范媛媛 趙威 孫超 高煒
藥物洗脫支架置入術(shù)后的心臟運(yùn)動康復(fù)
范媛媛 趙威 孫超 高煒
冠心??;藥物洗脫支架;支架置入術(shù);心臟運(yùn)動康復(fù)
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。┦悄壳叭虻氖滓劳霾∫?,盡管發(fā)達(dá)國家的心血管病發(fā)病率已經(jīng)進(jìn)入平臺期,國內(nèi)的發(fā)病率仍逐年上升,2015年國內(nèi)心血管發(fā)病率為(56~66)/1000人,死亡率為(2.9~3.5)/1000人[1]。不斷成熟的經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)和優(yōu)化的藥物治療并沒有持續(xù)有效地改善冠心病患者的預(yù)后,心臟康復(fù)治療在冠心病治療實(shí)踐中逐漸被重視。
心臟康復(fù)治療,包括運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練、危險(xiǎn)因素的宣傳教育、心理支持、改變生活方式以及多種渠道控制常見的危險(xiǎn)因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟康復(fù)治療明顯減少冠心病患者的全因死亡、心源性死亡、再發(fā)心肌梗死以及再次住院的發(fā)生率,同時(shí)可以提高患者的生活質(zhì)量[2-3]。美國心臟協(xié)會(American Heart Association,AHA)明確認(rèn)可了運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練在心臟康復(fù)治療中的基石地位[4]。目前臨床研究及薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練顯著減少了急性心肌梗死患者發(fā)生心源性死亡和全因死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5-6],同時(shí)改善了患者的心肌重構(gòu)[7]。運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練也可以顯著降低PCI術(shù)后患者再發(fā)心絞痛和不良心血管事件發(fā)生率[8]。迄今唯一一項(xiàng)PCI術(shù)后運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練的薈萃分析[9]在匯總了6項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果后發(fā)現(xiàn),PCI術(shù)后給予運(yùn)動處方雖然明顯降低再發(fā)心絞痛和運(yùn)動負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)陽性結(jié)果的發(fā)生率,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)降低心源性死亡、再發(fā)心肌梗死和再次血運(yùn)重建(PCI或者冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù))的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。隨著冠心病發(fā)病率的增加,行PCI術(shù)且使用藥物洗脫支架(drug eluting stents,DES)的患者也逐漸增多,但是針對此類患者術(shù)后運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練干預(yù)的相關(guān)研究相對較少。
DES是針對裸金屬支架(bare metal stents,BMS)置入術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生率較高[10]應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的新型支架,其通過抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞過度增殖而減少支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生率。但是DES表面的藥物在抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖的同時(shí)也不可避免增加支架內(nèi)血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。原因在于:(1)解剖學(xué)方面,DES藥物釋放延遲了血管的再內(nèi)皮化;功能學(xué)方面,DES置入術(shù)后容易繼發(fā)內(nèi)皮功能不全,表現(xiàn)為支架近、遠(yuǎn)端明顯的血管收縮,而BMS術(shù)后并未出現(xiàn)明顯的血管收縮及管徑變化[11]。(2)DES誘導(dǎo)組織因子產(chǎn)生血栓形成前狀態(tài)[12]。(3)DES及藥物載體導(dǎo)致持續(xù)性的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,且往往在藥物完全釋放時(shí)達(dá)到巔峰[13]。因此,DES與BMS的本質(zhì)區(qū)別不僅決定了術(shù)后抗血小板藥物治療的不同,在運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練干預(yù)的效果及具體實(shí)踐方面可能也存在差異。
1.1 運(yùn)動康復(fù)與DES置入術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄
心臟運(yùn)動康復(fù)通過減少術(shù)后支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生,預(yù)防DES置入術(shù)后患者心源性死亡和再發(fā)心肌梗死主要不良心血管事件。Lee等[14]研究首次發(fā)現(xiàn),急性心肌梗死患者DES置入術(shù)后進(jìn)行9個(gè)月的運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練,與無運(yùn)動干預(yù)組相比,明顯降低支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生率[兩組的局部晚期管腔丟失分別為(0.14 ± 0.57)mm 和(0.54 ± 0.88)mm,P=0.02],同時(shí)降低心源性死亡及再發(fā)心肌梗死發(fā)生率,但兩組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。心絞痛患者DES置入術(shù)后進(jìn)行規(guī)律運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練干預(yù)明顯降低晚期支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生率,但是在BMS置入術(shù)后患者中規(guī)律運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練并未降低晚期支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生率[15]。冠狀動脈長病變是DES置入術(shù)后不良預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素,長期運(yùn)動干預(yù)可以使其支架晚期管腔丟失比未運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練干預(yù)組顯著下降35% [(0.19 ± 0.33)mm和(0.29 ± 0.45)mm,P=0.02][16]。Kim等[17]首次對不同DES置入術(shù)后運(yùn)動康復(fù)的效果進(jìn)行比較,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性冠狀動脈綜合征患者DES置入術(shù)后2周左右開始運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練大大減少了支架晚期管腔丟失的發(fā)生,而且這一作用在三代DES之間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。然而,也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DES置入術(shù)后進(jìn)行運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練9個(gè)月并未顯著改善支架管腔丟失[18]。
1.2 運(yùn)動康復(fù)與DES置入術(shù)后支架內(nèi)血栓形成
由于抗血小板藥物及抗凝藥物的“保駕護(hù)航”;DES架體、載體聚合物的生物相容性不斷改進(jìn);架體更加纖細(xì),暴露面積逐漸縮小,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞更易于攀爬,致使支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較前明顯降低。一旦發(fā)生急性支架內(nèi)血栓形成,患者預(yù)后不良。因此,運(yùn)動康復(fù)是否會增加DES置入術(shù)后支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),成為早期開展運(yùn)動康復(fù)必須考慮的問題。理論上,運(yùn)動誘發(fā)的系統(tǒng)性血栓前狀態(tài)與支架的固有血栓相結(jié)合,被認(rèn)為是運(yùn)動后支架內(nèi)血栓形成的主要觸發(fā)機(jī)制。早期研究曾發(fā)現(xiàn)BMS置入術(shù)后運(yùn)動容易誘發(fā)支架內(nèi)血栓形成[19]。但是,Roffi等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)PCI術(shù)后次日進(jìn)行運(yùn)動負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)并未增加14 d內(nèi)支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而支架內(nèi)血栓形成的高危因素主要是合并其他疾病、吸煙史、支架長度和斑塊穩(wěn)定性等。Goto等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)13 685例急性心肌梗死患者在PCI術(shù)后14 d內(nèi)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動康復(fù),僅有1例發(fā)生運(yùn)動繼發(fā)的亞急性支架內(nèi)血栓形成。隨著DES的廣泛應(yīng)用,加上DES的特殊屬性,開始更加關(guān)注DES置入術(shù)后運(yùn)動康復(fù)對支架內(nèi)血栓形成的影響。Iliou等[22]對5016例冠心病患者PCI術(shù)后(DES置入術(shù)占41.4%)1個(gè)月開始運(yùn)動康復(fù),隨訪過程中9例(0.29%,2.9/1000)發(fā)生急性冠狀動脈綜合征,其中僅4例(0.12%,1.2/1000)通過冠狀動脈造影診斷支架內(nèi)血栓形成并考慮與運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練相關(guān),而且4例均為BMS置入術(shù)。該研究證實(shí)了DES置入術(shù)后運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練并未增加支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。即使對于未完全行血運(yùn)重建的患者(主要是DES置入術(shù)后),術(shù)后3周開始進(jìn)行運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練也未增加急性心血管事件,而且患者具有良好的耐受性[23]。出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練相關(guān)的支架內(nèi)血栓形成的患者多是自行中斷了一種或者多種抗血小板藥物,因此,充分的抗血小板藥物治療同時(shí)運(yùn)動康復(fù)是安全的,并未增加支架內(nèi)血栓形成等不良心血管事件。
1.3 運(yùn)動康復(fù)改善DES置入術(shù)后心血管疾病預(yù)后的可能機(jī)制
(1)提高最大攝氧量和運(yùn)動耐力:運(yùn)動耐力是冠心病全因死亡、心血管死亡的一項(xiàng)強(qiáng)有力的預(yù)測因子,提高最大攝氧量和有氧閾值是減少支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生率,改善心血管疾病預(yù)后的有力方式[24]。(2)改善內(nèi)皮功能和增加冠狀動脈血流:相比于BMS置入術(shù)后的患者,DES置入術(shù)后1個(gè)月心電圖運(yùn)動負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)更可能出現(xiàn)陽性結(jié)果,提示DES置入術(shù)后容易誘發(fā)內(nèi)皮功能不全[25]。而DES置入術(shù)后高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動康復(fù)可以明顯改善血流介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮依賴性血管舒張功能[15],進(jìn)而減少DES置入術(shù)后心肌缺血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練還可以促進(jìn)冠狀動脈建立側(cè)支循環(huán),增加冠狀動脈血流[26]。(3)抑制炎癥反應(yīng):PCI術(shù)后反應(yīng)性的超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白升高是支架內(nèi)再狹窄的重要因素,而規(guī)律的運(yùn)動可以減少超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白,減輕DES置入術(shù)后的炎癥反應(yīng)[15]。(4)穩(wěn)定冠狀動脈斑塊:在穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者中,有氧運(yùn)動可以有效縮小冠狀動脈斑塊的壞死核心,從而增加斑塊的穩(wěn)定性[27]。(5) 運(yùn)動益于控制冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素和改進(jìn)生活方式,有助于控制血壓[28],升高“保護(hù)性膽固醇”高密度脂蛋白;降低總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白及三酰甘油[16,28],改善肥胖、抑郁,協(xié)助戒煙[16]。
既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),劇烈運(yùn)動可能增加急性心肌梗死和心源性猝死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其是既往未進(jìn)行規(guī)律高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動或者堅(jiān)持靜態(tài)生活方式的冠心病患者[29-30]。但是Swain等[31]薈萃研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn),高強(qiáng)度的體力活動(>6 METs,METs表示代謝當(dāng)量,是從事某種體力活動時(shí)的代謝率與基礎(chǔ)代謝率的比值)與中等強(qiáng)度(6 METs)的體力活動相比較,更顯著降低不良心血管事件發(fā)生率。Wisl?ff等[32]證實(shí)在急性心肌梗死后出現(xiàn)心力衰竭的冠心病患者中,有氧運(yùn)動與改善心血管效應(yīng)之間呈正相關(guān)的強(qiáng)度依賴性。目前關(guān)于DES置入術(shù)后運(yùn)動強(qiáng)度及方式的臨床研究相對較少,其中一項(xiàng)關(guān)于急性心肌梗死DES置入術(shù)后患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動比中等強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動明顯提高了最大攝氧量,而且沒有發(fā)生運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練相關(guān)的不良心血管事件。因此,該研究認(rèn)為有效強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練才可以保證顯著的臨床心血管獲益[33]。運(yùn)動測試和運(yùn)動處方指南(2014年版)[34]仍然建議高危、不穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者需要在醫(yī)療中心的監(jiān)測下循序漸進(jìn)地進(jìn)行個(gè)體化運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練,低危、病情穩(wěn)定的患者可以適當(dāng)增加運(yùn)動強(qiáng)度。目前,評估運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度的方法有心率儲備法、無氧閾法、目標(biāo)心率法、自我感知?jiǎng)诶鄢潭确旨壏ǎ˙org分級)等。關(guān)于運(yùn)動模式的優(yōu)劣比較目前尚無定論。有研究顯示,高強(qiáng)度的間歇性運(yùn)動方式在提高最大攝氧量方面優(yōu)于持續(xù)性運(yùn)動[32],而SAINTEX-CAD研究[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)有氧間歇性運(yùn)動方式與持續(xù)性運(yùn)動方式在改善最大攝氧量、控制心血管危險(xiǎn)因素等方面持平。
最初研究建議急性冠狀動脈綜合征患者出院后4~6周開始運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練。但近年來越來越多的研究證實(shí)了早期(1~4周,最好不超過6周)開始運(yùn)動康復(fù)臨床獲益更加顯著,并未發(fā)生運(yùn)動相關(guān)的不良心血管事件[2,14]。Goto等[21]和Iliou等[22]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早期(分別于術(shù)后2周、術(shù)后4周內(nèi))開始術(shù)后運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練并未增加不良心血管事件的發(fā)生率。DES時(shí)代開啟后人們也開始對PCI術(shù)后早期運(yùn)動康復(fù)的安全性進(jìn)行探索。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者的研究表明,PCI(初次PCI術(shù):DES置入術(shù)占100%;補(bǔ)救性PCI術(shù):DES置入術(shù)占73%)術(shù)后(9±3)d進(jìn)行運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練的患者較日常活動者獲得更顯著的心肌層面的改善,主要表現(xiàn)為減少運(yùn)動誘發(fā)心肌缺血的發(fā)生率,改善左心室室壁運(yùn)動及心肌重塑,增加冠狀動脈血流儲備[36]。Soga等[37]研究PCI術(shù)后患者從術(shù)后次日開始,根據(jù)Borg分級進(jìn)行亞極量的運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練,術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練并未增加支架內(nèi)血栓形成、主要不良心腦血管事件(心源性死亡、心肌梗死、卒中)及并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,PCI術(shù)后早期開始亞極量運(yùn)動是安全的。趙威等[38]對302例STEMI患者(其中94.7%患者接受梗死相關(guān)血管的DES置入術(shù))進(jìn)行早期運(yùn)動心肺試驗(yàn),開始的中位時(shí)間為STEMI后13 d,STEMI后7~14 d的占52.8%。結(jié)果顯示,僅2.4%患者運(yùn)動心電圖提示心肌缺血,在檢測過程均未出現(xiàn)心律失常、暈厥或猝死?;诒姸囝愃蒲芯?,歐洲心血管預(yù)防和康復(fù)協(xié)會建議非復(fù)雜的冠狀動脈介入手術(shù)后的患者可以于手術(shù)次日開始進(jìn)行日?;顒?,接受大型手術(shù)或者情況復(fù)雜的患者在臨床癥狀穩(wěn)定后逐漸開始運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練[39]。盡管如此,目前在國內(nèi)外的臨床實(shí)踐中,早期開展運(yùn)動康復(fù)訓(xùn)練(尤其是床旁運(yùn)動康復(fù)訓(xùn)練)的現(xiàn)狀并不樂觀,因此PCI術(shù)后早期運(yùn)動康復(fù)的發(fā)展任重道遠(yuǎn)。
綜上所述,運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練能否改善DES置入術(shù)后患者的預(yù)后需要大型、多中心、隨機(jī)對照的臨床研究進(jìn)一步探究,從而協(xié)助制定DES置入術(shù)后冠心病患者的心臟康復(fù)指南。隨著可降解支架、生物降解支架的研究進(jìn)展,PCI及支架的選擇趨向個(gè)體化,需要對患者術(shù)后心臟運(yùn)動康復(fù)的有效性、安全性重新審視。目前全球運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練康復(fù)應(yīng)用比例較低,國內(nèi)的開展剛起步,隨著醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)對心臟康復(fù)的重視,規(guī)范化、個(gè)體化的心臟康復(fù),尤其運(yùn)動康復(fù)將有序開展。
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R541.4
2017-05-16)
10. 3969/j. issn. 1004-8812. 2017. 08. 013
首都臨床特色應(yīng)用研究與成果推廣(Z151100004015047)
100191 北京,北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科
孫超,Email: cshooll@hotmail.com