羅溶 洪斌 張政 孫曉臣 沈飛燕 汪自龍
201700上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院青浦分院心內(nèi)科
·綜述·
非對(duì)稱性二甲基精氨酸與冠心病的相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展
羅溶 洪斌 張政 孫曉臣 沈飛燕 汪自龍
201700上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院青浦分院心內(nèi)科
非對(duì)稱性二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)是一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)的內(nèi)源性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗劑,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制NOS使一氧化氮(NO)含量減少,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂。ADMA是一種引起內(nèi)皮功能障礙的危險(xiǎn)因子,與冠心病及冠心病主要危險(xiǎn)因素之間關(guān)系密切,有望成為冠心病新的預(yù)測(cè)因子。
冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病; 危險(xiǎn)因素; 非對(duì)稱性二甲基精氨酸
Fund program:Foundation of Shanghai Qingpu Distric Health and Family Planning Commission(w2014-04)
非對(duì)稱性二甲基精氨酸(asymmetric dimethylarginine,ADMA)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制一氧化氮合成酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)使一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)含量減少,引起血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂[1-3]。血管內(nèi)皮功能受損可打破內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞合成和分泌的舒血管和縮血管物質(zhì)之間的平衡,誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌增殖、血栓形成,從而加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及動(dòng)脈斑塊形成[4]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性心肌梗死患者血漿中ADMA明顯升高[5]。因而ADMA被視為一種前致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化分子,有望成為心血管疾病新的預(yù)測(cè)因子[1]。近年來(lái),對(duì)ADMA的研究成為一個(gè)新的熱點(diǎn),其對(duì)冠心病的作用機(jī)制也備受眾多學(xué)者關(guān)注。本文就目前研究對(duì)ADMA與冠心病的相關(guān)性作一綜述。
1.1 ADMA的合成
人體每天產(chǎn)生大約300 μmol/L的ADMA,廣泛分布于人的組織、細(xì)胞、體液中[6-7],是一種主要由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的甲基化精氨酸,參與精氨酸甲基化的酶包括蛋白精氨酸甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ(protein arginine methyltransferase typeⅠ/Ⅱ、PRMTⅠ/Ⅱ),它們主要存在于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞。Ⅰ型PRMT對(duì)多種蛋白質(zhì)起作用,催化生成ADMA和NG-單甲基-L-精氨酸(NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine acetate salt,L-NMMA);Ⅱ型PRMT只能催化髓磷脂堿性蛋白生成L-NMMA和對(duì)稱性二甲基精氨酸(symmetric dimethy-larginine,SDMA)。其中ADMA和L-NMMA有阻滯NOS活性的作用,而SDMA則無(wú)此作用。血漿中ADMA濃度是L-NMMA濃度的20倍,對(duì)阻滯NOS起主要作用。
1.2 ADMA的代謝
體內(nèi)約10%的ADMA通過(guò)腎臟以原型排除,而約90%的ADMA在二甲基精氨酸二甲基水解酶(dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase, DDAH)的作用下代謝為瓜氨酸和二甲胺(DMA)[8]。因此,DDAH對(duì)血漿ADMA的分解代謝起到主要作用,可防止ADMA在體內(nèi)大量積聚,故任何引起DDHA活性降低或缺陷的因素均可導(dǎo)致血漿ADMA水平升高,從而通過(guò)對(duì)NOS的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗作用引起NO含量下降,誘導(dǎo)血管收縮,引起血小板聚集、平滑肌增殖、內(nèi)膜增生、抑制血管新生、影響內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附性、導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮舒張功能下降等促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
高血脂、糖尿病、原發(fā)性高血壓、高同型半胱氨酸血癥是目前比較公認(rèn)的冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素,多項(xiàng)國(guó)外研究表明ADMA與上述冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)。
ADMA與高脂血癥:王亮和張抒揚(yáng)[9]報(bào)道飲食導(dǎo)致高脂血癥的恒河猴血漿ADMA水平升高近2倍,同時(shí)伴有內(nèi)皮功能障礙。在人類,血漿ADMA水平與高膽固醇血癥水平呈正相關(guān),并出現(xiàn)與ADMA水平升高相關(guān)的內(nèi)皮功能障礙。吉紹葵等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)高膽固醇血癥患者與健康對(duì)照組血漿ADMA分別為(1.00±0.08) μmol/L、(0.552±0.038) μmol/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。一項(xiàng)包括120例新診斷的嚴(yán)重高脂血癥患者的對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),病理組血漿ADMA明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。其可能機(jī)制為血清高濃度的氧化型低密度脂蛋白膽固醇對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞PRMTS的基因表達(dá)上調(diào),從而使血漿ADMA水平上升。多項(xiàng)研究均提示AMDA與高脂血癥的發(fā)生有關(guān)。
ADMA與糖尿?。篖u等[11]研究指出,糖尿病大鼠較非糖尿病大鼠體內(nèi)DDAH表達(dá)及活性明顯受抑,血漿ADMA水平顯著升高。張進(jìn)等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),1型糖尿病患者血漿ADMA水平顯著高于對(duì)照組。有研究顯示嚴(yán)格控制2型糖尿病患者血糖,可以顯著降低患者血漿ADMA水平[8]。杜美容等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿ADMA水平升高加速2型糖尿病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,還與糖尿病心腦血管疾病、糖尿病腎病和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變等血管并發(fā)癥密切相關(guān),并對(duì)評(píng)估2型糖尿病患者預(yù)后及發(fā)生心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要意義[8]。推測(cè)高血脂可能導(dǎo)致DDAH活性受到抑制,使ADMA水平升高。
ADMA與原發(fā)性高血壓:研究發(fā)現(xiàn),給大鼠注射ADMA可使大鼠血壓升高,且呈劑量依賴性[3]。Sasser等[14]進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)給大鼠喂食血管緊張素Ⅱ,大鼠血壓升高伴有體內(nèi)ADMA水平升高。給健康志愿者注入ADMA后,志愿者血壓升高,且血壓隨著注入ADMA水平增高而增高,呈劑量依賴性。同時(shí)他們研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高血壓2級(jí)患者血漿ADMA水平比高血壓1級(jí)患者高,且高血壓患者隨著病情加重血漿ADMA水平明顯增加。近期吳存瑾等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)控制高血壓患者ADMA水平,可以明顯降低患者血壓。因此,在高血壓各個(gè)階段,ADMA的升高參與了血管內(nèi)皮功能的損害,血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損,對(duì)內(nèi)皮依賴性舒血管物質(zhì)反應(yīng)性降低,舒血管作用減弱,血壓升高,并且ADMA升高水平與血管內(nèi)皮受損的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[16]。
ADMA與Hcy:張福青和李新[17]綜述在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中加入Hcy,發(fā)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)液中ADMA水平升高,且Hcy與ADMA水平的增加呈濃度依賴性相關(guān)。在人臍血內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中加入Hcy,高Hcy可引起DDAH活性下降,導(dǎo)致ADMA水平升高。研究將75例冠心病依據(jù)Hcy水平高低分為低、中、高三組,結(jié)果顯示低組ADMA水平顯著低于中、高兩組,提示Hcy的升高能對(duì)ADMA水平產(chǎn)生影響[18]。進(jìn)一步研究提示Hcy與ADMA在轉(zhuǎn)甲基過(guò)程中存在密切相關(guān)。Hcy在體內(nèi)可逆性轉(zhuǎn)化為SAM, SAM為PRMTⅠ提供甲基供體,催化蛋白精氨酸殘基甲基化,并產(chǎn)生SAM,而經(jīng)甲基化精氨酸殘基的蛋白質(zhì)則水解成ADMA,SAM為ADMA的甲基供體。
血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損、平滑肌細(xì)胞遷移增殖、巨噬細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為泡沫細(xì)胞,是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化形成的3個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。Suda等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)向小鼠體內(nèi)注入ADMA 4周,可促進(jìn)冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的形成。Ahmetaj-Shala等[20]通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)得出增加小鼠血漿ADMA濃度可增加血栓和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化。Jacobi等[21]將DDAH轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠與ApoE缺乏小鼠雜交,得到hDDAH+/-小鼠,過(guò)度表達(dá)hDDAH的小鼠血管斑塊形成減少,斑塊范圍與血漿ADMA濃度密切相關(guān)。增加小鼠血漿ADMA濃度可血栓和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化。有研究者將315例早發(fā)性冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病(EOCAD)患者與286例對(duì)照組進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)ADMA濃度EOCAD組[(0.480±0.110)μmol/L]明顯高于對(duì)照組[(0.457±0.091)μmol/L,P= 0.457],且ADMA濃度與病變嚴(yán)重性顯著增加(P<0.001)[2]。另一研究表明冠心病患者血漿ADMA濃度顯著高于正常對(duì)照組,血漿ADMA每增加1 μmol/L,發(fā)生冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加2倍[22],冠心病及合并有冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素的患者,血漿ADMA水平明顯升高,推測(cè)與多種致動(dòng)脈硬化危險(xiǎn)因子相關(guān),并參與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展[8,22-23]。
ADMA參與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的具體機(jī)制可能為:(1)ADMA抑制NOS活性:Wei等[23]提出內(nèi)源性ADMA對(duì)NOS具有抑制作用。ADMA通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制NOS,體內(nèi)NO含量減少。NO作為重要的舒血管因子,起到調(diào)節(jié)血壓、舒張血管、對(duì)抗血管壁細(xì)胞增殖、維持內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞穩(wěn)定的重要作用。因此ADMA是一種血管內(nèi)皮功能失調(diào)的危險(xiǎn)因子,可能是一種致動(dòng)脈硬化分子。研究表明血漿中ADMA水平正常為(1.0±0.1)μmol/L,ADMA在3~15 μmol/L時(shí)即可抑制NOS活性[9]。其具體機(jī)制為:ADMA導(dǎo)致NOS活性解耦聯(lián);ADMA與精氨酸競(jìng)爭(zhēng)細(xì)胞膜上陽(yáng)離子氨基酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體Y+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)通路進(jìn)入細(xì)胞。Chirines等[24]研究提出血漿ADMA濃度與頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化獨(dú)立相關(guān)。血漿ADMA升高可明顯抑制NOS活性,其水平可作為冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。(2)ADMA影響血管內(nèi)皮功能:內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的作用之一是保證血管形態(tài)和功能的正常。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂可導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿ADMA水平與血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能密切相關(guān),血漿ADMA水平升高可導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂[24]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在冠心病患者中存在內(nèi)皮依賴性血管舒張功能減退同時(shí)伴有ADMA水平升高,且內(nèi)皮功能失調(diào)的嚴(yán)重程度與ADMA水平明顯相關(guān)[5]。新近觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為ADMA可加速內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的衰老[25]。ADMA通過(guò)影響內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能,加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)展,是內(nèi)皮功能障礙的預(yù)測(cè)因子,是一種前致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化分子,且與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能不全嚴(yán)重程度成正比[26]。(3)ADMA與血小板關(guān)系密切:Stoessel等通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)推測(cè)ADMA可引起血小板聚集。近期有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)ADMA水平與血管假性血友病因子(vWF)和血栓素A2(TXA2)代謝物存在直接相關(guān),后兩者與血小板黏附、聚集等相關(guān)聯(lián),提示ADMA可能參與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生。(4)ADMA通過(guò)BT-kB途徑增強(qiáng)LOX-1表達(dá)、促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為泡沫細(xì)胞[27],或者通過(guò)Rho/ROCK和ERKI/2信號(hào)交聯(lián)誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞遷移和表型轉(zhuǎn)化[28],兩者均可促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。(5)ADMA可激活單核細(xì)胞系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖、血栓形成,促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展。
原發(fā)性高血壓、高脂血癥、糖尿病、高同型半胱氨酸血癥等冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素均可引起血漿ADMA升高,而ADMA升高不僅可抑制NOS活性、使NO減少,還可引起內(nèi)皮功能紊亂、調(diào)節(jié)單核細(xì)胞黏附性、促進(jìn)斑塊內(nèi)炎性細(xì)胞活化、增強(qiáng)血小板聚集等環(huán)節(jié),促進(jìn)冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展,近期孟德爾隨機(jī)化研究提示,ADMA增加冠心病變化風(fēng)險(xiǎn),測(cè)定食物中精氨酸(L-NMMA),可以評(píng)估冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),推測(cè)ADMA可能為冠心病預(yù)測(cè)因子[29]。隨著對(duì)ADMA認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入。隨著人們對(duì)ADMA在冠心病中重要地位的不斷深入研究,ADMA有望成為防治冠心病的新靶點(diǎn)。
利益沖突:無(wú)
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(本文編輯:周白瑜)
Advances in the research of the relationship between asymmetric dimethylarginine and coronary heart disease
LuoRong,HongBin,ZhangZheng,SunXiaochen,ShenFeiyan,WangZilong
DepartmentofCardiology,QingpuMedicalCenter,ZhongshanHospital,F(xiàn)udanUniversity,Shanghai201700,China
Correspondingauthor:WangZilong,Email:luorong_1999@21cn.com
Asymmetry dimethylarginine(ADMA)is an endogenous competitive antagonist of nitric oxide synthase(NOS),which competitively inhibit NOS,to reduce nitric oxide content and lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction.ADMA is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and closely associated with coronary heart disease(CAD)and its major risk factors.Therefore,ADMA is expected to be a new predictor for CAD.
Coronary artery disease; Risk factors; Asymmetric dimethylarginine
汪自龍,電子信箱:luorong_1999@21cn.com
10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2017.02.017
2014年上海市青浦區(qū)衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)基金(w2014-04)
2016-10-20)