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Src家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶(SFKs)對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性的調(diào)節(jié)作用

2017-03-02 07:18王平忠王曉艷申煥君
關(guān)鍵詞:通透性酪氨酸激酶

王平忠,王曉艷,姜 泓,杜 虹,申煥君,李 璟

(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院傳染科,陜西西安710038)

Src家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶(SFKs)對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性的調(diào)節(jié)作用

王平忠,王曉艷,姜 泓,杜 虹,申煥君,李 璟

(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院傳染科,陜西西安710038)

血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是機(jī)體重要的屏障和半透膜.溶質(zhì)滲出主要經(jīng)細(xì)胞旁途徑和穿細(xì)胞途徑,分別與細(xì)胞屏障結(jié)構(gòu)受損和質(zhì)膜小凹(caveolae)或囊泡的形成與分離有關(guān).Src家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶(SFKs)可使一些屏障結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白(如VE-cadherin、連環(huán)蛋白、踝蛋白、紐蛋白)和質(zhì)膜小凹形成與分離相關(guān)的蛋白(如小凹蛋白-1、發(fā)動(dòng)蛋白-2)磷酸化,破壞屏障結(jié)構(gòu)和增加質(zhì)膜小凹的形成與分離.因此,SFKs對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用.本文就SFKs如何調(diào)節(jié)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性做一詳細(xì)介紹.

Src家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶;內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性;細(xì)胞連接;磷酸化

0 引言

血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是機(jī)體重要的屏障,能夠維持血漿大分子、蛋白、溶質(zhì)等處于動(dòng)態(tài)平衡狀態(tài).當(dāng)機(jī)體受到刺激時(shí),單層內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞允許炎癥細(xì)胞進(jìn)入血管運(yùn)輸?shù)饺戆l(fā)揮作用.這種通透性是由于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間或細(xì)胞與胞外基質(zhì)之間的連接結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生重組,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞間形成縫隙,致使細(xì)胞通透性升高.目前關(guān)于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞屏障功能調(diào)節(jié)已經(jīng)有許多研究,如信號(hào)分子RhoA、Rac1和Cdc42通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞骨架來(lái)影響通透性.本研究主要介紹Src家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶(Src family protein tyrosine kinases,SFKs)對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用.

1 內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間及細(xì)胞與基質(zhì)間的連接結(jié)構(gòu)

血管內(nèi)皮包括單層內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和基膜,是血管腔面的一層半通透性屏障.內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞之間以及細(xì)胞與胞外基質(zhì)之間借助諸多連接蛋白的連接構(gòu)成了堅(jiān)實(shí)和完整的屏障結(jié)構(gòu).內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞之間通過(guò)緊密連接(tight junctions,TJ)、黏附連接(adherens junctions,AJ)和縫隙連接(gap junctions,GJ)而互相連在一起(圖1),成為細(xì)胞屏障結(jié)構(gòu)的主要部分.①緊密連接.主要由閉鎖蛋白(occludin)、閉合蛋白(claudins)和連接黏附分子(junctional adhesion molecules,JAM)構(gòu)成.其中,閉鎖蛋白只定位于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞的緊密連接中.在腦的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞高水平表達(dá),而在非神經(jīng)組織的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)量很低[1].閉合蛋白家族有24個(gè)成員,與閉鎖蛋白無(wú)序列相似性,展示復(fù)雜的組織特異性表達(dá)譜,如人角膜內(nèi)皮普遍表達(dá)claudin-1,-2,-4,-7,-10,-11,-15,-22和-23[2-3].連接黏附分子(JAM-A)為糖蛋白,與其同源的還有JAM-B和JAM-C.閉鎖蛋白、閉合蛋白、連接黏附分子的胞外域各自互相連接,以維持細(xì)胞間結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性,它們的胞內(nèi)域借閉鎖小帶(zona occludens,ZO)與肌動(dòng)蛋白(actin)骨架連接.②黏附連接.主要成分是血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞鈣黏蛋白(vascular endothelial cadherin,VE-cad).VE-cad的胞外域互相連接,呈拉鏈樣結(jié)構(gòu).

胞內(nèi)域直接與β-連環(huán)蛋白(catenins,cat)和p120-cat連接,并借α-cat和γ-cat與肌動(dòng)蛋白骨架連接.③縫隙連接.由連接蛋白類(connexins,CX)形成.人類已鑒定了21種不同的CX,但在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)的有3種:CX37、CX40、CX43.其中CX37、CX40高表達(dá)于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,而CX43的表達(dá)較低[4].

此外,整合素(integrins)通過(guò)基質(zhì)蛋白(玻連蛋白、纖連蛋白)將內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)連接(圖1).其中,整合素的胞內(nèi)域通過(guò)踝蛋白(talin)和紐蛋白(vinculin)與肌動(dòng)蛋白骨架聯(lián)系,共同構(gòu)成了黏著斑連接(focal adhesions,F(xiàn)A),黏著斑提供了肌動(dòng)蛋白骨架收縮的錨定點(diǎn).

溶質(zhì)分子滲出通常經(jīng)細(xì)胞旁途徑(paracellular pathway)和穿細(xì)胞途徑(transcellular pathway).細(xì)胞旁途徑與細(xì)胞屏障結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性有關(guān),是溶質(zhì)滲出的主要途徑.當(dāng)發(fā)生感染、炎癥或腫瘤等刺激時(shí),屏障功能受損,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間隙形成,對(duì)溶質(zhì)分子的選擇性喪失,導(dǎo)致通透性升高,組織水腫.穿細(xì)胞途徑與質(zhì)膜小凹(caveolae)或囊泡的形成與分離有關(guān),是血漿蛋白運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕緩?小凹蛋白-1(caveolin-1)是小凹的主要成分,參與小凹的形成,而GTP酶發(fā)動(dòng)蛋白-2(dynamin-2)參與新形成小凹的分離.

圖1 內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間及細(xì)胞與基質(zhì)間連接結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖(參考Mehta D,et al[5])

2 SFKs的結(jié)構(gòu)特征

SFKs是一種非受體的細(xì)胞質(zhì)蛋白酪氨酸激酶,從N-端到C-端分別是十四烷基化位點(diǎn)(M)、Src同源域4(SH4)、獨(dú)特區(qū)(U)、Src同源域3(SH3)、Src同源域2(SH2)、連接子(L)、催化域(CD)(或稱SH1)和調(diào)節(jié)域(R)(圖2).十四烷基化位點(diǎn)和SH4與細(xì)胞膜的結(jié)合有關(guān).獨(dú)特區(qū)是不同Src家族成員所特有,可能介導(dǎo)SFKs和其他蛋白的相互作用.SH3、SH2是蛋白相互作用域,SH3識(shí)別富含脯氨酸的區(qū)域,而SH2識(shí)別蛋白中磷酸化的酪氨酸殘基.SH1是蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性位點(diǎn).Src有2個(gè)主要磷酸化位點(diǎn),即位于SH1的Tyr416和位于調(diào)節(jié)域(R)的Tyr527.這兩個(gè)位點(diǎn)的磷酸化狀態(tài)在Src激酶活性調(diào)節(jié)中起關(guān)鍵作用.

圖2 SFKs結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖(參考Okada M[6])

Src家族有9個(gè)成員:c-Src、Fyn、Yes、Yrk、Lyn、Lck、Hck、Fgr、Blk.其中c-Src、Fyn、Yes、Lyn、Yrk廣泛表達(dá)于不同類型細(xì)胞,而Lck、Hck、Fgr、Blk則主要表達(dá)于造血干細(xì)胞.在血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,從mRNA和蛋白水平均可檢測(cè)到c-Src、Yes、Fyn、Lyn的表達(dá)[7].

3 SFKs的活化及其對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性的調(diào)節(jié)

Src定位于細(xì)胞的許多區(qū)域,如細(xì)胞膜、核膜、胞內(nèi)體膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞間粘附連接等.正常細(xì)胞Src的基礎(chǔ)活性很低,當(dāng)受外界因素(如細(xì)胞因子[8]、細(xì)菌[9-10]、病毒[11]等)刺激時(shí),通過(guò)磷酸化狀態(tài)的控制或蛋白-蛋白相互作用,可從無(wú)活性狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛谢钚誀顟B(tài).首先,Src活性可通過(guò)Tyr416和Tyr527磷酸化狀態(tài)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié).Tyr416磷酸化或Tyr527去磷酸化使Src活化.相反,Tyr416去磷酸化或Tyr527磷酸化使Src活性降低[12-13].其次,Src活性也可通過(guò)SH2域磷酸酪氨酸和SH3域脯氨酸富集基序(motif)聯(lián)合介導(dǎo)的特異性蛋白相互作用進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié).憑借協(xié)調(diào)Src激酶活化及其與靶蛋白相互作用的SH2或SH3域,分子間的結(jié)合可能取代抑制的分子內(nèi)的相互作用.研究[14-15]發(fā)現(xiàn),SH2和SH3序列基序(motif)在許多信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)分子如效應(yīng)蛋白、接頭分子、核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子及細(xì)胞骨架蛋白中被廣泛發(fā)現(xiàn).

SFKs具有多種功能,除了調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)與分化、粘附與運(yùn)動(dòng)、腫瘤發(fā)生、免疫細(xì)胞功能外,在細(xì)胞通透性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),SFKs對(duì)細(xì)胞旁途徑和穿細(xì)胞途徑的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)均具有調(diào)節(jié)作用.Cao等[16]利用SFKs特異性的pp60c-SrcsiRNA轉(zhuǎn)染血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)這會(huì)導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)引起的通透性降低.細(xì)胞旁途徑源于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間屏障結(jié)構(gòu)的改變.SFKs的許多靶分子(底物)如血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞鈣粘蛋白(VE-cad)、踝蛋白(talin)、紐蛋白(vinculin)、連環(huán)蛋白(catenins-α、β、γ、p120)等都是細(xì)胞間或細(xì)胞與基質(zhì)間結(jié)構(gòu)的重要成分,當(dāng)這些蛋白被Src磷酸化后,屏障結(jié)構(gòu)受損,通透性增加(圖3)[17-20].研究[21]表明,利用SFKs抑制劑處理細(xì)胞,不僅會(huì)抑制連接蛋白的磷酸化,同時(shí)還會(huì)使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性降低.同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),VE-cad的Y658和Y685位點(diǎn)與細(xì)胞連接的破壞相關(guān)[22].值得一提的是[23],過(guò)表達(dá)p120會(huì)阻止pY416-Src和VE-cad的結(jié)合從而抑制中性粒細(xì)胞穿過(guò)內(nèi)皮遷移.此外,VE-cad被Src激酶磷酸化后,還可引起內(nèi)化(internalization),導(dǎo)致屏障完整性丟失[24].

圖3 Src對(duì)VE-cad和連環(huán)蛋白的磷酸化及其對(duì)通透性的影響(Dejana E,et al[17])

穿細(xì)胞途徑依賴質(zhì)膜小凹(caveolae)或囊泡的形成與釋放.小凹蛋白-1(caveolin-1)是小凹的主要成分.該蛋白的Tyr14是c-Src的主要磷酸化位點(diǎn).該位點(diǎn)的Src磷酸化是小凹形成、融合和跨內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性調(diào)節(jié)的重要步驟[25].細(xì)胞膜新形成的小凹的分離則主要與GTP酶發(fā)動(dòng)蛋白-2(dynamin-2)有關(guān).該蛋白的Tyr231、Tyr597可被Src激酶磷酸化,誘導(dǎo)其自我組裝,增加GTP酶活性,刺激白蛋白的胞吞作用(endocytosis)[26-27].

另外,SFKs也可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)黏著斑復(fù)合物(包含整合素、FAK激酶和多個(gè)接頭蛋白)來(lái)影響通透性的變化.研究[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),VEGF能促進(jìn)FAK的FERM區(qū)和VE-cad胞內(nèi)域的結(jié)合,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致beta-catenin的Y142位點(diǎn)磷酸化,粘附連接VE-cad和beta-catenin復(fù)合物遭到破壞,致使內(nèi)皮通透性升高.Src作為FAK的上游分子,在此過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用.皮質(zhì)肌動(dòng)蛋白結(jié)合蛋白(Cortactin)是一種微絲骨架結(jié)合蛋白,是Scr激酶直接磷酸化的底物,其磷酸化修飾定位于黏著斑位置,參與細(xì)胞和胞外基質(zhì)的粘附調(diào)控.Ho等[29]通過(guò)體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)下調(diào)Tbdn蛋白會(huì)激活c-Src/Cortactin通路,導(dǎo)致Cortactin的Y421磷酸化,致使血漿蛋白滲透率升高.

需要說(shuō)明的是,SFKs能夠?qū)е录?xì)胞通透性升高,但是也有例外[30].本研究使用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和VEGF刺激血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,c-Src和Yes增加了細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物的泄露,而Lyn則加強(qiáng)了內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的連接,維持細(xì)胞通透性.另有研究[31]表明,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性的研究中,Src介導(dǎo)的酪氨酸磷酸化是必需的,但是卻是不足的,推測(cè)還有其他信號(hào)通路參與,其中一種可能是SFKs協(xié)同p38MAPK通路發(fā)揮作用.

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

SFKs對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性具有非常重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用.低活性的SFKs有利于維持內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞屏障結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性,減少穿細(xì)胞小凹的形成與分離,降低細(xì)胞通透性,而高活性的SFKs則能引起細(xì)胞通透性顯著增加.了解SFKs的活化和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制及其在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性變化中的作用,將有助于開(kāi)辟治療血管通透性升高的相關(guān)疾?。ㄈ缂毙苑螕p傷、ARDS、腎綜合征出血熱等)的新途徑.

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The role of Src family protein tyrosine kinases in regulating permeability of vascular endothelial cell

WANG Ping-Zhong,WANG Xiao-Yan,JIANG Hong,DU Hong,SHEN Huan-Jun,LI Jing
Department of Infectious Diseases,Tangdu Hospital,F(xiàn)ourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710038,China

Vascular endothelial cells form a semi-permeable barrier between blood and tissue.The paracellular pathway and the transcellular pathway are main channels of solutes leakage.They are associated with disorganization of cellular barrier and formation and fission of caveolae or vesicles,respectively.Src family protein tyrosine kinases(SFKs)induce the phosphorylation of many important proteins in barrier(VE-cadherin,catenin,talin,vinculin)and caveolae structure(caveolin-1,dynamin-2),leading to damage of cellular barrier and increase of caveolae formation and fission.Therefore,SFKs plays an importmant role in regulating permeability of vascular endothelial cell.In this study,we make a detailed introduction that how SFKs regulates the permeability of vascular endothelial cell.

Src family protein tyrosine kinases;endothelial cell permeability;cell junction;phosphorylation

Q28

A

2095-6894(2017)01-07-04

2016-11-10;接受日期:2016-11-26

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81373118)

王平忠.教授,博士,博士生導(dǎo)師.Tel:029-83515039

E-mail:wangpz63@126.com

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