陳秋賢 蔡麗生 方順勇 沈俊濤 連明橋 蔡銘智 洪建明
(福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬漳州市醫(yī)院普外二科,漳州 363000)
·臨床論著·
腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)及危險(xiǎn)因素分析*
陳秋賢 蔡麗生**方順勇 沈俊濤 連明橋 蔡銘智 洪建明
(福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬漳州市醫(yī)院普外二科,漳州 363000)
目的 探討腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)情況及危險(xiǎn)因素。 方法 回顧性分析2008年1月~2015年12月我院281例胃中上部癌行腹腔鏡根治性全胃切除術(shù)的臨床資料,根據(jù)Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)系統(tǒng)分析術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況,并采用logistic回歸分析術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。 結(jié)果 發(fā)生外科并發(fā)癥29例,發(fā)生率10.3%(29/281),其中嚴(yán)重外科并發(fā)癥9例,發(fā)生率3.2%(9/281)。術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)情況:Ⅰ級(jí)3例 (1.1%),Ⅱ級(jí)17例(6.0%),Ⅲa級(jí)4例(1.4%),Ⅲb級(jí)2例(0.7%),Ⅳ級(jí)2例(0.7%),Ⅴ級(jí)1例(0.4%)。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示患者年齡、BMI、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、腫瘤分化、腫瘤大小、浸潤(rùn)深度有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)。logistic多因素分析表明年齡(OR=2.671,95%CI:1.138~6.269,P=0.024)、BMI(OR=4.970,95%CI:1.597~15.465,P=0.006)、腫瘤大小(OR=3.311,95%CI: 1.068~10.260,P=0.038)、浸潤(rùn)深度(OR=4.472,95%CI:1.120~17.862,P=0.034)和術(shù)中出血量(OR=3.835,95%CI: 1.481~9.928,P=0.006)是腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。多因素logistic回歸模型預(yù)測(cè)患者術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的受試者工作特征(reciever operating characteristic,ROC)曲線下面積是0.784(0.695~0.873)。 結(jié)論 腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)以Ⅱ級(jí)較多見(jiàn);患者年齡≥65歲、BMI≥25、腫瘤大小≥50 mm、浸潤(rùn)深度≥T3及術(shù)中出血量≥100 ml應(yīng)警惕外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
胃癌; 腹腔鏡; 全胃切除術(shù); 外科并發(fā)癥; 危險(xiǎn)因素
近年來(lái),腹腔鏡技術(shù)由于創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后疼痛輕、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快及并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在胃癌中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越多[1,2]。在關(guān)注腹腔鏡胃癌根治術(shù)手術(shù)遠(yuǎn)期療效的同時(shí),應(yīng)非常重視手術(shù)的安全性[3]。盡管外科技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和手術(shù)器械的發(fā)展提高了手術(shù)安全性,但術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥仍是人們關(guān)注的重要問(wèn)題。腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)由于手術(shù)難度較大,相關(guān)報(bào)道較少,術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為7.0%~38.9%[4~6]。如果能了解外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,采取相適應(yīng)的圍術(shù)期干預(yù)措施,將有助于減少術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。但由于對(duì)術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的分級(jí)方法不盡相同,導(dǎo)致對(duì)腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥影響因素的研究存在一定的差異。本研究采用回顧性分析,通過(guò)應(yīng)用Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)系統(tǒng)[7]探討281例腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況及相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.1 一般資料
本組281例,男227例,女54例。年齡(62.2±10.7)歲。BMI 22.1±2.7。腫瘤位于胃上部153例,中部128例。腫瘤大小≥50 mm 146例,<50 mm 135例。血紅蛋白(123±24)g/L;白蛋白(38.3±5.1)g/L。術(shù)前合并癥80例,其中1~2種合并癥59例,2種以上合并癥21例。有腹腔手術(shù)史42例。
我科對(duì)胃上部癌常規(guī)實(shí)施全胃切除術(shù),以減少術(shù)后食管反流,提高生活質(zhì)量[8],病例選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前胃鏡證實(shí)為胃中上部腺癌;②術(shù)前檢查無(wú)腫瘤直接侵犯胰周圍臟器;③未發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;④術(shù)中施行根治性全胃切除和規(guī)范的胃周淋巴結(jié)清掃;⑤術(shù)后病理學(xué)診斷為R0切除。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①T4b期腫瘤、術(shù)中見(jiàn)腫瘤腹腔播散或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;②腹腔鏡手術(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)開腹手術(shù)者;③病理學(xué)診斷資料不全者。
1.2 方法
氣管插管全身麻醉,分腿仰臥位。術(shù)者站于患者左側(cè),助手站于患者右側(cè),扶鏡者站于患者兩腿之間。采用五孔法。氣腹建立后,維持腹內(nèi)壓12~15 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)。根據(jù)日本第14版《胃癌處理規(guī)約》進(jìn)行全胃切除術(shù)聯(lián)合胃周淋巴結(jié)清掃,其中進(jìn)展期患者常規(guī)行D2淋巴結(jié)清掃,早期、術(shù)前存在手術(shù)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指征的胃癌患者行D1+淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)[9]。消化道重建方式采用食管空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)。
1.3 變量和定義
術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥主要指術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的外科系統(tǒng)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,主要包括術(shù)后出血、吻合口漏、術(shù)后梗阻及腹腔感染等[10](術(shù)后出血:術(shù)后出現(xiàn)1 d內(nèi)血紅蛋白下降超過(guò)10 g/L,并具有嘔血、黑便、腹腔引流管或胃管引出血性液體等表現(xiàn)中的任何一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng);吻合口漏:腹腔內(nèi)容物通過(guò)引流管或手術(shù)部位流出,或者影像學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)[10];術(shù)后梗阻:影像資料顯示機(jī)械梗阻部位及氣液平面)。并發(fā)癥分級(jí)根據(jù)Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)系統(tǒng)[7]。Ⅰ級(jí):任何偏離正常的術(shù)后恢復(fù)過(guò)程,沒(méi)有生命危險(xiǎn),不需要藥物、介入治療,但允許對(duì)癥處理,如解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、止吐、利尿、調(diào)節(jié)電解質(zhì)、物理治療;Ⅱ級(jí):需要藥物治療,包括輸血和全腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng);Ⅲ級(jí):需要手術(shù)、內(nèi)鏡、影像學(xué)介入治療,并根據(jù)是否需要全身麻醉分為Ⅲa級(jí)(不需要)和Ⅲb級(jí)(需要);Ⅳ級(jí):威脅生命的并發(fā)癥需要ICU管理,并根據(jù)單個(gè)或多個(gè)器官衰竭分為Ⅳa級(jí)(單個(gè))和Ⅳb(多個(gè))級(jí);Ⅴ級(jí):并發(fā)癥死亡。當(dāng)并發(fā)癥不止一個(gè)時(shí),以最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥分級(jí)。嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥指分級(jí)≥Ⅲa級(jí)。
Charlson合并癥指數(shù)[11]是一項(xiàng)對(duì)基礎(chǔ)疾病的積分性評(píng)分系統(tǒng),評(píng)分為1的疾病包括腦血管疾病、慢性肺部疾病、心肌梗死、周圍血管疾病、糖尿病等疾??;評(píng)分為2的疾病包括中重度腎病、糖尿病伴器官損害、腫瘤、白血病等疾??;評(píng)分為3的疾病有中重度肝臟疾??;評(píng)分為6的疾病包括艾滋病、轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤。
本研究收集術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥潛在相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素的數(shù)據(jù),包括年齡、性別、BMI、腹部手術(shù)史、Charlson合并癥指數(shù)[11]、術(shù)前血紅蛋白水平、術(shù)前白蛋白水平、腫瘤部位、腫瘤大小、浸潤(rùn)深度、N分期、腫瘤分期、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、D1+/D2清掃、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、手術(shù)時(shí)期(以40例為腹腔鏡根治性全胃切除術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)曲線)[12]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 術(shù)中及病理分期情況
手術(shù)時(shí)間(182.8±48.7)min,術(shù)中出血量中位數(shù)70.0ml(25~2520ml)。D1+淋巴結(jié)清掃56例,D2淋巴結(jié)清掃225例,淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)(29.4±14.7)枚。根據(jù)2010年第7版UICC分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行TNM分期[13],Ⅰ期 66例,Ⅱ期 99例,Ⅲ期116例。
2.2 術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況
術(shù)后總并發(fā)癥(外科和內(nèi)科并發(fā)癥)發(fā)生率15.7%(44/281),其中術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥29例,發(fā)生率10.3%(29/281)。Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)情況見(jiàn)表1。感染和吻合口有關(guān)并發(fā)癥是最常見(jiàn)的外科并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重外科并發(fā)癥9例,發(fā)生率為3.2%,其中術(shù)后出血3例(1.1%)是最常見(jiàn)的嚴(yán)重外科并發(fā)癥。3例(1.1%)進(jìn)行了二次手術(shù)治療,包括1例吻合口漏、1例粘連性腸梗阻、1例脾梗死。術(shù)后30d內(nèi)死亡1例(0.4%),為脾梗死。
表1 術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)
2.3 術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥影響因素的單因素分析
單因素分析顯示7個(gè)因素有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,分別為年齡、BMI、腫瘤分化、腫瘤大小、浸潤(rùn)深度、手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)中出血量,見(jiàn)表2。
表2 并發(fā)癥影響因素的單因素分析
2.4 術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥影響因素的多因素分析
對(duì)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的7個(gè)變量進(jìn)行多因素分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡(OR=2.671,P=0.024)、BMI (OR=4.970,P=0.006) 、腫瘤大小(OR=3.311,P=0.038)、浸潤(rùn)深度(OR=4.472,P=0.034)和術(shù)中出血量(OR=3.835,P=0.006)是外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見(jiàn)表3。
表3 術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的多因素分析
2.5 多因素模型預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的受試者工作特征(reciever operating characteristic,ROC)曲線驗(yàn)證
多因素模型[Logit(P)=-7.687-0.983×年齡(≥65歲)-1.603×BMI(≥25)-1.498×浸潤(rùn)深度(≥T3)-1.197×腫瘤大小(≥50 mm)-1.344×術(shù)中出血量(≥100 ml)]預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的ROC曲線下面積為0.784(0.695~0.873),見(jiàn)圖 1。
圖1 多因素模型預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的ROC曲線
一些前瞻性的隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果已經(jīng)證實(shí)腹腔鏡技術(shù)在治療早期遠(yuǎn)端胃癌的重要價(jià)值[1,3]。隨著腹腔鏡胃癌根治手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷積累以及外科器械的進(jìn)步,腹腔鏡技術(shù)在中上部胃癌和進(jìn)展期胃癌中的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越廣泛。腹腔鏡胃癌全胃切除術(shù)能夠達(dá)到與傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)相當(dāng)?shù)母涡猿潭群土馨徒Y(jié)清掃范圍,其在技術(shù)上的可行性已經(jīng)得到證實(shí)[14,15]。由于胃周血供豐富、 解剖層次復(fù)雜、 脾門淋巴結(jié)清掃及消化道重建困難,因此,腹腔鏡根治性全胃切除術(shù)技術(shù)難度較大,如何有效地提高腹腔鏡手術(shù)的安全性, 一直是國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者所關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率是常用于衡量手術(shù)安全性的指標(biāo),但由于不同研究外科并發(fā)癥的定義和分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不盡相同,不同學(xué)者報(bào)道的外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率存在一定差異。有學(xué)者提出采用Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)系統(tǒng)來(lái)規(guī)范并發(fā)癥的定義和分級(jí)[7]。該系統(tǒng)已成為目前評(píng)估并發(fā)癥的嚴(yán)重程度和衡量手術(shù)安全性較為客觀、可靠的工具[16]。因此,本研究采用Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)系統(tǒng)分析腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。腹腔鏡胃癌根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥和嚴(yán)重外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率分別為7.0%~28.9%和2.4%~10.8%[4~6,17]。本研究術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥和嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率分別為10.3%(29/281)、3.2%(9/281)。韓國(guó)的一項(xiàng)大樣本回顧性分析顯示,胃癌術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥主要為:腸梗阻、腹腔出血、十二指腸殘端漏、吻合口漏、腹腔感染等[18]。本研究中術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥以吻合口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥及術(shù)后感染為主。
影響腹腔鏡胃癌根治術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素報(bào)道不一。Lin等[4]報(bào)道年齡、術(shù)前合并癥和手術(shù)時(shí)間是影響腹腔鏡根治性全胃切除術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Jiang等[19]研究顯示高BMI和術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足會(huì)使術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率顯著增高。Kawamura等[20]認(rèn)為ASA分級(jí)、術(shù)前化療和術(shù)中出血量等因素是術(shù)后易發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的重要因素。然而關(guān)于影響腹腔鏡根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素鮮有報(bào)道。本研究多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素包括年齡(β=0.983)、BMI(β=1.603)、腫瘤大小(β=1.197)、浸潤(rùn)深度(β=1.498)和術(shù)中出血量(β=1.344)。應(yīng)用ROC曲線分析logistic回歸模型預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的概率,以預(yù)測(cè)概率0.5為判別分界點(diǎn),判對(duì)率為78.4%(ROC曲線下面積達(dá)到0.784)。中國(guó)胃腸外科研究組(CLASS)的研究表明腹腔鏡手術(shù)對(duì)于老年(年齡>65歲)進(jìn)展期胃癌患者是安全可行的[21],老年胃癌患者不應(yīng)該作為腹腔鏡手術(shù)的禁忌[22],但是老年患者身體重要臟器的生理功能及代償儲(chǔ)備功能都有所下降,且常伴有不同程度的基礎(chǔ)疾病,耐受手術(shù)和麻醉的能力差,容易出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥甚至術(shù)后死亡[23],尤其是同時(shí)存在其他危險(xiǎn)因素時(shí),因此,對(duì)于這一特殊人群仍需高度重視。另外,BMI對(duì)腹腔鏡根治性全胃切除術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生具有重要影響。BMI通過(guò)對(duì)手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量的影響直接或間接影響患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[24]。我們認(rèn)為肥胖患者對(duì)腹腔鏡手術(shù)視野和手術(shù)操作可造成一定影響,增加淋巴結(jié)清掃難度和手術(shù)時(shí)間,手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)能間接增加術(shù)后輕微并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[25]。當(dāng)腫瘤較大、浸潤(rùn)程度較深時(shí),手術(shù)難度加大,手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),手術(shù)對(duì)患者的創(chuàng)傷增加,可導(dǎo)致術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的增加。此外,由于術(shù)中出血需要額外的結(jié)扎、壓迫止血,嚴(yán)重出血甚至導(dǎo)致血容量下降,這些均可導(dǎo)致組織供氧不足,增加感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[26,27]。
總之,對(duì)于存在術(shù)后外科并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,如年齡≥65歲、BMI≥25、腫瘤大小≥50 mm、浸潤(rùn)深度達(dá)固有肌層以上和術(shù)中出血量≥100 ml的患者,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)圍術(shù)期干預(yù)措施,以提高手術(shù)安全性。由于本研究為單中心回顧性研究,樣本量較少,更可靠的結(jié)果有賴于多中心大樣本的前瞻性試驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證。
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(修回日期:2016-12-11)
(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)
Risk Factors Analysis and Clavien-Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications After Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
ChenQiuxian,CaiLisheng,FangShunyong,etal.
DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,ZhangzhouAffiliatedHospitalofFujianMedicalUniversity,Zhangzhou363000,China
CaiLisheng,E-mail:cailisheng@medmail.com.cn
Objective To investigate risk factors and Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications after laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG). Methods Clinical data of 281 patients who underwent LTG for middle or upper gastric cancer in our hospital from January 2008 to December 2015 were collected. The surgical complications after LAG were analyzed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, and risk factors of the postoperative surgical complications were evaluated by using the logistic regression model. Results Of the 281 patients, 29 (10.3%) had postoperative surgical complications, and 9 (3.2%) developed major surgical complications. According to the Clavien-Dindo classification of postoperative surgical complications, 3 patients (1.1%) were detected in grade Ⅰ, 17 (6.0%) in grade Ⅱ, 4 (1.4%) in grade Ⅲa, 2 (0.7%) in grade Ⅲb, 2 (0.7%) in grade Ⅳ and 1 (0.4%) in grade Ⅴ. The univariable analysis showed that age, BMI, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, tumor size, tumor grade and depth of tumor invasion were associated with an increased risk of surgical complications after LTG. A multivariate analysis showed that age (OR=2.671, 95%CI: 1.138-6.269,P=0.024), BMI (OR=4.970, 95%CI: 1.597-15.465,P=0.006), tumor size (OR=3.311, 95%CI: 1.068-10.260,P=0.038), depth of tumor invasion (OR=4.472, 95%CI: 1.120-17.862,P=0.034) and intraoperative blood loss (OR=3.835, 95%CI: 1.481-9.928,P=0.006) were identified as independent risk factors for postoperative surgical complications. The area under the ROC curve was 0.784 (0.695-0.873) for the logistic regression model for postoperative surgical complications. Conclusions Surgical complications after LTG are mainly in grade Ⅱ of Clavien-Dindo classification. Age ≥65 years, BMI ≥25, tumor size ≥50 mm, depth of tumor invasion ≥T3and intraoperative blood loss ≥100 ml are independent risk factors for postoperative surgical complications.
Gastric neoplasm; Laparoscopy; Total gastrectomy; Surgical complication; Risk factor
福建省醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新課題(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):2014-CXB-29)
A
1009-6604(2017)02-0120-06
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2017.02.007
2016-06-27)
**通訊作者,E-mail:cailisheng@medmail.com.cn