑中有極其重要的作用。Makinde等[24]研究在哮喘大鼠模型中TGF-β可以誘導(dǎo)氣管上皮凋亡,上皮脫落、黏液高分泌、血管生成、動脈平滑肌細(xì)胞過度肥大。TGF-β在氣道上皮重塑中促進(jìn)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的合成和組織纖維化[25]。Am[26]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),TGF-β1的高表達(dá)與慢性鼻竇炎不伴息肉(CRSsNP)類型組織病理學(xué)特點以纖維化為主有重要的關(guān)系,在慢性鼻竇炎伴鼻息肉(CRSwNP)及正常組織中呈低表達(dá)。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報道,CRSwNP相對于CRSsNP其基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制劑-1(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,TIMP-1)及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制劑-4(TIMP-4)呈明顯的低表達(dá),不能抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-7(MMP-7)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的水解活性,而這可能與TGF-β1含量減少相關(guān)[27]。馮會杰等[28]證實,TGF-β1在AR患者取下鼻甲組織進(jìn)行定量檢測呈高表達(dá),導(dǎo)致基底膜增厚,固有層纖維化面積增加,參與了AR黏膜的重塑,與疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有著密切的關(guān)系。
3.2 MMPs與TIMPS
MMPs是鋅離子依賴的肽鏈內(nèi)切酶的總稱,具有蛋白水解酶活性,可水解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)組分,包括MMP-1、MMP-2、MMP-7及MMP-9等26種亞型,TIMPs為基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制劑,包括TIMP-1、TIMP-2、TIMP-3及TIMP-4 四種亞型,抑制基質(zhì)降解。機體狀態(tài)下MMPs及TIMPs通過影響細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解與重組的動態(tài)平衡而參與胚胎發(fā)育、組織重構(gòu)、創(chuàng)傷修復(fù)等生理及病理過程。MMP-9又稱為Ⅳ膠原酶、明膠酶,可降解Ⅳ、Ⅴ型膠原,明膠蛋白及彈性蛋白等。Hoshino等[29]報道,BA患者的支氣管黏膜,相對于對照組基底膜增厚,MMP-9呈高表達(dá),TIMP-1起主要抑制作用,Mautino等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),未經(jīng)臨床治療的哮喘患者其支氣管肺泡灌洗液可檢測高表達(dá)水平TIMP-1,提示與組織纖維化相關(guān)。MMPs與TIMP-1兩者之間的平衡打破可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)在氣道壁沉積增多,參與氣道重塑。近年來,MMPS、TIMPs與AR關(guān)系研究逐漸增多,Asano等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在AR患者中,MMP-2和MMP-7作為主要的蛋白水解酶參與了鼻黏膜的重塑。Shin等[32-33]的實驗結(jié)果顯示,在AR患者中TIMP-1表達(dá)增加。
3.3 VEGF
VEGF家族包括VEGF-A、B、C、D、E、F和胎盤生長因子7種類型,其中VEGF-A在機體病理生理方面起主要作用,其亞型VEGF121和VEGF165在炎癥反應(yīng)過程中是主要的分泌物且具有較強的生物活性[34]。VEGF是較強的血管通透因子,其效力至少是組胺的一萬倍。VEGF通過控制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移來調(diào)節(jié)血管生成,在氣道上皮修復(fù)和重塑過程中起重要的作用。VEGF在哮喘患者的氣道呈高表達(dá)[35]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在AR患者鼻黏膜中,VEGF表達(dá)上調(diào)[36]。VEGF基因主要表達(dá)在支氣管和鼻息肉黏膜上皮,缺氧促進(jìn)其表達(dá)[37]。另一血管生成相關(guān)因子PDGF促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性,上調(diào)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附分子。最近文獻(xiàn)報道,PDGF通過ERK通路調(diào)節(jié)MMPs和TIMPs的動態(tài)平衡促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[38]。VEGF和PDGF分別負(fù)責(zé)血管形成的啟動和成熟[39]。Moon等[40]報道,在AR鼻黏膜血管重塑中血管生成相關(guān)因子如VEGF和PDGF存在著重要的因果關(guān)系,拮抗VEGF和PDGF受體可以抑制重塑過程,其機制可能通過調(diào)節(jié)MMP-9/TIMP-1的表達(dá)。
目前為止,AR鼻黏膜是否明確存在重塑仍有爭議。Chanez等[41]認(rèn)為,在長期AR患者中無上皮細(xì)胞受損和基底膜增厚。Eifan等[42]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):與健康對照組比較,實驗組AR患者鼻黏膜雖然在鼻部癥狀評分、視覺模擬量表、生活質(zhì)量評分、鼻腔灌洗液諸如IL-4,IL-5,IL-13高于對照組,并且黏膜下嗜酸粒細(xì)胞增多,但是長期AR鼻黏膜不存在明顯的組織重塑,長期AR和健康對照組在血管和淋巴管生成、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)沉積、膠原沉淀、網(wǎng)狀基底膜厚度及腺體面積百分比方面沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。但是大部分學(xué)者仍傾向于AR鼻黏膜存在重塑,盡管鼻黏膜作為呼吸道第一道防御屏障并且長期暴露在致敏性物質(zhì)和抗原中,其結(jié)構(gòu)的重塑不如支氣管黏膜明顯,對于這種差異目前提出兩個可能的因素:一方面在哮喘中平滑肌細(xì)胞對于結(jié)構(gòu)的重塑發(fā)揮了重要作用,然而鼻黏膜缺乏此種細(xì)胞;另一方面,胚胎分化的不同,鼻黏膜來自外胚層,支氣管黏膜由內(nèi)胚層分化而來,兩者的基因表達(dá)不同可能是氣道重塑差異的重要原因,但仍需要進(jìn)一步研究[43-45]。
綜上所述,相對于哮喘,AR鼻黏膜組織重塑的確切發(fā)生機制尚須進(jìn)一步實驗研究,隨著認(rèn)識的深入,將為臨床上治療AR提供新的治療策略。
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(收稿日期:2016-08-16 本文編輯:王紅雙)