核電技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與研究進(jìn)展

陳偉，張軍，李桂菊

高被引論文摘要

被引頻次：38

核電技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與研究進(jìn)展

陳偉，張軍，李桂菊

對(duì)世界核電發(fā)展最新現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了概述，綜述世界上第三代和第四代核電技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展，最后介紹了核聚變發(fā)電技術(shù)的前景。

核電；第三代核電技術(shù)；第四代核電技術(shù)；核聚變；研究發(fā)展

來(lái)源出版物：世界科技研究與發(fā)展, 2007, 29(5): 81-86

被引頻次：35

大型核電主管道制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展

潘品李，鐘約先，馬慶賢，等

摘要：美國(guó)西屋公司AP1000技術(shù)是我國(guó)引進(jìn)的第三代核電技術(shù)，由于其設(shè)計(jì)壽命提高到60年，其主管道制造采用整體鍛造技術(shù)。接管嘴要求與主管一體鍛造而成，而且整根管道（包括彎管部分）不允許有環(huán)焊縫，屬于典型的形狀復(fù)雜的異形件鍛造，制造難度大。本文闡述了主管道材料和成形制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展情況，根據(jù) AP1000核電主管道整體鍛造的要求，較為詳細(xì)地?cái)⑹隽藝?guó)內(nèi)外主管道整體成形制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和研究展望。

關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械制造；整體鍛造；核電主管道；技術(shù)發(fā)展；綜述

來(lái)源出版物：鍛壓裝備與制造技術(shù), 2011, 1: 13-17

被引頻次：28

核電工程應(yīng)用隔震技術(shù)的可行性探討

謝禮立，翟長(zhǎng)海

摘要：本文旨在觀察和分析有關(guān)基底隔震技術(shù)在核電工程中應(yīng)用的相關(guān)問(wèn)題，重點(diǎn)討論如何將此類已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟的技術(shù)應(yīng)用于核電這一類十分特殊、十分重要、十分敏感而又十分復(fù)雜的工程中。文中指出隔震技術(shù)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，可以整體改進(jìn)核電工程的安全性和可靠性，有利于促進(jìn)未來(lái)核電廠設(shè)計(jì)和建造的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，縮短建設(shè)時(shí)間，降低建廠的初始投資和生命周期中的運(yùn)行成本。同時(shí)也指出要在核電工程中應(yīng)用隔震技術(shù)還需要在隔震系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)、施工、采購(gòu)、測(cè)試以及質(zhì)量控制和質(zhì)量保證等方面解決一系列科學(xué)和技術(shù)上的問(wèn)題，更要注意改變目前尚缺乏將這一類技術(shù)應(yīng)用于核電工程的各種規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的局面。

關(guān)鍵詞：核電工程；核電廠；基底隔震；質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制；整體隔震；抗震設(shè)計(jì)；超限設(shè)計(jì)

來(lái)源出版物：地震工程與工程振動(dòng), 2012, 32(1): 1-10

被引頻次：27

核電工業(yè)的發(fā)展及其對(duì)腐蝕防護(hù)技術(shù)的需求

楊武

摘要：從能源需求的角度，概述了世界各國(guó)以及我國(guó)核電工業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，并針對(duì)壓水堆、重水堆、快堆、高溫氣冷堆、聚變堆等的各自特點(diǎn)，并以壓水堆為重點(diǎn)，簡(jiǎn)介了它們對(duì)腐蝕科學(xué)和防護(hù)技術(shù)的研究與開發(fā)的特殊要求。

關(guān)鍵詞：核電工業(yè)；腐蝕科學(xué)；防護(hù)技術(shù)

來(lái)源出版物：腐蝕與防護(hù), 1997, 18(3): 3-7

被引頻次：22

AP1000先進(jìn)核電技術(shù)

繆鴻興

摘要：本文闡述了中共中央政治局常務(wù)委員會(huì)決定從美國(guó)西屋公司引進(jìn) AP1000核電技術(shù)和合作建造 4臺(tái)AP1000核電機(jī)組，是實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)第三代核電自主化的戰(zhàn)略決策。從安全性、成熟性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性、放射性排出物以及科技含量等方面說(shuō)明第三代AP1000非能動(dòng)核電廠是一種更簡(jiǎn)化、更安全、更經(jīng)濟(jì)和有持續(xù)發(fā)展前途的核電廠堆型。本文也扼要地介紹了AP1000非能動(dòng)核電廠的先進(jìn)數(shù)字化儀表控制系統(tǒng)。無(wú)論在設(shè)計(jì)理念上，還是在具體的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方面，AP1000核電廠的儀表控制系統(tǒng)與第二代壓水堆核電廠有較大的不同，使核電廠的運(yùn)行和安全性能都得到很大的改善。

關(guān)鍵詞：AP1000先進(jìn)核電技術(shù)；戰(zhàn)略決策；優(yōu)越性；數(shù)字化儀表控制系統(tǒng)

來(lái)源出版物：自動(dòng)化博覽, 2009 (8): 32-35

被引頻次：21

核電廠數(shù)字化I&C系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展策略

楊岐

摘要：國(guó)外的核電廠數(shù)字化儀表與控制（I&C）系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)取得顯著成績(jī)，我國(guó)尚處在起步階段。中國(guó)核動(dòng)力研究設(shè)計(jì)院采用國(guó)內(nèi)外成熟的工業(yè)控制技術(shù)和設(shè)備研究開發(fā)出數(shù)字化反應(yīng)堆保護(hù)系統(tǒng)樣機(jī)、數(shù)字化反應(yīng)堆控制系統(tǒng)樣機(jī)、先進(jìn)控制室研究開發(fā)平臺(tái)、高精度實(shí)時(shí)核蒸汽供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)仿真機(jī)及相關(guān)的17個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件，獲得了進(jìn)一步研究開發(fā)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，具備了中外合作研制核電廠數(shù)字化 I&C系統(tǒng)的條件，也為在新一代壓水堆核電廠實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字化I＆C系統(tǒng)國(guó)產(chǎn)化奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞：核電廠；數(shù)字化；儀表與控制系統(tǒng)

來(lái)源出版物：核動(dòng)力工程, 2002, 23(A02): 66-69

被引頻次：20

核電汽輪機(jī)低壓轉(zhuǎn)子技術(shù)的發(fā)展

劉鑫，鐘約先，馬慶賢，等

摘要：第三代核電技術(shù)是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外核電生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展方向，我國(guó)已確定引進(jìn)美國(guó)西屋公司AP1000技術(shù)建設(shè)百萬(wàn)千瓦級(jí)核電機(jī)組。其中低壓轉(zhuǎn)子鍛件是目前世界上所需鋼錠最大、鍛件毛坯重量最大、截面尺寸最大的鍛件。本文介紹了這一核電機(jī)組關(guān)鍵零部件的材料及成形制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。

關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械制造；鍛造；大型鍛件；核電；綜述

來(lái)源出版物：鍛壓裝備與制造技術(shù), 2009, 44(3): 13-18

被引頻次：20

世界核電技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及第3代核電技術(shù)的定位

歐陽(yáng)予

摘要：簡(jiǎn)要敘述了世界核電技術(shù)發(fā)展的歷程和展望。著重闡述了國(guó)際上對(duì)第 3代核電機(jī)組安全性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的要求和為滿足這些要求所采取的措施；第 3代壓水堆AP1000和EPR為預(yù)防和緩解嚴(yán)重事故后果的安全設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)；第4代核能系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)規(guī)劃和工作路線圖；我國(guó)核電技術(shù)的發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：能源與動(dòng)力工程；核電技術(shù)；發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；定位

來(lái)源出版物：發(fā)電設(shè)備, 2007, 21(5): 325-331

被引頻次：19

第三代核電技術(shù)在中國(guó)核電發(fā)展中的作用

張祿慶

摘要：從世界核電技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程和我國(guó)核電工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀來(lái)看，我國(guó)通過(guò)引進(jìn)第三代核電技術(shù)來(lái)加快核電工業(yè)發(fā)展是正確的，目前的當(dāng)務(wù)之急是要切實(shí)做好引進(jìn)、消化、吸收和再創(chuàng)新，真正發(fā)揮三代核電技術(shù)在推進(jìn)我國(guó)核電發(fā)展中的作用。

來(lái)源出版物：國(guó)防科技工業(yè), 2007 (5): 35-37

被引頻次：16

壓水堆核電廠冷卻劑主循環(huán)泵的技術(shù)歷程和發(fā)展（Ⅰ）

黃經(jīng)國(guó)

摘要：本文回顧了壓水堆（PWR）核電廠冷卻劑主循環(huán)泵（簡(jiǎn)稱主泵）從無(wú)密封的屏蔽電泵到有軸封泵的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷，從核安全要求達(dá)成的技術(shù)共識(shí)，以及世界知名泵廠商在自主化技術(shù)背景下各自形成的主泵的技術(shù)風(fēng)格與流派。介紹了主泵技術(shù)的改進(jìn)與創(chuàng)新，以及采用非能動(dòng)安全系統(tǒng)、優(yōu)化及簡(jiǎn)化后的NSSS中，第三代壓水堆（PWR）主泵的有關(guān)問(wèn)題。

關(guān)鍵詞：壓水堆核電廠用泵；冷卻劑主循環(huán)泵（主泵）；發(fā)展；技術(shù)共識(shí)；設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則；改進(jìn)與創(chuàng)新；非能動(dòng)安全系統(tǒng)；內(nèi)置泵；堆內(nèi)泵

來(lái)源出版物：水泵技術(shù), 2009 (4): 1-8

被引頻次：834

來(lái)源出版物：The European Physical Journal C-Particles and Fields, 2003, 27(3): 331-374

被引頻次：350

Preliminary estimation of release amounts of131I and137Cs accidentally discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant into theatmosphere

Chino, M; Nakayama, H; Nagai, H; et al.

Abstract:The initial estimation of release amounts of131I and137Cs accidentally discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant into the atmosphere is presented. For the source term estimation, environmental monitoring data on air concentrations of iodine and cesiumwere mainly used. The System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (SPEEDI) network system) operated by MEXT was used for calculating air concentrations and dose rates. The simulation results were furnished from NSC for the purpose of the source term estimation. To estimate the total amounts of131I and137Cs discharged into the atmosphere, the ‘Duration’ is roughly estimated by assuming that the release with a certain release rate continued from/to the middle times between released times of sampled air.

關(guān)鍵詞：release amounts;131I;137Cs; atmosphere; Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant; accident; monitoring data; air concentrations; atmospheric dispersion simulation; SPEEDI; WSPEEDI-II

來(lái)源出版物：Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2011, 48(7): 1129-1134

被引頻次：262

Nuclear-powered millisecond pulsars and the maximum spin frequency of neutron stars

Chakrabarty, D; Morgan, EH; Muno, MP; et al.

Abstract:Millisecond pulsars are neutron stars that are thought to have been spun-up by mass accretion from a stellar companion. It is not known whether there is a natural brake for this process, or if it continues until the centrifugal breakup limit is reached at submillisecond periods. Many neutron stars that are accreting mass from a companion star exhibit thermonuclear X-ray bursts that last tens of seconds, caused by unstable nuclear burning on their surfaces. Millisecond-period brightness oscillations during bursts from ten neutron stars (as distinct from other rapid X-ray variability that is also observed) are thought to measure the stellar spin, but direct proof of a rotational origin has been lacking. Here we report the detection of burst oscillations at the known spin frequency of an accreting millisecond pulsar, and we show that these oscillations always have the same rotational phase. This firmly establishes burst oscillations as nuclear-powered pulsations tracing the spin of accreting neutron stars, corroborating earlier evidence. The distribution of spin frequencies of the 11 nuclear-powered pulsars cuts off well below the breakup frequency for most neutron-star models, supporting theoretical predictions that gravitational radiation losses can limit accretion torques in spinning up millisecond pulsars.

來(lái)源出版物：Nature, 2003, 424(6944): 42-44被引頻次：205

Neutrino-oscillation experiments at the G?sgen nuclear power reactor

Zacek, G; Vonfeilitzsch, F; Mossbauer, RL; et al.

Abstract:A search for neutrino oscillations has been conducted at the 2800-MW (thermal) nuclear power reactor in G?sgen (Switzerland), providing 5×1020electron antineutrinos per second. The energy spectrum of the antineutrinos was measured at three distances, 37.9, 45.9, and 64.7 m, from the reactor core. The detection of the neutrinos is based on the reaction νˉe+p→e++n. Roughly 104 antineutrinos were registered at each of the three measuring positions. The measured spectra are analyzed in terms of a two-neutrino oscillation model and the results are represented as exclusion plots for the oscillation parameters Δm2and sin22θ. Two analyses are performed: Analysis A relies exclusively on the data measured at the three different distances; analysis B combines the measured data with additional information, in particular with the reactor antineutrino spectrum as derived from independent β-spectroscopic measurements. Both analyses show that the data are consistent with the absence of neutrino oscillations, and rule out large regions of parameters (Δm2, θ). The resulting limits on the oscillation parameters are Δm2＜0.019 eV2(90% C.L.) for maximum mixing and sin22θ＜0.21 (90% C.L.) for Δm2＞5 eV2.

來(lái)源出版物：Physical Review D, 1986, 34(9): 2621-2636

被引頻次：176

Xenon-133 and caesium-137 releases into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant: Determination of the source term, atmospheric dispersion, and deposition

Stohl, A; Seibert, P; Wotawa, G; et al.

Abstract:On 11 March 2011, an earthquake occurred about 130 km off the Pacific coast of Japan’s main island Honshu, followed by a large tsunami. The resulting loss of electric power at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant developed into a disaster causing massive release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. In this study, we determine the emissions into the atmosphere of two isotopes, the noble gas xenon-133 (133Xe) and the aerosol-bound caesium-137 (137Cs), which have very different release characteristics as well as behavior in the atmosphere. To determine radionuclide emissions as a function of height and time until 20 April, we made a first guess of release rates based on fuel inventories anddocumented accident events at the site. This first guess was subsequently improved by inverse modeling, which combined it with the results of an atmospheric transport model, FLEXPART, and measurement data from several dozen stations in Japan, North America and other regions. We used both atmospheric activity concentration measurements as well as, for137Cs, measurements of bulk deposition. Regarding133Xe, we find a total release of 15.3 (uncertainty range 12.2–18.3) EBq, which is more than twice as high as the total release from Chernobyl and likely the largest radioactive noble gas release in history. The entire noble gas inventory of reactor units 1–3 was set free into the atmosphere between 11 and 15 March 2011. In fact, our release estimate is higher than the entire estimated133Xe inventory of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, which we explain with the decay of iodine-133 (half-life of 20.8 h) into133Xe. There is strong evidence that the133Xe release started before the first active venting was made, possibly indicating structural damage to reactor components and/or leaks due to overpressure which would have allowed early release of noble gases. For137Cs, the inversion results give a total emission of 36.6 (20.1–53.1) PBq, or about 43 % of the estimated Chernobyl emission. Our results indicate that137Cs emissions peaked on 14–15 March but were generally high from 12 until 19 March, when they suddenly dropped by orders of magnitude at the time when spraying of water on the spentfuel pool of unit 4 started. This indicates that emissions may not have originated only from the damaged reactor cores, but also from the spent-fuel pool of unit 4. This would also con- firm that the spraying was an effective countermeasure. We explore the main dispersion and deposition patterns of the radioactive cloud, both regionally for Japan as well as for the entire Northern Hemisphere. While at first sight it seemed fortunate that westerly winds prevailed most of the time during the accident, a different picture emerges from our detailed analysis. Exactly during and following the period of the strongest137Cs emissions on 14 and 15 March as well as after another period with strong emissions on 19 March, the radioactive plume was advected over Eastern Honshu Island, where precipitation deposited a large fraction of137Cs on land surfaces. Radioactive clouds reached North America on 15 March and Europe on 22 March. By middle of April,133Xe was fairly uniformly distributed in the middle latitudes of the entire Northern Hemisphere and was for the first time also measured in the Southern Hemisphere (Darwin station, Australia). In general, simulated and observed concentrations of133Xe and137Cs both at Japanese as well as at remote sites were in good quantitative agreement. Altogether, we estimate that 6.4 PBq of137Cs, or 18 % of the total fallout until 20 April, were deposited over Japanese land areas, while most of the rest fell over the North Pacific Ocean. Only 0.7 PBq, or 1.9 % of the total fallout were deposited on land areas other than Japan.

來(lái)源出版物：Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(5): 2313-2343

被引頻次：174

Impacts of the Fukushima nuclear power plants on marine radioactivity

Buesseler, K; Aoyama, M; Fukasawa, M; et al.

Abstract:The impacts on the ocean of releases of radionuclides from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plants remain unclear. However, information has been made public regarding the concentrations of radioactive isotopes of iodine and cesium in ocean water near the discharge point. These data allow us to draw some basic conclusions about the relative levels of radionuclides released which can be compared to prior ocean studies and be used to address dose consequences as discussed by Garnier-Laplace et al. in this journal. The data show peak ocean discharges in early April, one month after the earthquake and a factor of 1000 decrease in the month following. Interestingly, the concentrations through the end of July remain higher than expected implying continued releases from the reactors or other contaminated sources, such as groundwater or coastal sediments. By July, levels of137Cs are still more than 10000 times higher than levels measured in 2010 in the coastal waters off Japan. Although some radionuclides are significantly elevated, dose calculations suggest minimal impact on marine biota or humans due to direct exposure in surrounding ocean waters, though considerations for biological uptake and consumption of seafood are discussed and further study is warranted.

來(lái)源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology, 2011,

45(23): 9931-9935

被引頻次：133

Study of reactor antineutrino interaction with proton at Bugey nuclear power plant

Declais, Y; Dekerret, H; Lefievre, B; et al.

Abstract:We report on a high precision measurement at15 m from a 2800 MWth reactor in which 300000 events of electron antineutrino interactions with proton have been detected using an integral method. The cross section of the neutron inverse beta-decay process has been measured with an accuracy of 1.4%. The ratio of measured cross section to the expected one in the standard V-A theory of weak interactions is: σ?/σV?A= 98.7% ± 1.4% ± 2.7% = 0.987 ± 0.030.

來(lái)源出版物：Physics Letters B, 1994, 338(2-3): 383-389

被引頻次：115

Remote material analysis of nuclear power station steam generator tubes by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Whitehouse, AI; Young, J; Botheroyd, IM; et al.

Abstract:We report on a novel design 75-m length umbilical fiber-optic LIBS (FOLIBS) system suitable for remotely determining the copper content of 316H austenitic stainless steel superheater bifurcation tubing within the pressure vessels of Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (AGR) nuclear power stations. The system was deployed during the routine reactor outage programs for Hunterston ‘B’ and Hinkley Point ‘B’ stations during the summer of 1999 and used successfully to determine the copper content of the bifurcations over the range 0.04%＜Cu＜0.60% (by mass). Measurement times per bifurcation were typically less than 3 min and measurement accuracy was approximately ±25%.

關(guān)鍵詞：laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); fiber-optic LIBS (FOLIBS); semi-quantitative elemental analysis; remote inspection; advanced gas cooled reactor (AGR); nuclear power station

來(lái)源出版物：Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2001, 56(6): 821-830

被引頻次：107

Depth distribution of137Cs,134Cs, and131I in soil profile after Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Kato, H; Onda, Y; Teramage, M

Abstract:Soil, vegetation and other ecological compartments are expected to be highly contaminated by the deposited radionuclides after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident triggered by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and the resulting tsunami on 11 March 2011. However, there is no field measurement data on the depth distributions of radiocaesium and131I concentrations in soil profile. In this study, the depth distribution of the deposited radionuclides in the cultivated soil profile was investigated in one of the most contaminated area after FDNPP accident. The result of this study demonstrated that greater than 86% of total radiocaesium and 79% of total 131I were absorbed in the upper 2.0 cm in the soil profile. The relaxation mass depth (h0) derived from the depth distribution of radiocaesium and 131I in the soil profile at the study site were 9.1 kg m-2and 10.4 kg m-2, respectively. The h0of137Cs in the studied soil profile was greater than those for the cultivated soils nearby the Chernobyl NPP. The positive relationship was found between clay content of topsoil and the h0 of137Cs. However, further analysis is required to clarify the effect of clay content on the initial penetration depth of deposited137Cs in soil profile.

關(guān)鍵詞：Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident;137Cs,134Cs,131I; depth distribution; soil profile

來(lái)源出版物：Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2011, 111(S1): 59-64

被引頻次：101

Search of neutrino magnetic moments with a high-purity germanium detector at the Kuo-Sheng nuclear powerstation

Wong, HT; Li, HB; Lin, ST; et al.

Abstract:A search of neutrino magnetic moments was carried out at the Kuo-Sheng nuclear power station at a distance of 28 m from the 2.9 GW reactor core. With a high purity germanium detector of mass 1.06 kg surrounded by scintillating NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals as anti-Compton detectors, a detection threshold of 5 keV and a background level of 1kg?1keV?1day?1near threshold were achieved. Details of the reactor neutrino source, experimental hardware, background understanding, and analysis methods are presented. Based on 570.7 and 127.8 days of Reactor ON and OFF data, respectively, at an average Reactor ON electron antineutrino flux of 6.4×1012cm?2s?1, the limit on the neutrino magnetic moments of μνe＜7.4×10?11μBat 90% confidence level was derived. Indirect bounds on theradiative decay lifetimes were inferred.

來(lái)源出版物：Physical Review D, 2007, 75(1): 012001

Search for neutrino oscillations on a long base-line at the CHOOZ nuclear power station

Apollonio, M; Baldini, A; Bemporad, C ; et al.

This final article about the CHOOZ experiment presents a complete description of the (v) over bar (e) source and detector, the calibration methods and stability checks, the event reconstruction procedures and the Monte Carlo simulation. The data analysis, systematic effects and the methods used to reach our conclusions are fully discussed. Some new remarks are presented on the deduction of the confidence limits and on the correct treatment of systematic errors.