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·科研綜述·
血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為研究進(jìn)展
楊淼淼,趙慧華
對(duì)血液透析病人首選的血管通路即動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺的自我護(hù)理行為現(xiàn)狀、影響因素、測(cè)量工具、干預(yù)方法等進(jìn)行綜述,以提高護(hù)理人員對(duì)血液透析病人血管通路的關(guān)注,進(jìn)而提高血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺的自我護(hù)理能力,延長(zhǎng)動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺使用壽命。
血液透析;動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺;血管通路;自我護(hù)理
維持性血液透析病人常用的血管通路包括動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺(arteriovenous fistula,AVF)、移植物血管內(nèi)瘺(arteriovenous graft,AVG)、中心靜脈導(dǎo)管(central venous catheter,CVC)3種[1]。其中動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺因臨床操作方便、血流量大而穩(wěn)定、病人生活運(yùn)動(dòng)不受限制、使用壽命最長(zhǎng)、并發(fā)癥最少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)逐漸成為血液透析病人的首選[2-3]。雖然其并發(fā)癥少,但仍有病人因血管通路并發(fā)癥而需入院接受治療。據(jù)估計(jì),每年用于血管通路障礙的經(jīng)濟(jì)費(fèi)用已超過(guò)10億美元,并呈持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)[4]。血管通路并發(fā)癥不僅增加病人痛苦、影響生活質(zhì)量,導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療費(fèi)用增加,也是終末期腎病病人再入院、發(fā)病和死亡的主要原因[5]。有研究通過(guò)對(duì)110例血液透析病人進(jìn)行為期9個(gè)月的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),病人自我護(hù)理水平高低與動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺相關(guān)性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[6]。國(guó)外的指南和專家共識(shí)都推薦,對(duì)血液透析病人的血管通路應(yīng)予以關(guān)注,并指導(dǎo)病人掌握血管通路自我護(hù)理的方法[7-8]。
盡管血管通路被稱為血液透析病人的“生命線”,其功能的好壞直接影響病人的透析充分性和生活質(zhì)量,然而血液透析病人血管通路的護(hù)理狀況并未得到足夠的重視。國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于慢性病自我管理的研究較多,但關(guān)于血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為狀況的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較少[9]。僅在血液透析病人自我管理的研究中被提及。一項(xiàng)多中心的調(diào)查顯示,血液透析病人自我護(hù)理和共同承擔(dān)照護(hù)責(zé)任兩個(gè)維度得分較高,但自我管理行為總體得分較低[10]。佘燕朝[11]研究顯示:血液透析病人自我管理總水平處于中等水平,其中服藥依從行為(97.33%)、形成良好的生活習(xí)慣(88.35%)、內(nèi)瘺保護(hù)行為(83.74%)、自我病情監(jiān)測(cè)(83.17%)維度得分較高。宋藝君等[12]采用其自行構(gòu)建的血液透析病人自我管理量表對(duì)196例血液透析病人進(jìn)行調(diào)查顯示,病人自我管理的平均分為58.82分;4個(gè)維度的條目平均得分從高到低依次為問(wèn)題解決、自我照顧、伙伴關(guān)系、情緒處理。Li等[13]研究顯示:198例維持性血液透析病人的自我管理的平均分為56.01分,其中自我護(hù)理維度得分最高。上述研究都提示血液透析病人自我護(hù)理能力相對(duì)較好。但自我護(hù)理包括自我護(hù)理維持和自我護(hù)理管理,自我護(hù)理維持指遵從健康的行為;自我護(hù)理管理包括追蹤治療進(jìn)度,監(jiān)測(cè)癥狀、體征和副作用,尋求積極有益的行為等[14]。而上述研究工具中關(guān)于評(píng)估動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為的條目只有一個(gè),因此無(wú)法全面、有針對(duì)性地對(duì)血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估。有研究對(duì)110例血液透析病人血管通路的護(hù)理狀況進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,結(jié)果顯示,超過(guò)2/3的病人自我護(hù)理總水平處于中等水平[15],所有病人都知道應(yīng)該避免在內(nèi)瘺側(cè)肢體穿刺、測(cè)血壓、采血,但其他方面的知曉度及依從性卻較低。Costa Pessoa等[16]研究顯示:97.7%的血液透析病人存在動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為不足,只有33.3%病人會(huì)在內(nèi)瘺血腫形成24 h內(nèi)采用冷敷,43.4%病人會(huì)控制水分?jǐn)z入以減少透析間期體重增加量。因此,加強(qiáng)血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為的指導(dǎo),成為臨床亟須解決的問(wèn)題。
2.1 人口學(xué)資料 包括年齡、性別、學(xué)歷、婚姻、職業(yè)、收入水平、透析年限、每周透析次數(shù)等。多項(xiàng)慢性病研究表明,人口學(xué)資料是自我護(hù)理行為的影響因素,然而關(guān)于這些因素與血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為間關(guān)系的研究較少。李慧[17]研究表明,性別和文化水平是血液透析病人自我護(hù)理行為的影響因素。
2.2 動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺相關(guān)知識(shí)水平和自我效能 有效的自我護(hù)理需要有正確的相關(guān)知識(shí)的指導(dǎo)[18]。研究表明,知識(shí)水平直接影響病人血管通路的選擇[19]。國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)多種慢性病包括心力衰竭、糖尿病、慢性腎臟病等研究表明,幫助病人掌握疾病相關(guān)知識(shí)對(duì)提高病人自我護(hù)理行為產(chǎn)生正性作用[18,20-21]。目前關(guān)于血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為與知識(shí)水平相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)較少。有研究指出,血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺相關(guān)知識(shí)不足是導(dǎo)致其自我護(hù)理行為較低的原因,但是此研究自行研制的動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺相關(guān)知識(shí)問(wèn)卷采用的是問(wèn)答題形式,答題難度較高,病人不易接受。因此,動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺相關(guān)知識(shí)與自我護(hù)理行為間的關(guān)系有待進(jìn)一步研究。自我效能是個(gè)體對(duì)完成某個(gè)目標(biāo)的信心,是知識(shí)與自我護(hù)理行為間的重要媒介[22]。病人自我效能越高,則自我護(hù)理行為的采取、相關(guān)癥狀的管理越好,亦越有能力提高生活質(zhì)量、降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用[23]。
2.3 心理狀況與社會(huì)支持 研究表明,維持性血液透析病人存在不同程度的生理和心理問(wèn)題[24],其中抑郁和焦慮是最常見(jiàn)的情緒障礙[25]。負(fù)性心理狀況可導(dǎo)致不良健康預(yù)后,如病人自我護(hù)理意愿和生活質(zhì)量降低,可增加其死亡率和發(fā)病率[26-27]。有研究認(rèn)為血液透析病人焦慮與社會(huì)支持密切相關(guān),社會(huì)支持越低,其焦慮得分越高[28]。多項(xiàng)研究也表明,慢性病病人獲得社會(huì)支持越高,其自我護(hù)理行為越好[17,29]。原因可能是作為一種支持性的資源或行為,社會(huì)支持不僅為病人提供了積極的情緒體驗(yàn),也可緩沖壓力事件對(duì)個(gè)體健康的影響[30]。因此,關(guān)注血液透析病人心理和社會(huì)支持狀況,鼓勵(lì)醫(yī)護(hù)人員關(guān)愛(ài)病人,并對(duì)病人提出的問(wèn)題及時(shí)反饋,使其獲得足夠的心理和信息支持至關(guān)重要。
血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為評(píng)估量表(Scale of Assessment of Self-care Behaviors with Arteriovenous Fistula in Hemodialysis,ASBHD- AVF)由Sousa等[31]于2015年根據(jù)Orem自我護(hù)理理論發(fā)展而成,為自評(píng)量表,包括癥狀體征的管理和并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防2個(gè)維度,共16個(gè)條目。量表采用“從不、很少、有時(shí)、經(jīng)常、總是”Likert 5級(jí)計(jì)分,除條目12采用反向計(jì)分,其余條目均采用正向計(jì)分,所有條目分值相加就是總分,得分范圍為16分~80分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示病人自我護(hù)理行為水平越高。該量表的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.722~0.797。目前國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)公認(rèn)的、針對(duì)性較強(qiáng)的血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為評(píng)估工具。
健康教育不僅是創(chuàng)建理想的血管通路的前提,還可以提高動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺病人的自我護(hù)理行為,進(jìn)而減少并發(fā)癥,延長(zhǎng)自體動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺的使用壽命[32-33]。依據(jù)評(píng)估結(jié)果對(duì)病人及照顧者提供個(gè)性化教育和培訓(xùn)是預(yù)防和護(hù)理動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺并發(fā)癥的重要措施,而強(qiáng)化相關(guān)知識(shí)是病人對(duì)動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺相關(guān)并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確鑒別并給予正確預(yù)防和護(hù)理措施的關(guān)鍵。因此,對(duì)于使用動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺進(jìn)行血液透析的病人及家屬進(jìn)行關(guān)于內(nèi)瘺保護(hù)、物理檢查的指導(dǎo),對(duì)提高內(nèi)瘺成熟率和延長(zhǎng)內(nèi)瘺使用壽命是非常有必要的。美國(guó)腎臟基金會(huì)指南(KDOQI)[34]、日本透析治療學(xué)會(huì)指南[35]指出,作為動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺的自我監(jiān)測(cè)者和保護(hù)者,動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺術(shù)后病人應(yīng)掌握維護(hù)血管通路的基本方法,包括:做好個(gè)人衛(wèi)生、保持手臂清潔、用肥皂水清洗穿刺部位、勿抓撓此處等;按壓止血方法;識(shí)別感染的癥狀、體征;選擇合適的功能鍛煉以維持足夠血流量;每天檢查瘺管處有無(wú)震顫。同時(shí)每例病人都應(yīng)知道內(nèi)瘺側(cè)肢體不能提重物、穿過(guò)緊衣服、睡眠時(shí)不可壓迫;穿刺部位要交替使用;確保護(hù)士穿刺前,戴口罩且消毒方法正確;發(fā)現(xiàn)任何感染癥狀或瘺管聲音減弱/消失,都要立即通知醫(yī)生。另外,應(yīng)教會(huì)病人識(shí)別感染跡象,觸診搏動(dòng)、震顫的方法以及搏動(dòng)震顫消失時(shí)通知醫(yī)生的時(shí)間。
血液透析病人血管通路障礙直接影響病人透析的維持,嚴(yán)重者甚至危及生命。因此,規(guī)范血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺管理意義重大。血液透析護(hù)理專業(yè)人員應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)病人積極參與自我護(hù)理。在有效落實(shí)健康教育,指導(dǎo)病人掌握相關(guān)自我護(hù)理知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上,建立有針對(duì)性的評(píng)估工具。幫助病人通過(guò)對(duì)自身的客觀評(píng)估,了解個(gè)體動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為狀況,并通過(guò)分析其成因、擬定對(duì)策,有針對(duì)性地采取個(gè)性化的干預(yù)措施,延長(zhǎng)病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺的使用壽命。
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2016-09-25;
2017-08-21)
(本文編輯 蘇琳)
Researchprogressonself-carebehaviorofhemodialysispatientswitharteriovenousfistula
YangMiaomiao,ZhaoHuihua
(School of Nursing,Fudan University,Shanghai 200032 China)
It reviewed the status quo of self-care behaviors,influencing factors,measuring tools and intervention methods for hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula,in order to improve the care of vascular access in hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula,and then improve the self-care ability of hemodialysis patients,and prolong the service life of arteriovenous fistula.
hemodialysis;arteriovenous fistula;vascular access;self-care
R472
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2017.33.001
1009-6493(2017)33-4177-03
上海市衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)科研課題,編號(hào):201640321。
楊淼淼,碩士研究生在讀,單位:200032,復(fù)旦大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院;趙慧華(通訊作者)單位:200032,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院。
信息楊淼淼,趙慧華.血液透析病人動(dòng)靜脈內(nèi)瘺自我護(hù)理行為研究進(jìn)展[J].護(hù)理研究,2017,31(33):4177-4179.