A. 連接詞

連接詞語是連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的詞，常用連接詞語用法小結(jié)如下：

1. 表選擇關(guān)系或?qū)Φ汝P(guān)系的連接詞語：and， as well as...， both... and...， either... or...， neither... nor， or等。

2. 表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞：and yet， at the same time（然而）yet， but， on the contrary， on the other hand， however， while等。

3. 表解釋說明的連接詞：and so on， and the like， that is， that is to say， in other words， such as， for instance等。

4. 表因果關(guān)系或?qū)Φ汝P(guān)系的連接詞：as a result， as a result of...， because of， due to...， therefore， so， owing to， thanks to等。

5. 表遞進關(guān)系的連接詞：above all， besides， not only... but （also）， whats more， whats worse， in addition， worse still， moreover等。

6. 表示總結(jié)的連接詞：briefly， in a word， on the whole， in short， in brief， to sum up， in all等。

上面的詞語按類型可分為以下過渡詞語：

1. 表示時間

at first 起初，after that 那以后，as early as 早……的時候， as soon as 一……就……， before， the other day 幾天前，early in the morning 大清早，after / before dark 天黑后/前，next 接下來，then 然后，after that 那以后，later 后來，soon 不久，soon / shortly after ……之后不久，finally 最后，in the end 最后，eventually 最終，at last 終于，lately 近來，recently 最近，since then 自從那時起，in no time 不一會兒，after a while 一會兒，afterward 后來，to begin / start with=in the first place 首先、第一點，immediately 立即、馬上，meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期間、同時，earlier， until now 直到現(xiàn)在，suddenly=all of a sudden 突然， as a young man 當…… 是個年輕人的時候，at the age of... 在……歲的時候， one day 有一天，one afternoon 一天下午，one morning 一天早晨

2. 表示列舉和時序

for example 例如；... namely 即；... for instance 例如；... that is （to say） 也就是說；such as 如……；take... for example 拿……來說；like 像……；first， second， third... finally； firstly， secondly， thirdly... finally； first of all， next then， lastly， for one thing... for another...； at the same time；at first；at last等。

3. 表示空間

above 在上方；across 在……的另一邊；around 在周圍；behind 在后；before 在前；against 靠著、抵著；further on 再往前；to the right / left 朝右/左；on the right / left 在右/左邊；in the middle of 在中間；in front of 在前面；in the front of 在前面；at the back of 在后面；at the bottom of 在底部；on the edge of 在……的邊上；on top of 在……的頂部；opposite to 與……相對；close to 靠近；near to 在……附近；next to 與……相鄰；under 垂直在下；over 垂直在上；below 在下方等。

4. 表示比較或?qū)Ρ?/p>

like 像；unlike 不像；similarly 同樣地；in the same way 以相同的方式；compared to 與……相比；while 而；still=nevertheless 然而；on the contrary 正相反；different from 與……不同；on （the） one hand... on the other hand 一方面……另一方面；in contrast with 與……成對比等。

5. 表示遞進或強調(diào)

besides 況且；whats more 更重要的是；thus 這樣；above all 首先；indeed 的確；in fact / as a matter of fact 事實上；in other words 換句話說；in that case 那樣的話；or rather 更確切地說；particularly 特別地

6. 表示增補

and 而且；both... and 不但……而且；not only... but also 不但……而且；as well as 不但……而且；also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外、而且；in addition 并且；apart from 除了……之外；whats more 而且、更重要的；for another 另一方面；worse still=whats worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是；including 包括

7. 表示因果

because 因為；since 既然；as 由于；now that 既然 therefore 因此；thus 這樣；so 所以；

as a result （of） 結(jié)果；because of=on account of 因為；thanks to 多虧；for this reason 由于這個原因；if so 如果這樣；if not 如果不是這樣

8. 表示目的

for this purpose； in order to do； so as to do； so that...； in order that...

9. 表示讓步

though / although；no matter+疑問句；in spite of； whatever / however / whoever / even if / even though

10. 表示總結(jié)

in a / one word 簡言之、一句話、總之；generally speaking 一般說來；in short=in a few words 簡言之；in conclusion=lastly 最后地；on the whole=taking everything into consideration 從總體來看、大體上；so 所以；therefore 因此；thus 這樣；as has been mentioned 正如所提到的；it is quite clear that 很顯然；there is no doubt that 毫無疑問；it is wellknown that 大家都知道；as we all know=as is known to us all 大家都知道；as / so far as I know 據(jù)我所知；to sum up=to summarize=in summary 總之

11. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折話題

by the way 順便說；I am afraid 恐怕……；in my opinion 依我看來；to tell the truth 說實話；to be honest 誠實地說；in fact 事實上

12. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折

but 但是；still 然而；however 然而；while... 然而……

B. 段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析

英語段落結(jié)構(gòu)一般有三部分構(gòu)成：主題句+擴展句+結(jié)尾句。

1. 主題句：是英語文章段落的中心思想句。它是英語文章段落的靈魂，在英語文章段落中居于主導地位。我們都知道英語文章一般喜歡開門見山，所以主題句一般位于英語文章段落的句首。其他句子都要圍繞它而展開。例如：Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages， on farms and in factories， machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy， and energy is needed for heating， lighting， communications， carrying goods—everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.

2. 擴展句：是為主題句起解釋說明或論證的句子。通常我們寫擴展句所采用的方法是舉例子、列數(shù)據(jù)（according to the recent study / survey）等。例如：（主題句） There are several factors affecting climate. （擴展句1） One factor is the amount of sunlight received. （擴展句2） Altitude， or the height above sea level， also determines climate. （擴展句3） The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. （擴展句4） In addition， climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.

3. 結(jié)尾句：結(jié)尾句就是總結(jié)句。英語寫作也類似于漢語寫作，最后再把自己本段落的寫作目的陳述一下。但是在英語寫作中結(jié)尾句畢竟還是少數(shù)。

C. 相關(guān)練習

選詞填空

then； later； since； whenever； on the other hand；

and； once； while； on the contrary； in the first case

Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness， happiness， goodness and selfrespect？ The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” helps you create this life of good feelings.

Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent， and profit from the clerks mistake， we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. （1） we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. （2） ， if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item， the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.

（3） ， what is it to do with our sense of happiness？

（4） ， where we dont tell the clerk， a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process， we would lose some peace of mind and selfrespect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted， （5） we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. （6） ， bringing the error to the clerks attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store， we feel honorable and our selfrespect is increased. （7） we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.

There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. （8） its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy. （9） the positive cycle can be difficult to start， （10） its started， its easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind， which is important for our happiness.

參考答案

1. Later2. On the other hand3. Then4. In the first case5. since

6. On the contrary7. Whenever8. And9. While10. once

（作者：康傳桂，海安縣李堡中學）