安徽 吳元培
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型高考考點(diǎn)透析
安徽 吳元培
強(qiáng)調(diào)句是中學(xué)英語中的一個(gè)重要句型,是人們?yōu)榱烁行У剡M(jìn)行思想交流的重要手段之一。人們?cè)诮浑H過程中,為了使自己的思想能為聽者或讀者恰當(dāng)?shù)乩斫?,必須突出重要的?nèi)容,這就需要運(yùn)用強(qiáng)調(diào)的手段。它也是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)。因此掌握這一結(jié)構(gòu),把握高考命題特點(diǎn),有助于更好地運(yùn)用這一句型。對(duì)此本文作如下闡述:
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“It is (was )+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who )+句子的剩余部分”。在高考試題中,對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的考查主要體現(xiàn)在用它來強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的主語、賓語、狀語或狀語從句。把需要加強(qiáng)語氣的部分放在“It is (was)”之后。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分主語是人時(shí),可用連詞that 或who;如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是物時(shí),只能用連詞that。一般來講,原句的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼哪撤N時(shí)態(tài),用“It is+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who )+ 句子的剩余部分”;如果原句謂語動(dòng)詞是過去的某種時(shí)態(tài),則用“It was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who )+句子的剩余部分”。
【典例1】(2017 ·天津卷改編)It was when I got back to my apartment________ I first came across my new neighbors.
答案:that。解析:句意是:當(dāng)我回到我的公寓的時(shí)候,我第一次遇見了我的新鄰居。此句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語when I got back to my apartment;強(qiáng)調(diào)句常用句型:It is (was) +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)...
【 典 例 2】(2016 ·上 海 卷 )But like so many other things, it is only too much stress _________ does you harm.
答案:that。解析:本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子的主語“only too much stress”指物,所以此空填that。
【典例3】(2016 ·天津卷改編)You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel_________ the coach picks up tourists.
答案:that。解析:句意是:你等錯(cuò)地方了。長途客車是在賓館接游客。本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)的是地點(diǎn)狀語“at the hotel”,所以此空填that。
這一特殊的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是:It is (was) not until +時(shí)間狀語或時(shí)間狀語從句+that +句子的剩余部分。
【注意】此句型只能用until,不能用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,till,until通??赏ㄓ?;因?yàn)榇司湫椭衝ot已經(jīng)前置,that后面要用肯定的陳述結(jié)構(gòu),切勿再用否定句。
【典例4】(2015 ·重慶卷改編)Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century__________ his musical gift was fully recognized.
答案:that。解析:句意是:巴赫死于1750年,但是直到19世紀(jì)初他的音樂天賦才得到完全認(rèn)可。此句是關(guān)于“not...until ”的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,本句強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語,所以此空填 that。
(一)一般疑問句:Is / was it +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who)+句子的剩余部分。
(二)特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+is / was it +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who )+句子的剩余部分。此外,強(qiáng)調(diào)句型為疑問句時(shí),that常省略。
【典例5】(2014 ·四川卷改編)Was it because Jack came late for school__________ Mr. Smith got angry?
答案:that。解析:強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)“It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分that/who+其他成分”,本題強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句“because Jack came late for school”。本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問句形式,應(yīng)將was放在it之前,所以此空填that。
【典例6】(改錯(cuò))Why is it that makes some people appear astonishingly youthful while others seem much older than their actual age?
答案:將Why改為What。解析:根據(jù)句法,問句中缺少主語,所以用疑問代詞,而不能用疑問副詞;然后對(duì)疑問代詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),因此用“特殊疑問詞+ is/was it +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who )+句子的剩余部分”這一句式。所以將Why改為What。
名詞性從句中嵌套的強(qiáng)調(diào)句,如果這個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是從句的主語、賓語,并對(duì)這一被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分進(jìn)行提問,從句仍要用一般陳述句語序。
【典例7】(2006 ·山東卷) (改錯(cuò))I just wonder what is that makes him so excited.
答案:在is前加it。解析:此賓語從句中嵌套了一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,這個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是賓語從句的主語,所以用疑問代詞what,然后又對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語進(jìn)行提問;并且名詞性從句要用一般陳述句語序。所以在is前加it。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的感嘆句的句式特征為:what/ how ... it is /was (that) +主語+謂語!用感嘆句表示說話人強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。
【典例8】(改錯(cuò))You can’t imagine what excited it was that they were when they heard the news that the Chinese team won.
答案:把what改為how。解析:根據(jù)句法分析,imagine后接一個(gè)賓語從句,在這個(gè)賓語從句中,嵌套了由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句;imagine后接一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的感嘆句形式的賓語從句,賓語從句還應(yīng)用一般陳述句的形式,中心詞是形容詞excited,所以用“How+adj.+ it was(that) +主語+謂語”,that可以省略。故把what改為how。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句的反意疑問句應(yīng)與前面保持一致。
【典例9】It was Catherine and her friend who sent the old man to the hospital, ___________?
答案:wasn’t it。解析:強(qiáng)調(diào)句的反意疑問句應(yīng)與前面保持一致,前面是肯定形式,所以反意疑問句應(yīng)用否定形式,所以此空填wasn’t it。
對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的識(shí)別也非常簡(jiǎn)單,如果把“it is/was”和“that /who”去掉,若能還原出句法結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子來,則為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,否則就不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。同時(shí)還要正確地掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句與時(shí)間狀語從句、名詞性從句以及定語從句之間的區(qū)別。
【典例10】(2015 ·湖南卷改編)It was when we were returning home__________ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
答案:that。解析:句意是:正是在我回家的時(shí)候我才意識(shí)到在危難之時(shí)幫助別人的感覺是多么令人愉悅。如果去掉句中的It was和空格處所填的that,剩下“when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.”,句意仍然完整,因此本句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
【典例11】—Was it under the tree_________ you were away talking to a friend?
—Sure. But when I got back there, the bike was gone.
答案:while/ when。解析:如果沒有下文,則此句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是地點(diǎn)狀語“under the tree”,此空應(yīng)填that。但根據(jù)上下文的語境,本句中it是代詞,指代下文提到的the bike;根據(jù)句意,此句是時(shí)間狀語從句,句意是:——當(dāng)你離開去同朋友談話的時(shí)候,你的自行車是在這棵樹下嗎?——當(dāng)然,但當(dāng)我回來時(shí),自行車就不見了。故此空填while或when。
【 典 例 12】(2007 ·山 東 卷 )—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm__________ we worked.
答案:where。解析:乍一看答語是個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,其實(shí)本題考查的是定語從句。根據(jù)上下文的語境,答語是一個(gè)省略了的強(qiáng)調(diào)句,可補(bǔ)為“It was on the farm________we worked that I got to know her.”;而這個(gè)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的地點(diǎn)狀語“on the farm”后接一個(gè)定語從句,先行詞是farm,從句基本句意完整,故用關(guān)系副詞where。
①when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,在“It is/ was+具體的時(shí)間點(diǎn)+ when...”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,主句中的it指時(shí)間,后接時(shí)間點(diǎn),常譯為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候,是什么時(shí)間”。
②before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的句型有:“it will not be...before...”與“it was not...before...”表示“沒過多久就……”;而“it will be...before...”和“it was...before...”表示“過了多久/就/才……”。
③“It is/has been+一段時(shí)間+since+從句(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí))”與“It was/had been+一段時(shí)間+since從句(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí))”表示“自從……以來多長時(shí)間了或出現(xiàn)了某種狀態(tài)”,注意:如果since從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞,則譯為“自從……以來多長時(shí)間了”;如果從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,則譯為“不做……多長時(shí)間了”。
④“It/This/That is+次數(shù)+that...”表示“這/那是某人第幾次做某事”,這是個(gè)定語從句,從句謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
⑤“It is (about/high) time+ that-clause”表示“該是某人做某事時(shí)候了”,從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或should do,should不可省略。
【典例13】(2014 ·江西卷改編)It was the middle of the night__________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
答案:when。解析:句意是:當(dāng)我的父親把我叫醒并告訴我看足球賽的時(shí)候,那時(shí)在半夜。在“It+is/ was+具體的時(shí)間點(diǎn)+when...”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,主句中的it指時(shí)間,由when來引導(dǎo)這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。常譯為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候,是什么時(shí)間”。所以此空填when。
【典例 14】John thinks it won’t be long___________ he is ready for his new job.
答案:before。解析:此句是由“before”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,構(gòu)成“it will not be...before...”,意為“沒過多久就……”。所以此空填before。
【 典 例15】(2015 ·重 慶 卷 改 編)If you miss this chance, it may be years_________ you get another one.
答案:before。解析:句意是:如果你錯(cuò)過這次機(jī)會(huì),可能要等幾年的時(shí)間才會(huì)再有。此句是由before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,構(gòu)成“It will be/may be/was+一段時(shí)間+before...”,主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式時(shí),意為“……多久后(某人)才……”。所以此空填before。
【典例16】(2011 ·四川卷改編)As is reported, it is 100 years__________ Qinghua University was founded.
答案:since。解析:根據(jù)主從句中用的時(shí)態(tài),主句中的years是一段時(shí)間,然而它修飾的謂語動(dòng)詞was founded卻是一個(gè)終止性動(dòng)詞,這顯然用的是“It is/ was +一段時(shí)間+since...”這一句型。since與終止性動(dòng)詞連用,表示“自……以來已有多長時(shí)間”。句意是“正如報(bào)道的那樣,清華大學(xué)建校已有100年時(shí)間了”。所以此空填since。
【典例17】(2012 ·遼寧卷改編)Jack is a great talker.It’s high time that he__________ (do) something instead of just talking.
答案:did/ should do。解析:在句型“It’s high/ about time that...”中,從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或“should do”,但should不可省略。所以此空填did/ should do。
【典例18】—Have you ever been to Chongqing?
—No. It is the first time that I__________ (visit) this beautiful city.
答案:have visited。解析:在句型“It is+次數(shù)+that...”表示“那是某人第幾次做某事”;此句是個(gè)定語從句,如果主句謂語用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句謂語應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。所以此空填have visited。
“It is/ was...that/who...”結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語,如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí),可以將助動(dòng)詞“do/ does/ did+動(dòng)詞原形”用于肯定句來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
【典例 19】Doing devote yourself to it and finally you’ll succeed if you have a job.
答案:把Doing改為Do。解析:在If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的主句中,嵌套了一個(gè)由and引導(dǎo)的并列句,即考查“祈使句+and+一般陳述句”,而第一個(gè)分句又是一個(gè)祈使句,并且借助助動(dòng)詞do來表示強(qiáng)調(diào),而不能用非謂語動(dòng)詞。所以把Doing改為Do。
安徽省樅陽縣錢橋中學(xué))