生物多樣性

·編者按·

生物多樣性是人類賴以生存的基礎(chǔ)，是人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的條件。我國是世界上生物多樣性最豐富的國家之一。但是，人類活動(dòng)使物種滅絕速率比地球歷史上物種自然滅絕速率提高了1000倍。隨著人類活動(dòng)和全球氣候變化的加劇，全球性物種滅絕的速度正在加快。盡管在1992年巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧召開的聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會(huì)上，153個(gè)國家簽署了《生物多樣性公約》，并且目前已有195個(gè)締約方，然而，數(shù)據(jù)顯示，截止到2010年，該《公約》制訂的“至2010年，全球生物多樣性喪失速率顯著降低”的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)。當(dāng)前，在越來越重視生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能、并要求建立生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度的背景下，評(píng)價(jià)生物多樣性如何影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能及其服務(wù)價(jià)值成為生態(tài)學(xué)家最為關(guān)注的重大科學(xué)問題之一。

本專題得到專家蔣志剛研究員（中國科學(xué)院動(dòng)物研究所）、薛達(dá)元教授（中央民族大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院）、高軍副研究員（環(huán)境保護(hù)部南京環(huán)境科學(xué)研究所）的大力支持。

·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2016年12月20日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告顯示，以“生物多樣性（biodiversity）”“物種多樣性（species diversity）”“遺傳多樣性（genetic diversity）”“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性（ecosystem diversity）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為8218條與34418條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告，以“生物多樣性（biodiversity）”“物種多樣性（species diversity）”“遺傳多樣性（genetic diversity）”“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性（ecosystem diversity）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，以“生物多樣性（biodiversity）”“物種多樣性（species diversity）”“遺傳多樣性（genetic diversity）”“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性（ecosystem diversity）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP50文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

來源出版物：Ecological Monographs, 2005, 75(1): 3-35

Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity

Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Gonzalez,Andrew; et al.

Abstract:The most unique feature of Earth is the existence of life, and the most extraordinary feature of life is its diversity. Approximately 9 million types of plants, animals, protists and fungi inhabit the Earth. So, too, do 7 billion people. Two decades ago, at the first Earth Summit, the vast majority of the world’s nations declared that human actions were dismantling the Earth’s ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate. This observation led to the question of how such loss of biological diversity will alter the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide society with the goods and services needed to prosper.

來源出版物：Nature, 2012, 486 (7401): 59-67

ONE of the ecological tenets justifying conservation of biodiversity is that diversity begets stability. Impacts of biodiversity on population dynamics and ecosystem functioning have long been debated1-7, however, with many theoretical explorations2-6, 8-11 but few field studies12-15. Here we describe a long-term study of grasslands16, 17 which shows that primary productivity in more diverse plant communities is more resistant to, and recovers more fully from, a major drought. The curvilinear relationship we observe suggests that each additional species lost from our grasslands had a progressively greater impact on drought resistance. Our results support the diversity-stability hypothesis 5, 6, 18, 19, but not the alternative hypothesis that most species are functionally redundant19-21. This study implies that the preservation of biodiversity is essential for the maintenance of stable productivity in ecosystems.來源出版物：Nature, 1994, 367 (6461): 363-365The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processesHooper, DU; Vitousek, PM

The relative effects of plant richness (the number of plant functional groups) and composition (the identity of the plant functional groups) on primary productivity and soil nitrogen pools were tested experimentally, differences in plant composition explained more of the variation in production and nitrogen dynamics than did the number of functional groups present. Thus, it is possible to identify and differentiate among potential mechanisms underlying patterns of ecosystem response to variation in plant diversity, with implications for resource management.來源出版物：Science, 1999, 277 (5330): 1302-1305The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capitalCostanza, R; Darge, R; Degroot, R; et al.Abstract:The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth’s life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, this must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.來源出版物：Nature, 1997, 387 (6630): 253-260Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledgeHooper DU; Chapin FS; Ewel JJ; et al.Abstract:Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth’s biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1) Species’ functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species’, ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and material flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human activities has altered ecosystem goods and services in many well-documented cases. Many of these changes are difficult, expensive, or impossible to reverse or fix with technological solutions. 3) The effects of species loss or changes in composition, and the mechanisms by which the effects manifest themselves, can differ among ecosystem properties, ecosystem types, and pathways of potential community change. 4) Some ecosystem properties are initially insensitive to species loss because (a) ecosystems may have multiple species that carry out similar functional roles, (b) some species may contribute relatively little to ecosystem properties, or (c) properties may be primarily controlled by abiotic environmental conditions. 5) More species are needed to insure a stable supply of ecosystem goods and services as spatial and temporal variability increases, which typically occurs as longer time periods and larger areas are considered. We have high confidence in the following conclusions: 1) Certain combinations of species are complementary in their patterns of resource use and can increase average rates of productivity and nutrient retention. At the same time, environmental conditions can influence the importance of complementarity in structuring communities. Identification of which and how many species act in a complementary way in complex communities is just beginning. 2) Susceptibility to invasion by exotic species is strongly influenced by species composition and, under similar environmental conditions, generally decreases with increasing species richness. However, several other factors, such as propagule pressure, disturbance regime, and resource availability also strongly influence invasion success and often override effects of species richness in comparisons across different sites or ecosystems. 3) Having a range of species that respond differently to different environmental perturbations can stabilize ecosystem process rates in response to disturbances and variation in abiotic conditions. Using practices that maintain a diversity of organisms of different functional effect and functional response types will help preserve a range of management options. Uncertainties remain and further research is necessary in the following areas: 1) Further resolution of the relationships among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and community structure is important for identifying mechanisms of biodiversity effects. 2) Multiple trophic levels are common to ecosystems but have been understudied in biodiversity/ecosystem functioning research. The responseof ecosystem properties to varying composition and diversity of consumer organisms is much more complex than responses seen in experiments that vary only the diversity of primary producers. 3) Theoretical work on stability has outpaced experimental, work, especially field research. We need long-term experiments to be able to assess temporal stability, as well as experimental perturbations to assess response to and recovery from a variety of disturbances. Design and analysis of such experiments must account for several factors that covary with species diversity. 4) Because biodiversity both responds to and influences ecosystem properties, understanding the feedbacks involved is necessary to integrate results from experimental communities with patterns seen at broader scales. Likely patterns of extinction and invasion need to be linked to different drivers of global change, the forces that structure communities, and controls on ecosystem properties for the development of effective management and conservation strategies. 5) This paper focuses primarily on terrestrial systems, with some coverage of freshwater systems, because that is where most empirical and theoretical study has focused. While the fundamental principles described here should apply to marine systems, further study of that realm is necessary. Despite some uncertainties about the mechanisms and circumstances under which diversity influences ecosystem properties, incorporating diversity effects into policy and management is essential, especially in making decisions involving large temporal and spatial scales. Sacrificing those aspects of ecosystems that are difficult or impossible to reconstruct, such as diversity, simply because we are not yet certain about the extent and mechanisms by which they affect ecosystem properties, will restrict future management options even further. It is incumbent upon ecologists to communicate this need, and the values that can derive from such a perspective, to those charged with economic and policy decision-making.

biodiversity; complementary resource use; ecosystem goods and services; ecosystem processes; ecosystem properties; functional characteristics; functional diversity; net primary production; sampling effect; species extinction; species invasions; species richness; stability

典

文章題目第一作者來源出版物1 Biodiversity and stability in grasslands Tilman D Nature, 1994, 367 (6461): 363-365 2 The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem Hooper, DU Science, 1999, 277 (5330): 1302-1305 processes 3 The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural Costanza, R Nature, 1997, 387 (6630): 253-260 capital 4 Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A Hooper DU Ecological Monographs, 2005, 75 (1): 3-35 consensus of current knowledge 5 Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity Cardinale,Nature, 2012 486 (7401): 59-67 Bradley J

Biodiversity and stability in grasslands

Tilman D; Downing JA