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降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽介導(dǎo)的藥物藥理學(xué)效應(yīng)

2017-01-15 20:45尹優(yōu)聰李元建
關(guān)鍵詞:辣椒素吳茱萸硝酸甘油

尹優(yōu)聰,李元建

(中南大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理學(xué)系,湖南長沙 410078)

·綜 述·

降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽介導(dǎo)的藥物藥理學(xué)效應(yīng)

尹優(yōu)聰,李元建

(中南大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理學(xué)系,湖南長沙 410078)

降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)是感覺神經(jīng)纖維釋放的主要神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),廣泛分布于中樞和外周組織。在心血管系統(tǒng),CGRP除了強(qiáng)效舒血管作用外,還能保護(hù)缺血心肌,減輕心臟重構(gòu)。硝酸甘油的抗心絞痛作用及吳茱萸次堿的降壓作用和減輕心臟重構(gòu)作用均與促進(jìn)CGRP合成與釋放有關(guān)。在胃腸道,CGRP參與胃腸功能的調(diào)節(jié)并能減輕胃黏膜損傷,吳茱萸次堿、辣椒素及其衍生物通過促進(jìn)CGRP的合成和釋放對(duì)多種因素誘導(dǎo)的胃黏膜損傷具有保護(hù)作用。

降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽;硝酸甘油;吳茱萸次堿;辣椒素;沙坦類藥物

降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是第一個(gè)通過基因重組和生物合成的神經(jīng)多肽,由37個(gè)氨基酸組成,有α和β兩種亞型,分別由降鈣素/α-CGRP基因與β-CGRP基因編碼。CGRP為辣椒素敏感感覺神經(jīng)的主要遞質(zhì),在神經(jīng)元胞體合成,儲(chǔ)存于神經(jīng)末梢。CGRP的合成與釋放受多種因素調(diào)節(jié),瞬時(shí)受體電位通道香草酸1型(transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1,TRPV1)又稱辣椒素受體亞型1(vanilloid receptor subtype1,VR1)是調(diào)節(jié)CGRP合成與釋放的關(guān)鍵受體[1]。TRPV1結(jié)合位點(diǎn)位于細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)側(cè),其內(nèi)源性配體花生四烯酸乙醇胺(anandamide)經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體運(yùn)載進(jìn)入胞內(nèi)才發(fā)揮作用[2]。CGRP與CGRP受體相互作用而發(fā)揮效應(yīng)。CGRP具有廣泛而復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。在神經(jīng)組織,CGRP與神經(jīng)痛和偏頭痛發(fā)作有關(guān);在心血管系統(tǒng),CGRP除了調(diào)節(jié)血管張力,維持循環(huán)穩(wěn)定外,還能減輕缺血損傷,抑制心肌成纖維細(xì)胞增殖及心臟重構(gòu)[3];在胃腸道,CGRP對(duì)胃黏膜具有保護(hù)作用[4-5]。CGRP參與多種心血管疾病如高血壓、心肌梗死、心衰和肺動(dòng)脈高壓等的病理生理過程,應(yīng)用外源性CGRP可治療高血壓、肺動(dòng)脈高壓、急性肺損傷、腦和心臟缺血再灌注損傷和慢性心力衰竭等疾?。?,6-9],推測影響內(nèi)源性CGRP合成和釋放可能是尋找藥物的新途徑。

1 CGRP介導(dǎo)硝酸甘油的藥理學(xué)效應(yīng)

硝酸甘油是治療心絞痛的經(jīng)典藥物,目前臨床除了治療心絞痛外,也用于治療慢性心功能不全。研究證明,硝酸甘油對(duì)缺血性心肌病與慢性心功能不全的治療作用涉及CGRP途徑。

1.1 CGRP介導(dǎo)硝酸甘油的抗心絞痛作用

硝酸甘油通過舒張小靜脈,減少回心血量,減輕心室壁張力,降低心肌耗氧量;另一方面,硝酸甘油舒張冠狀動(dòng)脈,增加心肌缺血區(qū)供血而發(fā)揮抗心絞痛作用。已知硝酸甘油在線粒體乙醛脫氫酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH)催化下釋放一氧化氮(NO)而產(chǎn)生舒血管效應(yīng)[10]。近年來,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),硝酸甘油治療心絞痛的機(jī)制與CGRP的釋放有關(guān)。離體血管實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,硝酸甘油的舒血管作用可被CGRP受體阻斷劑(CGRP8-37)或辣椒素(耗竭CGRP)所消除[11-13];在在體動(dòng)物,硝酸甘油的降壓作用同樣因被預(yù)先給予辣椒素耗竭CGRP所消除[14]。為了在人體證明硝酸甘油通過CGRP介導(dǎo)的舒血管作用,以ALDH多態(tài)性為切入點(diǎn),將健康個(gè)體按ALDH基因型分2組,即ALDH2×1/×1組(正常野生型純合子,ALDH 504位為谷氨酸,酶活性高)和ALDH2×2組(攜帶突變等位體,ALDH 504位為賴氨酸,酶活性降低),2組個(gè)體分別舌下含服硝酸甘油,正常野生型純合子的個(gè)體產(chǎn)生顯著降壓的同時(shí)血中CGRP的濃度顯著升高,而攜帶突變等位體的個(gè)體其降壓及CGRP血濃度低于前者[15]。另有研究表明,硝酸甘油的抗血栓作用也是繼發(fā)于促CGRP釋放[16]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)支持硝酸甘油通過釋放NO進(jìn)而促進(jìn)CGRP釋放而產(chǎn)生抗心絞痛作用的假說[17]。

1.2 CGRP介導(dǎo)硝酸甘油對(duì)缺血性心肌的保護(hù)作用

心臟缺血一定時(shí)間后復(fù)灌加劇缺血心肌損傷的現(xiàn)象稱為缺血再灌注損傷。心臟缺血前給予短暫缺血刺激能減輕隨后較長時(shí)間缺血所致心臟損傷,這一現(xiàn)象稱為缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)。缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)對(duì)缺血心肌保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制是通過缺血刺激心臟釋放某些內(nèi)源性活性物質(zhì)而發(fā)揮作用,腺苷和CGRP被稱為內(nèi)源性心肌保護(hù)物質(zhì)。研究證明,心臟短暫缺血可促進(jìn)CGRP釋放,CGRP受體阻斷劑或辣椒素均能消除缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)的心臟保護(hù)(改善心功能、縮小心肌梗死面積和減少肌酸激酶釋放)[18]。已知TRPV1受體為溫度敏感受體,即高溫能激活該受體,我們推測高溫預(yù)適應(yīng)對(duì)缺血心肌的保護(hù)作用也可能與促進(jìn)CGRP釋放有關(guān)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,CGRP受體阻斷劑或預(yù)先應(yīng)用辣椒素均能消除高溫預(yù)適應(yīng)對(duì)缺血心肌的保護(hù)作用[13]。依據(jù)硝酸甘油能釋放CGRP,我們推測給予硝酸甘油預(yù)處理(促進(jìn)內(nèi)源性CGRP釋放)可能模擬缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)產(chǎn)生心臟保護(hù),這已在在體動(dòng)物與離體心臟所證實(shí)[19]。

1.3 CGRP介導(dǎo)硝酸甘油治療慢性心功能不全

慢性心功能不全也被稱為慢性心力衰竭,是由各種器質(zhì)性或功能性心臟疾病損害了心室的充盈或射血能力而導(dǎo)致的一種復(fù)雜的綜合征。慢性心功能不全的病理過程涉及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,藥物可通過擴(kuò)張血管(動(dòng)脈與靜脈)影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué)而改善心功能。硝酸酯類藥物是目前臨床治療慢性心功能不全的一類重要藥物。硝酸甘油通過舒張小靜脈,減少回心血量,減輕心室壁張力,提高左心室順應(yīng)性,增強(qiáng)心肌收縮力,增加輸出量而改善心功能。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,硝酸甘油治療慢性心功能不全的作用也通過CGRP途徑所介導(dǎo)。研究中,將患者按基因型分為兩組,ALDH2×1×1組和ALDH2×2組。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,與ALDH2×2突變體攜帶者比較,ALDH2×1×1純合子組硝酸甘油的降壓與改善左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)作用明顯,同時(shí)血中CGRP水平顯著升高[20]。

1.4 CGRP介導(dǎo)硝酸甘油的耐受

硝酸甘油連續(xù)應(yīng)用一定時(shí)間產(chǎn)生耐受,但其機(jī)制尚未明了。以前認(rèn)為硝酸甘油耐受與消耗組織細(xì)胞巰基(-SH)有關(guān),因?yàn)閼?yīng)用含-SH的藥物如卡托普利或N-乙酰半胱氨酸能部分逆轉(zhuǎn)藥物耐受[21]。近年研究表明,硝酸甘油耐受與其誘導(dǎo)氧化應(yīng)激(活性氧生成)抑制ALDH2活性,減少NO釋放,導(dǎo)致其舒血管作用減弱有關(guān)[22]。CGRP介導(dǎo)硝酸甘油的舒血管效應(yīng),該藥耐受也可能與NO釋放減少進(jìn)而減少CGRP釋放有關(guān)。在在體動(dòng)物與離體血管實(shí)驗(yàn)均已證明,硝酸甘油耐受時(shí)CGRP釋放顯著減少的同時(shí)舒血管作用減弱,且含-SH藥物(抗氧化作用)部分逆轉(zhuǎn)耐受的同時(shí)NO和CGRP水平顯著增高[23]。

2 CGRP介導(dǎo)沙坦類藥物的抗高血壓作用

已知外周血管阻力主要受交感縮血管神經(jīng)(去甲腎上腺素)與感覺舒血管神經(jīng)(CGRP)所調(diào)節(jié),因而人們推測感覺舒血管神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)CGRP的合成與釋放減少可能促進(jìn)高血壓的發(fā)生發(fā)展。研究表明,在α-CGRP基因敲除的動(dòng)物,基礎(chǔ)血壓增高[24];無論苯酚誘發(fā)高血壓大鼠還是自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠血中CGRP水平顯著降低[2,25];臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),原發(fā)性高血壓與妊娠高血壓患者血中CGRP顯著低于健康對(duì)照者[2]。

CGRP釋放受多種內(nèi)源性活性物質(zhì)〔如NO、緩激肽、神經(jīng)肽Y和血管緊張素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)等〕調(diào)節(jié),其中AngⅡ通過激動(dòng)突出前膜血管緊張素受體1(AT1受體)抑制CGRP釋放。沙坦類是AT1受體阻斷藥,阻止AngⅡ收縮血管與刺激醛固酮分泌,降低外周血管阻力而降低血壓。基于AngⅡ激動(dòng)AT1受體能減少CGRP的釋放,人們推測沙坦類藥物阻斷AT1受體可促進(jìn)CGRP釋放。國外學(xué)者和我們工作均證明,在自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠沙坦類藥物降血壓的同時(shí)血中、心臟和腎組織CGRP水平顯著增高,背根神經(jīng)節(jié)CGRP表達(dá)上調(diào)[26-27]。這些結(jié)果表明,沙坦類藥物的降壓機(jī)制也涉及CGRP途徑。

3 CGRP介導(dǎo)吳茱萸次堿的藥理學(xué)效應(yīng)

吳茱萸次堿是從臨床治療高血壓的傳統(tǒng)中藥吳茱萸果實(shí)中提取的有效活性成分,具有廣泛的藥理作用,包括舒張血管,減輕心肌缺血損傷,抑制血栓形成,保護(hù)胃黏膜等。近年研究表明,吳茱萸次堿通過激動(dòng)辣椒素受體,促進(jìn)CGRP的合成與釋放而發(fā)揮作用。

3.1 CGRP介導(dǎo)吳茱萸次堿的抗高血壓作用

早期實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在離體豚鼠心臟吳茱萸次堿的正性肌力與正性頻率作用可被CGRP受體阻斷藥(CGRP8-37)消除;隨后研究表明,吳茱萸次堿的舒血管作用可被TRPV1受體阻斷劑消除,提示吳茱萸次堿的心血管作用是通過激活TRPV1受體促進(jìn)CGRP釋放而發(fā)揮效應(yīng)[28]。依據(jù)CGRP為強(qiáng)效舒血管神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),CGRP與高血壓發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),而吳茱萸次堿能激動(dòng)TRPV1促進(jìn)CGRP的釋放,我們推測CGRP可能介導(dǎo)吳茱萸次堿的抗高血壓作用。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠和苯酚誘導(dǎo)高血壓大鼠模型中,吳茱萸次堿促進(jìn)CGRP合成與釋放的同時(shí)血中CGRP顯著增高,預(yù)先應(yīng)用辣椒素耗竭CGRP后,吳茱萸次堿的降壓作用被消除[29-30]。

肺動(dòng)脈高壓是以肺動(dòng)脈毛細(xì)血管阻塞導(dǎo)致的持久性肺動(dòng)脈升高為特點(diǎn)的慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病。肺動(dòng)脈高壓的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移所引起的血管重構(gòu)是促進(jìn)肺動(dòng)脈高壓形成的主要原因。肺動(dòng)脈高壓時(shí)血中CGRP含量降低,不僅見于成年動(dòng)物也見于新生大鼠。研究表明,新生大鼠持續(xù)低氧3周能夠引起持續(xù)性肺動(dòng)脈高壓并伴有血漿CGRP水平的下降[31],還發(fā)現(xiàn)靶向敲除CGRP受體基因能夠加重低氧誘導(dǎo)的肺動(dòng)脈高壓[32]。CGRP除了具有舒血管作用還能抑制血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖,抑制血管重構(gòu),其機(jī)制與其抑制細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2(extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2,ERK1/2)信號(hào)通路有關(guān)[3]。外源性CGRP可濃度依賴性地抑制低氧誘導(dǎo)的平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖。利用腺病毒載體將CGRP基因?qū)敕谓M織,顯著降低低氧誘導(dǎo)的肺動(dòng)脈高壓大鼠的肺血管阻力,改善肺血管重構(gòu)[33];另有研究表明,CGRP基因?qū)雰?nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞可減輕肺動(dòng)脈高壓和血管重構(gòu)[34]?;贑GRP在肺動(dòng)脈高壓中發(fā)揮重要作用,推測促進(jìn)CGRP釋放的吳茱萸次堿也可能緩解肺動(dòng)脈高壓。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在野百合堿或低氧誘發(fā)的肺動(dòng)脈高壓大鼠,吳茱萸次堿升高血中CGRP的同時(shí)減輕肺纖維化,改善肺動(dòng)脈高壓[35]。

3.3 CGRP介導(dǎo)吳茱萸次堿抑制心臟重構(gòu)

心臟重構(gòu)是機(jī)體應(yīng)對(duì)心室壓力負(fù)荷增高的一種代償反應(yīng),其主要病理變化包括心肌肥厚、心肌細(xì)胞肥大、心肌成纖維細(xì)胞增殖和心肌纖維化等。心肌成纖維細(xì)胞數(shù)占心臟細(xì)胞總數(shù)的60%~70%,在心臟重構(gòu)中發(fā)揮重要作用。病理狀態(tài)下,誘導(dǎo)心肌成纖維細(xì)胞增殖,并向肌成纖維細(xì)胞分化;另一方面,心肌成纖維細(xì)胞合成分泌膠原增加,同時(shí)也能自分泌多種促細(xì)胞增殖的活性物質(zhì)(如AngⅡ、內(nèi)皮素和炎癥因子等),進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)心肌成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖。CGRP具有抑制心肌成纖維細(xì)胞增殖和心臟重構(gòu)作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在降鈣素/α-CGRP敲除小鼠,壓力負(fù)荷(縮窄主動(dòng)脈弓)可加劇左心室肥厚和纖維化[36];在trpv1基因敲除小鼠,也加劇心肌梗死之后的心臟重構(gòu)[37]。研究表明,促CGRP釋放的吳茱萸次堿能減輕異丙腎上腺素引起的左心室重構(gòu),其機(jī)制涉及細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)基因表達(dá)變化[38]。為了進(jìn)一步探討吳茱萸次堿通過CGRP介導(dǎo)抑制心臟重構(gòu)的機(jī)制,野百合堿與低氧誘導(dǎo)的肺動(dòng)脈高壓大鼠右心室重構(gòu)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),吳茱萸次堿通過促進(jìn)CGRP的釋放,進(jìn)而影響eIF3a/p27信號(hào)通路而發(fā)揮作用[35]。

3.4 CGRP介導(dǎo)吳茱萸次堿及辣椒素衍生物對(duì)胃黏膜的保護(hù)作用

胃腸功能也受內(nèi)臟感覺神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)。在內(nèi)臟神經(jīng)背根神經(jīng)節(jié)與迷走結(jié)狀神經(jīng)節(jié)中,CGRP為重要神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)[4-5,39]。研究表明,CGRP可能是保護(hù)胃黏膜的重要內(nèi)源性活性物質(zhì),支持的證據(jù)有:①CGRP抑制胃酸分泌,如CGRP能顯著抑制大鼠胃泌素促胃酸分泌作用[40];②CGRP改善胃黏膜血流量,其機(jī)制涉及ATP敏感鉀通道[41-42];③CGRP減輕缺血再灌注所致的黏膜損傷,其機(jī)制與減輕炎癥反應(yīng)和減少細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)[43];④CGRP受體拮抗劑CGRP8-37可加劇吲哚美辛(消炎痛)或乙醇誘發(fā)的胃黏膜損傷[44-45];⑤ 在CGRP基因敲除模型中,醋酸和乙醇所致胃潰瘍的愈合時(shí)間顯著延長,也能加劇應(yīng)激所致的胃黏膜損傷[46-47]。基于內(nèi)源性CGRP對(duì)胃黏膜的保護(hù)作用,以及激動(dòng)TRPV1促進(jìn)CGRP的合成和釋放,這提示TRPV1可能是尋找防治胃黏膜損傷藥物的新途徑。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多種TRPV1激動(dòng)劑如辣椒素、辣椒素酯、大麻素和吳茱萸次堿等通過促進(jìn)CGRP釋放而減輕胃黏膜損傷[1,48-53]。流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中國人患胃潰瘍的概率是馬來西亞人和印度人的3倍,這可能與馬來西亞人和印度人食用更多的辣椒有關(guān)[54]。

4 結(jié)語

CGRP作為感覺神經(jīng)的主要遞質(zhì),早期的研究主要集中于神經(jīng)釋放的CGRP對(duì)外周組織器官功能的調(diào)節(jié)。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CGRP也存在于非神經(jīng)組織細(xì)胞如內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、支氣管上皮細(xì)胞和脂肪細(xì)胞等,在調(diào)節(jié)局部組織功能中起重要作用[55]。藥物也可通過影響局部組織細(xì)胞CGRP合成與分泌而發(fā)揮作用,如α-受體激動(dòng)藥物可樂定影響內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞CGRP分泌[56];吳茱萸次堿促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞CGRP的表達(dá)與分泌而延緩細(xì)胞衰老[57]。藥物能否影響其他非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的CGRP合成與分泌尚待研究。

已知TRP受體為調(diào)節(jié)CGRP合成與釋放的關(guān)鍵受體,該受體有多種亞型(如TRPC,TRPV,TRPM,TRPML,TRPP,TRPA和TRPN等)。既往研究有關(guān)CGRP合成與釋放的調(diào)節(jié)主要集中在TRPV1,并以TRPV1為靶點(diǎn),發(fā)現(xiàn)多種化合物能激動(dòng)該受體而發(fā)揮治療作用[29]。新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TRPA1也能調(diào)節(jié)CGRP的合成與釋放,異硫氰酸烯丙酯與HC-030031[2-(1,3-二甲基-2,6-二氧代-2,3-二氫-1H-嘌呤-7(6H)-基)-N-(4-異丙基苯基)乙酰胺]分別為該受體的激動(dòng)劑或拮抗劑[58],TRPA1也可能是尋找藥物的新靶點(diǎn)。

綜上,CGRP參與多個(gè)組織器官功能的調(diào)節(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)某些藥物如硝酸甘油、沙坦類作用機(jī)制涉及CGRP途徑[17,27],這為這些典型藥物的作用機(jī)制注入新的解釋,加深對(duì)藥物作用機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)。

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Pharmacological effects of drugs mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide:a review

YIN You-cong,LI Yuan-jian

(Department of Pharmacology,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP),a predominant neurotransmitter in sensory nerves,is widely distributed in central and peripheral tissues.In the cardiovascular system,besides relaxing vascular smooth muscle,CGRP protects against ischemic myocardium while inhibiting cardiac remodeling.The pharmacological effects of nitroglycerin and rutaecarpine have proved to be associated with the increase in the synthesis and release of CGRP.In gastrointestinal tissues,CGRP participates in the regulation of gastrointestinal function and has protective effects on the gastric mucosa.Rutaecar?pine,capsaicin and its derivatives can reduce gastric mucosa damage induced by a variety of factors by increasing synthesis and release of CGRP.

calcitonin-gene related peptide;nitroglycerin;rutaecarpine;capsaicin;sartans

LI Yuan-jian,E-mail:yuan_jianli@sina.com,Tel:(0731)82355078

R969,R972

A

1000-3002-(2017)01-0112-07

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.01.014

2016-07-31 接受日期:2016-08-19)

(本文編輯:喬 虹)

國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81273513)

尹優(yōu)聰,女,碩士研究生,主要從事心血管藥理學(xué)研究。

李元建,E-mail:yuan_jianli@sina.com,Tel:(0731)82355078

Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81273513)

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