張 晶,張定一,王 麗,毛平平,趙 娟,王姣愛*
(1 山西省農(nóng)科院小麥研究所,山西臨汾 041000;2 山西師范大學(xué),山西臨汾 041000;3 臨汾市氣象局,山西臨汾 041000)
不同有機肥和氮磷組合對旱地小麥的增產(chǎn)機理研究
張 晶1,張定一1,王 麗2,毛平平2,趙 娟3,王姣愛1*
(1 山西省農(nóng)科院小麥研究所,山西臨汾 041000;2 山西師范大學(xué),山西臨汾 041000;3 臨汾市氣象局,山西臨汾 041000)
【目的】有機無機肥配施可為作物提供更全面的養(yǎng)分,改善光合性能而提高產(chǎn)量。為進一步挖掘旱地小麥的增產(chǎn)潛力,2012~2014 年,在山西省臨汾市丘陵旱地開展了有機肥與氮磷配施對小麥增產(chǎn)效果與機理的研究。 【方法】通過田間裂區(qū)設(shè)計,有機肥為主區(qū),設(shè)施羊糞 22.5 t/hm2(MS)、豬糞 22.5 t/hm2(MP)、精制有機肥2.25 t/hm2(MO);氮磷配施量為副區(qū),設(shè)不施氮、磷肥 (N0P0),N 105 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2(N105P75)、N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5105 kg/hm2(N150P105)。供試小麥品種‘晉麥 92 號’,生育期測定旗葉 SPAD 相對值、籽粒灌漿參數(shù)、干物質(zhì)積累和收獲期籽粒產(chǎn)量。 【結(jié)果】有機肥與氮磷配施均使小麥灌漿后期 SPAD 相對值下降緩慢。單施有機肥時,豬糞使小麥灌漿中期 SPAD 相對值和平均灌漿速率最高,精制有機肥使灌漿后期 SPAD 相對值最高,灌漿持續(xù)期延長最多,莖葉轉(zhuǎn)移量和穗部積累量最高。有機肥與氮磷配施時,MSN150P105、MPN105P75、MON105P75有利于提高旗葉后期 SPAD 相對值,延長灌漿持續(xù)期,使干物質(zhì)積累量增加。有機肥與氮磷配施較單施有機肥成穗數(shù)和千粒重提高,產(chǎn)量增加,以 MSN150P105產(chǎn)量最高,其次是 MPN105P75,二者間差異不顯著。 【結(jié)論】山西南部丘陵旱地小麥有機肥與適量化肥配施,使成穗數(shù)增加,并可以改善光合特性,延長灌漿持續(xù)期,增加千粒重實現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)。本研究中,施羊糞 22.5 t/hm2時,配施純 N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5105 kg/hm2的增產(chǎn)效果最好,施豬糞 22.5 t/hm2時,配施純 N 105 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2可實現(xiàn)減施高產(chǎn)。
有機肥;氮磷肥;旱地小麥;增產(chǎn)效果
我國傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)是施用有機肥培肥地力,種植農(nóng)作物。隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的迅速發(fā)展,化肥用量日益增加,甚至完全取代了有機肥。過量施用化肥造成土壤質(zhì)量變差、肥料利用率低、生產(chǎn)成本高及農(nóng)業(yè)水土環(huán)境污染等一系列問題[1–3]。有機無機肥配施可使土壤微生物獲得充足的碳氮源,改善土壤供氮特性,提高氮肥利用效率[4–6]。適量的有機無機肥配施可以保持微量營養(yǎng)元素平衡,有效降低重金屬污染風(fēng)險,實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展[7–8]。有機無機肥配施時,化肥肥效迅速,主要在開花前促進分蘗;有機肥肥效持久,可延長葉片功能期和灌漿進程,有利于后期干物質(zhì)的積累和轉(zhuǎn)運[9–11]。為充分利用農(nóng)牧業(yè)有機廢棄物和有機肥,提高化肥利用效率,培肥地力[12–15],通過連續(xù)兩年田間試驗,研究了有機肥與氮磷配施對旱地小麥旗葉光合性能、籽粒灌漿特性、干物質(zhì)積累及產(chǎn)量的影響,旨在為山西省南部丘陵旱地實現(xiàn)小麥高產(chǎn)高效栽培提供適宜的有機肥與氮磷配施量。
1.1 試驗地概況
試驗于 2012~2014 年在山西省臨汾市堯都區(qū)大陽鎮(zhèn)岳壁村同一塊試驗田連續(xù)進行。試驗地土壤為石灰性褐土,質(zhì)地中壤,位于北緯 36°5.520′,東經(jīng)111°45.727′,海拔 693.5 m,年均氣溫 12.6℃,年降水量 430~550 mm。連續(xù) 2 年試驗數(shù)據(jù)趨勢基本一致,本文以 2013~2014 年試驗數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。本年度小麥生育期有效降水量 232.1 mm。耕層土壤理化性狀為有機質(zhì) 9.08 g/kg、堿解氮 48.33 mg/kg、速效磷 12.44 mg/kg、速效鉀 128 mg/kg。
1.2 試驗設(shè)計
本試驗采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計,有機肥為主區(qū),設(shè)施羊糞 22.5 t/hm2(MS)、豬糞 22.5 t/hm2(MP)、精制有機肥2.25 t/hm2(MO) 處理, 供試有機肥養(yǎng)分含量見表 1;氮、磷配施量為副區(qū),設(shè)不施氮、磷肥 (N0P0),N 105 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2(N105P75),N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5105 kg/hm2(N150P105),以及不施肥對照處理(CK),共 10 個處理,每處理 3 個重復(fù)。供試品種為‘晉麥 92 號’,9 月 28 日播種,播量 150 kg/hm2,6 月 5 日收獲,田間管理和病蟲害防治同當(dāng)?shù)馗弋a(chǎn)麥田。
表1 供試有機肥養(yǎng)分含量 (g/kg)Table 1 Nutrient content of tested organic fertilizer
1.3 測定項目與方法
1.3.1 SPAD 相對值 采用日本 SPAD–502 型葉綠素計測定葉片的 SPAD 相對值。從花后 7 d 開始,每 7 d上午 9 點隨機選取長勢、朝向和大小基本相同的旗葉,每小區(qū)測定 20 片,取平均值。
1.3.2 籽粒灌漿特性 初花期每個小區(qū)標(biāo)記長勢一致且同一天開花的 100 穗,在開花 7 d 后每隔 5 d 取 10穗,將每穗剝出,統(tǒng)計數(shù)目后烘干稱重。用 Logistic方程 Y = K/(1 + ea+bt) 擬合籽粒千粒重 (Y) 隨開花后天數(shù) (t) 的變化規(guī)律。式中,K 為千粒重潛力值;a和 b 為參數(shù)。對該方程求一階和二階導(dǎo)數(shù)得灌漿速率方程和次級灌漿參數(shù)。參數(shù)包括 T 灌漿持續(xù)天數(shù)(d);R 平均灌漿速率 (g/d);Rmax最大灌漿速率 (g/d);T1、T2、T3分別表示漸、快和緩增期灌漿持續(xù)時間(d);R1、R2、R3分別表示漸、快和緩增期平均灌漿速率 (g/d)。
1.3.3 干物質(zhì)積累量 各小區(qū)在定點調(diào)查樣方外,于開花期、灌漿期、成熟期隨機選取代表性植株 20 個單莖裝入密封塑料袋,帶回室內(nèi)將植株按莖葉、穗部分開,在 105℃ 烘箱內(nèi)殺青 30 min 后,80℃ 烘至恒重稱干重。
1.3.4 產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素 收獲當(dāng)天在各小區(qū) 2 個調(diào)查樣方中的 1 個內(nèi)隨機拔取行長 20 cm 全部植株,隨機取 5 株,去除穗粒數(shù)小于 5 粒穗數(shù)后,準(zhǔn)確計數(shù)有效成穗數(shù),并調(diào)查每穗粒數(shù),求平均值為穗粒數(shù);各處理收獲 2 個未取樣調(diào)查樣方外,再隨機取 3 個 1.0 m2,脫粒,風(fēng)干后稱重;數(shù)取 500 粒稱重,換算成千粒重,2 次重復(fù) (重復(fù)間相差≤0.5 g),80℃ 下烘至恒重,計算籽粒風(fēng)干含水率,按 13% 含水率計算千粒重和產(chǎn)量。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
試驗數(shù)據(jù)用 Excel 和 DPS 軟件進行分析。
2.1 有機肥與氮磷配施對旱地小麥旗葉SPAD相對值的影響
由圖 1 知,有機肥與氮磷配施花后 28 d 旗葉SPAD 相對值均高于 CK。單施豬糞 7~21 d 旗葉SPAD 相對值最高,單施精制有機肥 21~28 d 旗葉SPAD 相對值最高。羊糞與氮磷配施花后旗葉 SPAD相對值持續(xù)升高,21 d 最高,隨后下降,其中羊糞與 N150P105配施 (MSN150P105) 灌漿期旗葉 SPAD 相對值均高于羊糞其他處理。豬糞與氮磷配施花后 7~21 d旗葉 SPAD 相對值比較穩(wěn)定,花后 28 d 豬糞與 N105P75配施 (MPN105P75) SPAD 相對值高于豬糞其他處理。精制有機肥與 N105P75配施旗葉 SPAD 相對值隨生育期推遲而下降,N150P105先升后降,花后 28 d 精制有機肥與 N105P75配施 (MON105P75) SPAD 相對值高于精制有機肥其他處理。
圖1 不同有機肥與氮磷配施處理小麥的 SPAD 相對值Fig.1 The SPAD of leaves in wheat affected by different fertilizer combination
2.2 有機肥與氮磷配施對旱地小麥籽粒灌漿特性的影響
用 Logistic 方程對有機肥與氮磷配施籽粒灌漿進程進行擬合,千粒重 (Y) 與花后天數(shù) (t) 的擬合方程見表 2,各方程的決定系數(shù)在 0.990~0.999 之間,擬合度高,說明方程可以客觀反映有機肥與氮磷配施對小麥品種籽粒灌漿進程的影響。單施有機肥時,精制有機肥灌漿持續(xù)時間 (T) 最長,豬糞平均灌漿速率 (R) 和最大灌漿速率 (Rmax) 最高。羊糞與氮磷配施T 隨氮磷肥施用量增加而升高,R 和 Rmax則降低,N150P105處理小麥快增期、緩增期持續(xù)天數(shù) (T2、T3)及灌漿速率 (R1、R2、R3) 均最高;豬糞、精制有機肥與氮磷配施 T 隨氮磷肥施用量增加先升高后降低,R 和 Rmax則相反,N105P75灌漿各時期持續(xù)天數(shù)(T1、T2、T3) 均最高。
2.3 有機肥與氮磷配施對旱地小麥干物質(zhì)積累和轉(zhuǎn)運的影響
由表 3 知,有機肥與氮磷配施總干物質(zhì)積累量均高于 CK。單施有機肥時,精制有機肥莖葉轉(zhuǎn)運量和穗部積累量最高。羊糞與氮磷配施莖葉干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運量隨氮磷肥施用量增加先升高后降低,穗部和總干物質(zhì)積累量隨氮磷肥施用量增加而增加,以N150P105最高;豬糞、精制有機肥與氮磷配施莖葉干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運量隨氮磷肥施用量增加先降低后提高,穗部干物質(zhì)和總積累量則相反,以 N105P75最高。
2.4 有機肥與氮磷配施對旱地小麥產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成的影響
由表 4 知,產(chǎn)量以有機肥與氮磷配施高于單施有機肥,單施有機肥高于對照。不同有機肥單施處理的產(chǎn)量差異不顯著。羊糞與氮磷配施成穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重及產(chǎn)量均隨氮磷施用量增加而升高,以配施 N150P105處理最高;豬糞、精制有機肥與氮磷配施成穗數(shù)、千粒重及產(chǎn)量隨氮磷施用量增加先升高后降低,以配施 N105P75最高,穗粒數(shù)則相反。MSN150P105處理與對照產(chǎn)量差異達極顯著水平,MPN105P75與對照產(chǎn)量差異達顯著水平。
表2 不同有機肥與氮磷配施小麥籽粒灌漿進程曲線模擬參數(shù)Table 2 Curvilinear equation of accumulation and grain filling parameters in wheat affected by different fertilizer combinations
表3 不同有機肥與氮磷配施小麥的干物質(zhì)積累和轉(zhuǎn)運量 (g/plant)Table 3 Accumulation and translocation of dry matter in wheat affected by different fertilizer combinations
有機無機肥配施能夠提高灌漿中后期葉綠素含量,延緩灌漿后期葉片衰老[16–19]。本研究表明,單施有機肥、有機無機配施均能提高小麥灌漿后期 SPAD相對值,延緩葉片衰老。單施有機肥處理時,豬糞在小麥灌漿中期的 SPAD 相對值和平均灌漿速率最高,這可能與豬糞中速效磷含量相對較高,磷對籽粒灌漿有促進作用有關(guān)。精制有機肥使小麥灌漿后期能維持較高的 SPAD 相對值和灌漿持續(xù)天數(shù)最長,這可能與精制有機肥中富含有益微生物,施入后與土壤微生物形成共生增值關(guān)系,提高土壤中養(yǎng)分有效性,從而延緩小麥灌漿后期葉片衰老。有機無機肥適量配施,既有速效養(yǎng)分又有緩效有機養(yǎng)分,充分發(fā)揮各自優(yōu)勢,既促進分蘗,又滿足小麥后期養(yǎng)分需求,延緩灌漿后期葉片衰老,提高葉片光合性能[16]。本研究表明有機肥與氮磷配施時,羊糞與高量氮磷肥配施、豬糞和精制有機肥與低量氮磷肥配施可提高葉片光合能力,有效延長灌漿持續(xù)期。
表4 不同有機肥與氮磷配施小麥的產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成Table 4 Yield component and yield in wheat affected by different fertilizer combination
合理肥料運籌可協(xié)調(diào)花前花后的物質(zhì)積累,保持源庫暢通,促進物質(zhì)向籽粒中快速轉(zhuǎn)移,對于提高作物產(chǎn)量具有重要意義[20–22]。本研究表明,有機肥與氮磷配施總干物質(zhì)積累量均高于單施有機肥和對照,這與有機肥與氮磷配施改善光合性能,延緩旗葉衰老,促進干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。
有機肥與氮磷配施產(chǎn)量均高于單施有機肥和對照,這與前人研究結(jié)果一致[23–24]。趙雋等[16,25]認(rèn)為,施用有機肥可提高千粒重,但穗粒數(shù)和成穗數(shù)降低。本研究表明,單施有機肥和有機肥與氮磷配施使成穗數(shù)和千粒重提高,與前人研究結(jié)果存在差異,這與施肥量、基礎(chǔ)地力不同有關(guān)。單施有機肥增產(chǎn)幅度較小,有機肥與氮磷配施增產(chǎn)幅度較大,其中羊糞和高量氮磷肥配施與對照差異極顯著、豬糞和低量氮磷肥配施產(chǎn)量與對照差異顯著,增產(chǎn)主要與成穗數(shù)和千粒重有關(guān)。
本研究結(jié)果表明,山西南部丘陵旱地小麥在施羊糞 22.5 t/hm2時,配施純 N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5105 kg/hm2增產(chǎn)效果最好,在施豬糞 22.5 t/hm2時,配施純 N 105 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2可實現(xiàn)減施高產(chǎn)。
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The mechanism of different combinations of organic and N, P fertilizers increasing yield of dryland wheat
ZHANG Jing1, ZHANG Ding-yi1, WANG Li2, MAO Ping-ping2, ZHAO Juan3, WANG Jiao-ai1*
( 1 Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linfen, Shanxi 041000, China; 2 Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi 041000, China; 3 Weather Bureau of Linfen, Linfen, Shanxi 041000, China )
【Objectives】Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer can provide enough nutrient to crops to increase production. In order to dig into yield potential in dryland wheat, effects of combined application of organic and N, P fertilizers on yield increasing and mechanism of hilly dryland wheat were studied in Linfen City, Shanxi Province from 2012 to 2014. 【Methods】A randomized block design with a split plot experiment was laid out and three kinds of organic fertilizer, 22.5 t/hm2of pig manure (MP), 22.5 t/hm2of sheep manure (MS) and 2.25 t/hm2of refined organic fertilizer (MO), were used as the main plot factors. Four N, P fertilizers rates were set as sub plots: N0P0, N105P75, N150P105, and CK. The SPAD value of flag leaf, grain-filling characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield of the Jinmai 92 were tested. 【Results】The SPAD value of organic and N, P fertilizers decreased slowly in the late sage of seed filling. The SPAD value and average rate of the middle stage of filling was the highest in single pig manure. The SPAD value of the late stage of filling, grain filling duration, stem leaf transferring and amount of spike were the highest in single refined organic fertilizer. The SPAD value,grain filling duration, dry matter accumulation were improved in MSN150P105, MPN105P75and MON105P75. The number of ears, 1000-grain weight and yield of organic and N, P fertilizers were higher than those single organic fertilizer. The yield of MSN150P105was the highest and had no significant difference with MPN105P75. 【Conclusion】Organic fertilizer with a suitable amount of chemical fertilizer, increase panicles, and could improve the photosynthetic characteristics, extend the filling duration, increase grain production in hilly dryland of Shanxi, yield increasing effect was the best in 22.5 t/hm2of sheep manure combining N 150 kg/hm2and P2O5105 kg/hm2, 22.5 t/hm2of pig manure combining N 105 kg/hm2and P2O575 kg/hm2could reduce fertilizer application and increase production.
organic fertilizer; N, P fertilizers; dryland wheat; yield increasing
2016–05–17接受日期:2016–09–07
國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(CARS-03-07);國家科技支撐計劃(2015BAD22B03-03);省科技攻關(guān)項目(20130311008-3)資助。
張晶(1984—),女,山西襄汾人,碩士,助理研究員,主要從事小麥生理栽培研究。E-mail:zhangjing3298@163.com
* 通信作者 E-mail:wangjiaoai6226@163.com