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主謂一致易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)剖析

2017-02-16 16:11湖北陳慈明
教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2017年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:單句單數(shù)易錯(cuò)

湖北 龔 磊 陳慈明

主謂一致易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)剖析

湖北 龔 磊 陳慈明

所謂主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則:語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致、就近/遠(yuǎn)一致。近幾年高考試題對(duì)主謂一致的考查重點(diǎn)主要是:名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式;分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致。因?yàn)橹髦^一致常與時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)、各類從句等進(jìn)行綜合考查,且種類繁多,因而也是廣大考生十分頭疼的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。筆者在此結(jié)合具體實(shí)例對(duì)主謂一致幾個(gè)主要易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行剖析。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)一、 分不清“就近”和“就遠(yuǎn)”

1.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后跟有說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ),如用with, as well as, along with, rather than, together with, including, in addition to與修飾語(yǔ)連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致,即“就遠(yuǎn)原則”。如:

The missing things, as well as the bag, have been found and returned to the owner.

2.由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...等連接的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與鄰近的主語(yǔ)相一致。如:

Not only the students but also their teacher goes to the exhibition.

【例1】(單句改錯(cuò))(2017 ·天津卷改編)Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, are regarded as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.

解析:are →is。句意:騎自行車、慢跑和游泳現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是最全面的鍛煉方式之一。由介詞短語(yǔ)along with連接的三個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該就遠(yuǎn)一致,即由名詞cycling決定,用單數(shù),故應(yīng)將are改為is。

【例2】 Neither I nor Amy ________ (be) to attend the business conference if we are busy.

解析:is。句意:如果我和艾米都忙的話,就都不去參加商務(wù)會(huì)議了。neither ... nor ...連接兩個(gè)并列成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最近的名詞或代詞保持一致。本題謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與Amy一致,根據(jù)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故填is。

點(diǎn)撥:堅(jiān)持“向前看”和“向后看”原則:

1.堅(jiān)持向前看的原則:在“A+with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/including/ but/except+B”這些結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式與A一致。

2.堅(jiān)持向后看的原則:在“neither A nor B/either A or B/not only A but also B/not A but B/A or B+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”這些結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式和B一致。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)二、分不清“and”并列結(jié)構(gòu)

A and B, both A and B作主語(yǔ)時(shí)(A、B表示不同的人或物),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和“A+B”保持一致,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【例3】 (2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

解析:are removed。句意:當(dāng)脂肪和鹽分被從食物中移除,食物嘗起來(lái)就像是失去了什么一樣。本題中主語(yǔ)為表示不同概念的fat 和salt,又因?yàn)槭潜粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故答案為are removed。

但如果當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事,and后的名詞前沒有冠詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式;在and后面的名詞前有冠詞,謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。試比較:

1.The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。

2.The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黃油和面包。

此外,用and連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ),前面有each, every,many a, no等修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:

Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.

Each pen and each paper is found in its place.

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)三、分不清“形單意復(fù)”和“形復(fù)意單”

通常說(shuō)來(lái),主語(yǔ)為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:

【例4 】(2016 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ______________(be) too violent for use at the table.

解析:were。根據(jù)句意可知,這里指的是刀子因太暴力而不適合在餐桌上使用,believed后跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,and連接了兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)knives是復(fù)數(shù),根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則,這里用一般過(guò)去時(shí),故填were。

【例5】 (2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) Steam engines ______ (use)to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

解析:were used。根據(jù)句意:蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)“被用于”拉車,engines為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),故填were used。

但英語(yǔ)中有些詞的詞形是復(fù)數(shù),卻表示單數(shù)含義,即“形復(fù)意單”;還有一些詞的詞形是單數(shù)卻表復(fù)數(shù)概念,即“形單意復(fù)”,同學(xué)們應(yīng)區(qū)別對(duì)待。

1.表示單數(shù)概念的形復(fù)名詞,如:學(xué)科(maths,physics等)、機(jī)構(gòu)、書名、劇名等,當(dāng)它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。如:

Maths is one of the most important courses in the senior school.

The Timesis Britain’s oldest national daily.

【例6】(單句改錯(cuò))The New York Timesare widely accepted in America.

解析:are→ is??疾橹髦^一致的用法。句意:《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》在美國(guó)被廣泛接受。題干中的主語(yǔ)是一本雜志的名字,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。

2.當(dāng)名詞短語(yǔ)中心詞為表示距離、金額、時(shí)間等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),往往把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.

3.集合名詞作主語(yǔ),如果表示整體概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;如果強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的這類名詞有:army, audience, class, family, team, crowd,staff, committee, enemy, government, population等。試比較:

(1)The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. (強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體)

(2)The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. (表示整體概念)

有些集合名詞如cattle, people, police等,通常表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:

Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.

The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.

點(diǎn)撥:針對(duì)“形單意復(fù)”和“形復(fù)意單”這類問題,同學(xué)們應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)“具體問題具體分析”,認(rèn)真記住不同類別詞語(yǔ)的用法,仔細(xì)思考其表達(dá)的具體含義。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)四、V-ing 及其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)

1. 動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

【例7】 (2016 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow_________________ (be) often acceptable.

解析: is。句意:把不重要的事情留到明天通常是可接受的。本題考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)和主謂一致,本句中動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,故使用is。

2. -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成,在句子開頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格,在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)看作單數(shù)。如:His coming makes us very happy.

【例8】(單句改錯(cuò))His being rejected by two worldfamous companies have made this excellent graduate overcome with sorrow.

解析:have →has。句意:這位優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)生被兩家世界著名的公司拒絕使得他傷心不已。主語(yǔ)為His being rejected by two world-famous companies, 為-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)當(dāng)看作單數(shù)。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)五、數(shù)詞作主語(yǔ)

“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+ of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)。如:

Two thirds of the work was done yesterday. (謂語(yǔ)由the work 決定)

Only one third of the students come to school on time. (謂語(yǔ)由the students決定)

【例9】It is reported that 80% of the middle school students________ (sleep) less than nine hours every night.

解析:sleep。名詞由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾且作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于介詞of后的名詞,本句of后的the middle school students為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)六、從句中的主謂一致

1.主語(yǔ)為從句

名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。但如果是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的從句由and連接表示兩個(gè)概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:

Whether we go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

【例10】(單句改錯(cuò))What caused the snow slide and how many tourists are injured is still unknown.

解析:are →is。句意:什么導(dǎo)致雪崩以及多少游客受傷還不清楚。本題中,主語(yǔ)為What caused the snow slide和how many tourists are injured,是兩個(gè)并列的從句,故應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。

另外,what從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由其表示的意義來(lái)決定。試比較:

(1)What you want is a big bag.

(2)You need not get any more stamps. What we have are quite sufficient.

2.定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致

(1)關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。

【例11】 (2017 ·江蘇卷改編) The publication ofGreat Expectations, which________(be)both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.

解析:was。句意:《遠(yuǎn)大前程》的出版得到了廣泛的評(píng)價(jià)和高度的贊揚(yáng),也強(qiáng)化了狄更斯作為領(lǐng)袖級(jí)小說(shuō)家的地位。本題中,which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,which 指代The publication ofGreat Expectations,而其中的中心詞是The publication,故應(yīng)該用單三形式。此題易錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由Expectations決定而誤填were。

(2)當(dāng)先行詞是“the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 ;當(dāng)先行詞是“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。試比較:

①He is the only one of the students who was late this morning. 他是今天早上唯一遲到的學(xué)生。

② He is one of the students who were late this morning.他是今天早上所有遲到學(xué)生中的一個(gè)。

【例12】(單句改錯(cuò))Linda is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of women who wear evening dress.

解析:wear →wears?!皌he only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作先行詞時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)根據(jù)the only one 決定用單數(shù)。本題中定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞who所指代的并非women,而是Linda,故將wear改為wears。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)七、其他情況下的主謂一致

1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句與主謂一致

強(qiáng)調(diào)句中,強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí),that 或who 之后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與它前面被強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞或代詞一致。如: It is Mary and Tom who often do good deeds.

【例 13】 (2014 ·湖南卷改編 ) It’s not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that make life happy.

解析:make →makes。句意:不是做我們喜歡的事情而是去喜歡我們必須做的事情才能使人生幸福。主語(yǔ)“not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do”為被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分, 包含了not...but...結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)使用“就近原則”,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該由“l(fā)iking the things we have to do” 決定,應(yīng)看作單數(shù)。

2.完全倒裝與主謂一致

在使用了完全倒裝的題目中,謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與其后的名詞保持主謂一致。

【例14】(單句改錯(cuò))Look, on the left of the woods lie a small farm, where her father once worked.

解析:lie→ lies。本句中,on the left of the woods lie a small farm 屬于將地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提前的完全倒裝句,不少同學(xué)誤認(rèn)為單詞woods為本句主語(yǔ),而實(shí)際上真正主語(yǔ)為后面的a small farm。結(jié)合本句中的“Look”,應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞lie的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的單三形式。

【例15】 (2013 ·上海卷改編) Among the crises that face humans are the lack of natural resources.

解析:are→ is。句意:缺少自然資源是人類面臨的危機(jī)之一。本句是倒裝句,真正的主語(yǔ)是the lack of natural resources,所以謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)is。

點(diǎn)撥:針對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句和完全倒裝句中的主謂一致問題,建議同學(xué)們采用“還原法”解決。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that/who +其他;其最大的特點(diǎn)就是去掉It is/was...that/who后句子仍然成立。而使用了完全倒裝的題目中,將句子還原為陳述語(yǔ)序,可以快速抓住主謂關(guān)系,從而解決問題。

湖北省巴東一中)

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參考答案
2015年《時(shí)代英語(yǔ)》高二第1期參考答案
2014年《時(shí)代英語(yǔ)》高二第4期參考答案
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