曉槭
公元1616年,莎士比亞在英國小鎮(zhèn)斯特拉福德逝世;同年,相隔萬里的東方,湯顯祖在江西臨川去世。兩位東西方偉大劇作家的先后離世,相距不過百日。四百年來,研究莎士比亞與湯顯祖的人千千萬萬,木心就是其中之一,光是莎劇,他就看過不下五六十遍。他感嘆湯顯祖“應(yīng)該成為中國的莎士比亞,可惜沒有成?!?/p>
時(shí)間一晃,已經(jīng)到了2016年。木心逝世第五年,位于大師故鄉(xiāng)烏鎮(zhèn)的木心美術(shù)館竣工第一年,巧的是,10月21日,一場名為“莎士比亞/湯顯祖”的年度特展,就在這里舉行。
這兩位大人物逝世400周年之際,關(guān)于他們的隔空對話,放在木心的紀(jì)念館里,想想都是件有趣的事。所以,在一個(gè)煙雨蒙蒙的下午,我也走進(jìn)了這場“對話”。
槳聲燈影 美在氣韻
2016年11月上旬的烏鎮(zhèn),正逢第四屆烏鎮(zhèn)戲劇節(jié)和第三屆世界互聯(lián)網(wǎng)大會(huì)中間的間隙。因?yàn)椴皇枪?jié)假日,所以古鎮(zhèn)里有種“鬧中取靜”的清靜。只有偶爾路過三三兩兩的策展人員,以及已經(jīng)零零碎碎正在搭臺(tái)布置的場地,才能讓人感到這里馬上要成為全世界創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)的聚焦之地。
木心美術(shù)館位于西柵東面的起點(diǎn),沿著河道一路向西,就能逐漸走近水鄉(xiāng)的熱鬧。按美術(shù)館館長、木心弟子陳丹青的描述:“一腳踏上青石板路,一抬頭河上悠悠的槳聲燈影,容你做一場桃花源夢?!?/p>
其實(shí),在木心逝世的2011年,烏鎮(zhèn)就開始為他建立美術(shù)館,歷時(shí)4年。美術(shù)館外形簡約壯觀,由三五方現(xiàn)代幾何造型起伏銜接,橫向的不規(guī)則外立面表層,清水混凝土均勻的本色,與四周的一池碧水、一片綠叢相映襯,與木心先生說的“風(fēng)啊、水啊,一頂橋”“一只盒子連著一只盒子”不謀而合。
我到來的時(shí)候,小雨又大了些,河道上還起了薄霧。美術(shù)館朦朦朧朧像是漂浮在水面上一般,從2015年11月落成到現(xiàn)在,整個(gè)美術(shù)館宛然如新。常年陳列著大量木心的繪畫與文學(xué)作品,也如這個(gè)地方一樣安靜和閑逸。想起木心生前曾對烏鎮(zhèn)“掌門人”陳向宏說的話:烏鎮(zhèn)要重視文藝復(fù)興,文藝復(fù)興就是“對生命的興趣,對生活的興趣,對人的興趣”。所以,熱愛生命、熱愛生活,是整個(gè)木心美術(shù)館建筑最能讓人感受到的氣韻。
但今天的主角,卻不是木心,而是600年前的兩位戲劇大師。
別樣展品 戲文朗誦
其實(shí),要說這次特展的展品有多么“勁爆”,那倒真沒有。原因很簡單,莎士比亞幾乎沒有留下確切的遺物。湯顯祖位于江西故鄉(xiāng)的墳?zāi)箽в谖迨昵?,明清兩代的珍本,?shù)亦寥寥。他的畫像,相傳是清人所繪?,F(xiàn)藏蘇州昆曲博物館的一頂頭面、一雙繡鞋,倒是張充和先生早年在美國飾演杜麗娘時(shí)所穿戴。
所以,“小而美”,就成了這次特展刻意營造的氛圍,每次只能放20個(gè)人進(jìn)入的展廳里,精心擺放著獨(dú)特的展品:幾位英國老戲骨扮演莎翁角色時(shí)曾穿著的戲服、最早的莎翁譯作;杜麗娘的鳳冠,湯顯祖的畫像;甚至是墻上木心在《文學(xué)回憶錄》里談?wù)撋勘葋?,并將湯顯祖及元明清三代戲劇家的美學(xué)與莎士比亞作比較的字句?!皽@祖是極多情的——藝術(shù)家是什么呢?現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中用不完用不了的熱情,用到藝術(shù)中去?!?/p>
其中,有幾件展品最值得一提,分別是英國皇家莎士比亞劇團(tuán)提供的1961年版《奧賽羅》、1985年版《奧賽羅》、1987年版《威尼斯商人》中的三件戲服。精巧的做工、別致的造型和充滿中世紀(jì)情調(diào)的風(fēng)格,讓人恍若回到了莎士比亞時(shí)代。而一本由浙江省遂昌縣湯顯祖紀(jì)念館提供的、民國時(shí)期上海掃葉山房藏版《牡丹亭還魂記》,更是吸引了不少參觀者的目光。此外,倫敦大英圖書館提供的大量歷史圖像和BBC廣播公司以莎士比亞為主題制作的大型專題影像,以及嘉興市圖書館提供的莎士比亞劇本早期權(quán)威譯者朱生豪先生手稿,都為特展增色不少。
但如果你以為這場特展只是簡單的物品展示,那就把它想得太簡單了。
在同樣被特展內(nèi)容打動(dòng)的著名演員濮存昕的動(dòng)議、構(gòu)想、策劃下,與特展配套舉行的“莎士比亞戲文朗誦會(huì)”也在展覽同期舉行。朗誦會(huì)現(xiàn)場,濮存昕特別系上一條金色的印著莎士比亞十四行詩的領(lǐng)帶,他回憶起當(dāng)知青的那些時(shí)光,返程需要調(diào)函,他站在政委門口掙扎了一個(gè)晚上,卻始終沒有勇氣敲門。“那些年,莎士比亞是走進(jìn)心里的,‘生存還是毀滅‘奮斗還是妥協(xié)‘進(jìn)還是退,這些問題時(shí)刻在心里叩問著?!彼€援引木心的句子,熱情地直呼“威廉,你是僅次于上帝的人”。
除了濮存昕之外,著名表演藝術(shù)家宋春麗、陳小藝、胡軍、徐濤、任志宏、師春玲等悉數(shù)到場,一同朗誦莎翁劇作中震撼人心的片段。
獨(dú)特立意 旨在高遠(yuǎn)
其實(shí),翻看湯顯祖和莎士比亞的年表,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),生活于同時(shí)代的兩人,有太多的相似之處:都在戲劇界或戲曲界享有最高地位,都善于從他人著作中取材,都引發(fā)了一個(gè)時(shí)代的思潮,都以批判現(xiàn)實(shí)作為作品基調(diào)……1930年,日本漢學(xué)家青木正兒在著作《中國近代戲曲史》中首次將湯顯祖和莎士比亞進(jìn)行對比,并稱其為“東方的莎士比亞”。80多年來,關(guān)于兩人的比較研究不曾停止過。香港城市大學(xué)中國文化中心的鄭培凱教授曾在訪談中說:“將莎士比亞和湯顯祖放在一起紀(jì)念的意義,在于重新思考兩人在人類歷史發(fā)展中,在文化領(lǐng)域、文化的長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展上的價(jià)值。湯顯祖及其作品是有待挖掘的寶藏,如何使它們更好地走出國門,才是國人應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真思考的文化命題?!?/p>
所以,在兩位大師逝世400周年紀(jì)念之日,除了烏鎮(zhèn)之外,全世界各地都在舉行形式多樣的紀(jì)念兩人的活動(dòng):莎士比亞環(huán)球劇場在泰晤士河畔新建了37塊熒屏,每塊都在播放一部特別制作的10分鐘的短片,講述莎翁作品中的經(jīng)典片段;中國的昆劇團(tuán)在去英國交流的同時(shí),2016年年初由上海人民出版社出版的湯顯祖研究系列書籍,上海古籍出版社重新增補(bǔ)的《湯顯祖全集》正在發(fā)行;中國文化部主辦的《跨越時(shí)空的對話》主題展先后在老撾首都萬象、埃及首都開羅和坦桑尼亞首都多多瑪舉行……
但烏鎮(zhèn)此次特展,卻又與眾不同:正因?yàn)橛辛藶蹑?zhèn)戲劇節(jié)、木心美術(shù)館這樣的文化配置和設(shè)施,烏鎮(zhèn)便與普通的旅游景區(qū)拉開了檔次。烏鎮(zhèn)“掌門人”陳向宏在接受筆者采訪時(shí)說:“我想讓家鄉(xiāng)名滿天下,但更想讓在烏鎮(zhèn)長大的孩子,足不出戶,就能享受到藝術(shù)的熏陶。木心小時(shí)候讀了很多外國文學(xué),如果他長在封閉的環(huán)境里,沒有接觸到更廣領(lǐng)域的東西,我覺得也成就不了他。有了戲劇節(jié)、藝術(shù)展,未來的烏鎮(zhèn),說不定會(huì)有第二個(gè)茅盾、木心?!?
我想,這也大概就是本次特展最大的意義所在。
The year 1616 saw the fall of two shiniest stars of the time. William Shakespeare, the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist died in Stratford-upon-Avon at the age of 52, on April 23. Later that year, Chinas most remembered dramatist Tang Xianzu left the world in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province. In the course of more than 400 years, the two lived in the hearts of their fans just like they have never left. Artist and writer Mu Xin, a low-profile but highly influential cultural figure in the New York of his time, was one of the hard-core fans of the two.
“It is a shame that the world failed in doing justice to Tang Xianzu as the man deserved, because he qualified as the Shakespeare of China,” Mu Xin noted sadly.
The year 2016 saw the opening of Mu Xin Arts Museum in Wuzhen, the hometown of Mu Xin, who passed away in 2011. Quite coincidentally, a commemorative exhibition paying tribute to Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu kicked off in Wuzhen on October 21.
The gap between the 4th Wuzhen Theater Festival and the 3rd World Internet Conference turned out to be an ideal time to enjoy the most authentic “water town” charm and the iconic Mu Xin Arts Museum, the construction of which took four years to complete. The minimalist design of the museum, with its cool geometric charm adding radiance to the refreshing surroundings, beautifully echoes the aesthetic taste of Mr. Mu Xin.
High quality maintenance since its opening last winter makes the museum look like it was just unveiled yesterday. Several years ago, Mu Xin shared his earnest wishes with Chen Xianghong, designer and chief operator of Wuzhen Scenic Area. “What I call ‘Renaissance should be on top of the agenda of the local government; and it is very important to restore the long-lost interest in an artistic life and interpersonal understanding,” Mu Xin warned. The museum has proved a timely action taken to realize the wishes of Mu Xin in his beloved hometown.
Interestingly, there is not much for todays people to peer into the distant times of Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu, as the two did not leave behind a massive collection of memento. It is also for this reason that the Wuzhen exhibition did not fall into the “glossy”, sensational category.
The lack of sensation, however, did not get in the way of the quality and appeal of the exhibition. In fact, it presents a charming being because of its “boutique” ambience. The exhibits were arranged in an exhibition space that allows entry of a maximum of only 20 people at a time. On the walls there were the abstracts of insightful comparison of the drama aesthetics of Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu from Mu Xins . In the eye of Mu Xin, Tang Xianzu was “an extremely sentimental person” and “it is the passion drawn from the real life for use in artistic creation that makes an artist shine”.
A touching episode of the exhibition was a “Shakespeare recital” session, initiated and crafted by famous actor Pu Cunxin, who is an avid fan of Shakespeare. “Shakespeare lived in my heart throughout my younger years, inspiring me forever,” the actor said. The recital saw the appearance of a dozen performing artists including Song Chunli and Chen Xiaoyi.
The first published comparison literature that put Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare together was from , written by Japanese sinologist Aoki Masaru in 1930.
Wuzhen is just one of the venues that brought the two great playwrights back into the modern limelight. In the year 2016, Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu came to life in the worlds most cultural places on the global stage – on the shores of the Thames, in the editorial office of Shanghai Peoples Publishing House, in Laos, Cairo and Dodoma, Tanzania, just to name a few.