林育意 譚靜 路星辰

·綜述·

急性缺血性卒中血管內(nèi)治療研究進展

林育意 譚靜 路星辰

急性缺血性卒中發(fā)病率、病殘率和病死率均較高，是目前對人類危害最嚴重的疾病之一。血管內(nèi)治療已獲得臨床充分肯定。血管內(nèi)治療適應證的選擇、治療時間窗的確定、機械取栓裝置的選擇對預后至關(guān)重要。本文擬對急性缺血性卒中血管內(nèi)治療研究進展進行闡述。

卒中； 腦缺血； 血栓溶解療法； 血管成形術(shù)； 綜述

腦卒中是目前對人類危害最嚴重的疾病之一。全國第三次死因回顧抽樣調(diào)查和第二次全國殘疾人抽樣調(diào)查資料顯示，腦卒中已成為我國國民首位病殘和病死原因［1］。在美國，腦卒中是導致終身殘疾的首要原因，是第4位病死原因［2］。截至2010年，腦卒中位列全球病殘和病死原因的第3和2位［3?4］。雖然近年來腦卒中病死率有所下降，但病殘和病死的絕對病例數(shù)仍在增加［5］，據(jù)世界銀行預測，如果不采取有效措施，截至2030年，我國將有31.77×106例腦卒中患者［1］。勞動力喪失和醫(yī)療負擔成為腦卒中生存者、家庭和社會的沉重負擔。有效的治療方法是臨床醫(yī)師不懈追求的目標。

一、急性缺血性卒中靜脈溶栓治療

目前，缺血性卒中是我國腦卒中住院患者的主要類型，占全部腦卒中70%以上［1］。靜脈溶栓是經(jīng)典治療方法。研究證實，腦卒中靜脈溶栓治療有效，發(fā)病后3小時為治療時間窗［6?7］。1996年，重組組織型纖溶酶原激活物（rt?PA）經(jīng)美國食品與藥品管理局（FDA）批準用于腦卒中靜脈溶栓治療［8］。2008年歐洲協(xié)作組急性腦卒中研究Ⅲ（ECASSⅢ）首次將腦卒中靜脈溶栓治療時間窗自3小時延長至4.50小時［9］，并獲得臨床研究證據(jù)的支持［10?11］。

隨著臨床應用的普及，靜脈溶栓治療的局限性也逐漸凸顯。（1）治療時間窗窄：盡管已將腦卒中靜脈溶栓治療時間窗延長至發(fā)病后4.50小時，但在此時間窗內(nèi)仍有較多患者，特別是偏遠地區(qū)、交通欠發(fā)達地區(qū)患者，難以到達有靜脈溶栓資質(zhì)的醫(yī)院，且此治療時間窗后不良結(jié)局發(fā)生率較高。（2）血管再通率低：頸內(nèi)動脈（ICA）或基底動脈閉塞后靜脈溶栓治療的血管再通率僅為4%～14%，大腦中動脈（MCA）為55%，大腦中動脈M1段閉塞為32%～37%，病殘率和病死率均較高［12?13］。（3）易導致腦出血：有文獻報道，靜脈溶栓治療后癥狀性腦出血發(fā)生率高達1.7% ～ 2.4%［9，14］。

二、急性缺血性卒中血管內(nèi)治療

1.血管內(nèi)治療的有效性 2013年發(fā)表于N Engl J Med的3篇關(guān)于血管內(nèi)治療的隨機對照臨床試驗并未顯示血管內(nèi)治療較rt?PA靜脈溶栓治療更有優(yōu)勢［15?17］。此后，Singh等［2］對上述3 項臨床研究進行Meta分析，也得出相同結(jié)論。但是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于重癥腦卒中，血管內(nèi)治療效果更佳［2，15?17］。究其原因，可能是血管內(nèi)治療尚缺乏大樣本多中心隨機雙盲對照臨床試驗，也可能與機械取栓裝置Merci落后、患者征募緩慢、腦組織再灌注延遲、所納入病例均質(zhì)性不一致有關(guān)。隨著機械取栓裝置和取栓技術(shù)的進步，血管內(nèi)治療的優(yōu)勢逐漸凸顯［2，18］，較單純靜脈溶栓治療效果更佳［19］。兩項采用機械取栓裝置Stentrievers治療腦卒中的隨機對照臨床試驗結(jié)局均明顯改善［20?21］。截至2015年，5項里程碑式前瞻性隨機對照臨床試驗均顯示，與靜脈溶栓相比，血管內(nèi)機械取栓治療近端動脈閉塞性缺血性卒中的治療時間窗更長、血管再通率更高、臨床預后更佳［22?26］。2013 和 2015 年的 8 項臨床研究雖然納入與排除標準不盡相同［15?17，22?26］，但 Badhiwala等［27］對其進行Meta分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)，與內(nèi)科治療聯(lián)合rt?PA靜脈溶栓治療相比，急性缺血性卒中患者采用血管內(nèi)機械取栓治療能夠更好地改善神經(jīng)功能預后，腦血管造影顯示血管再通率更高，且不增加90天內(nèi)癥狀性腦出血發(fā)生率和各種原因?qū)е碌牟∷缆省?/p>

2.血管內(nèi)治療患者的選擇 Chia等［28］在南澳大利亞的Adelaide西郊進行一項以人群為基礎(chǔ)的隊列研究，結(jié)果顯示，在嚴格［改良Rankin量表（mRS）評分0～1分，發(fā)病至入院時間＜3.50小時，梗死灶核心與缺血半暗帶區(qū)不匹配］和寬松（mRS評分0～3分，發(fā)病至入院時間＜5小時）兩種標準下，符合血管內(nèi)血栓切除術(shù)（ET）治療的潛在腦卒中患者約占全部腦卒中患者的7%和13%，寬松標準預測每年符合血管內(nèi)血栓切除術(shù)治療的潛在患者≤22/10萬。2015年，Urra等［29］對納入前循環(huán)大血管閉塞致急性腦卒中8小時內(nèi)Solitaire FR支架取栓與內(nèi)科治療隨機對照試驗（REVASCAT）的西班牙前循環(huán)大血管閉塞性缺血性卒中患者和未納入該項試驗的其他類型腦卒中患者的血管內(nèi)機械取栓治療效果進行分析，結(jié)果顯示療效無明顯差異，表明血管內(nèi)血栓切除術(shù)不僅適用于前循環(huán)大血管閉塞性缺血性卒中，還具有更廣泛的適應證。如何準確、快速地篩選血管內(nèi)治療適應證患者，是所有神經(jīng)科醫(yī)師面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。Alberta腦卒中計劃早期CT評分（ASPECTS）是一種采用頭部非增強CT掃描快速、簡單、可靠、系統(tǒng)化評價腦組織早期缺血性改變的方法［30］。該評分系統(tǒng)中CT檢查操作簡單、檢查時間短、設(shè)備普及率高，可以廣泛應用于血管內(nèi)治療患者的篩查。研究顯示，ASPECTS評分＞7分的缺血性卒中患者，動脈或靜脈溶栓治療后預后較好［31?32］。目前，ASPECTS評分廣泛應用于選擇適合血管內(nèi)治療的患者。Goyal等［33］對2015年發(fā)表的5項關(guān)于血管內(nèi)治療的隨機對照臨床試驗進行Meta分析，結(jié)果顯示，ASPECTS評分優(yōu)良（7～10分）的患者經(jīng)血管內(nèi)治療后獲益明顯，而ASPECT評分差（0～6分）的患者經(jīng)血管內(nèi)治療后亦未發(fā)現(xiàn)有害證據(jù)。Yoo等［34］對荷蘭急性缺血性卒中血管內(nèi)治療多中心隨機對照臨床試驗（MR CLEAN）進行亞組分析，結(jié)果顯示，中等梗死灶（ASPECTS評分5～7分）患者經(jīng)血管內(nèi)治療后獲益最大，小梗死灶（ASPECTS評分8～10分）患者經(jīng)血管內(nèi)治療聯(lián)合常規(guī)治療后缺血性卒中復發(fā)率增加，大梗死灶（ASPECTS評分0～4分）患者經(jīng)血管內(nèi)治療后是否獲益仍不明確，尚待進一步研究。上述研究結(jié)論的差異可能是由于CT平掃對急性梗死灶敏感性和精確性均較差［35］；ASPECTS評分應用者之間的異質(zhì)性較大，約1/3研究者對15%缺血性卒中患者的ASPECTS評分意見不一致［36］，因此，ASPECTS評分用于血管內(nèi)治療適應證的選擇尚存局限性。研究顯示，缺血半暗帶血栓檢測、CTA原始圖像（CTA?SI）有助于選擇適合血管內(nèi)治療的急性缺血性卒中患者［37］。然而，綜合比較CT平掃的簡便快捷（可以爭取更多時間進行血管內(nèi)治療以挽救缺血半暗帶）與MRI和CTA等檢查（準確性高但檢測時間較長）之間的關(guān)系，目前尚無除ASPECTS評分外的更好評價方法［38］。

3.血管內(nèi)治療時間窗 腦卒中后應盡可能縮短再灌注時間［19］，普遍認為，再灌注時間延長使臨床預后惡化，增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率［39］。晚近研究顯示，血管內(nèi)治療對發(fā)病6 小時內(nèi)患者安全、有效［22，24?25］。美國心臟協(xié)會（AHA）/美國卒中協(xié)會（ASA）制定的急性缺血性卒中血管內(nèi)治療指南［40］建議，應于發(fā)病6小時內(nèi)行血管內(nèi)治療?！都毙匀毖宰渲醒軆?nèi)治療中國指南2015》［41］推薦，血管內(nèi)機械取栓治療發(fā)病6小時內(nèi)的急性前循環(huán)大動脈狹窄性缺血性卒中，如果發(fā)病4.50小時內(nèi)，可在足量靜脈溶栓基礎(chǔ)上實施血管內(nèi)機械取栓治療。但是發(fā)病6小時后行血管內(nèi)治療是否獲益尚存爭議。理論上講，如果側(cè)支循環(huán)良好、可挽救的缺血半暗帶體積足夠大，即使延長治療時間窗也可以獲益。Jovin等［26］進行的REVASCAT試驗納入發(fā)病8小時內(nèi)的前循環(huán)大血管閉塞性缺血性卒中患者，血管內(nèi)機械取栓可顯著降低腦卒中后殘疾程度，增加生活自理［mRS評分0～2分］比例，且與單純內(nèi)科治療相比，癥狀性腦出血發(fā)生率和病死率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。Saver等［42］的Meta分析顯示，腦卒中發(fā)病2小時內(nèi)行血管內(nèi)治療聯(lián)合內(nèi)科治療獲益最大，發(fā)病后7.30小時已無明顯獲益。Goyal等［23］的小梗死灶和前循環(huán)近端閉塞性缺血性卒中血管內(nèi)治療并強調(diào)最短化CT掃描至再通時間（ESCAPE）試驗將納入時限延長至發(fā)病12小時內(nèi)，同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)血管內(nèi)治療可以明顯改善患者功能預后并降低病死率。Lansberg等［43］的前瞻性多中心隊列研究——擴散和灌注成像評價腦卒中進展2（DEFUSE2）研究顯示，對于發(fā)病12小時內(nèi)灌注成像（PWI）?擴散加權(quán)成像（DWI）不匹配的缺血性卒中患者，血管內(nèi)再灌注成功與功能和影像學預后改善（發(fā)病至接受再灌注治療時間）無時間依賴性。應注意的是，加拿大腦卒中治療指南［44］建議，發(fā)病6小時內(nèi)血管內(nèi)治療效果最佳，最多可延長至發(fā)病12小時內(nèi)。從個體水平看，發(fā)病超過6小時的缺血性卒中患者仍有可挽救的缺血半暗帶，可采用多模式影像學檢查，如CT灌注成像（CTP）、CTA、DWI和PWI篩選適合血管內(nèi)治療的患者，但是此類患者能否從急性缺血?再灌注中獲益，尚待進一步隨機對照臨床試驗的驗證［40］。

4.血管內(nèi)治療裝置的選擇 目前，血管內(nèi)取栓裝置根據(jù)取栓方法可以分為兩種類型，一種以Merci（美國Concentric Medical公司）取栓系統(tǒng)和Penumbra（美國Penumbra公司）吸栓系統(tǒng)為代表，一種以Solitaire（美國EV3公司）和Trevo（美國Stryker公司）可回收支架取栓系統(tǒng)為代表。支架種類、型號、形狀和物理性質(zhì)對臨床實踐和預后結(jié)局的影響尚不明確，因此，機械取栓裝置的選擇也尚無定論。有5項隨機對照臨床試驗證實可回收支架取栓系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)良效果［22?26，33］。Dippel等［45］對 MR CLEAN試驗中不同取栓裝置的臨床結(jié)局進行分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)Solitaire和Trevo支架取栓裝置的效果最佳，Catch（美國Guidant公司）、Lazarus（美國Lazarus Effect公司）、Merci、Penumbra、Revive（美 國 Johnsonamp;Johnson公司）等裝置取栓后7天和3個月病死率和蛛網(wǎng)膜下隙出血發(fā)生率均明顯高于Solitaire和Trevo支架取栓裝置，而二者的臨床結(jié)局、神經(jīng)修復、血管再通率、最終梗死灶面積和病死率差異則無統(tǒng)計學意義。Mendon?a等［46］的前瞻性臨床研究對前循環(huán)閉塞后Solitaire和Trevo支架取栓裝置的療效進行比較，結(jié)果顯示，兩種裝置取栓后血管再通率均較高（60%對77%，P=0.456），且臨床、影像學和功能結(jié)局差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義；然而由于樣本量較?。▋H33例），該項研究結(jié)論尚待進一步證實。Grech等［47］對2010-2013年發(fā)表的20篇關(guān)于血管內(nèi)機械取栓裝置的臨床研究（包括Solitaire支架17篇、Trevo支架3篇）進行Meta分析，結(jié)果顯示，Solitaire和Trevo支架取栓后血管再通率均＞80%，二者功能結(jié)局、病死率和癥狀性腦出血發(fā)生率差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義。因此認為，第一種類型的吸栓系統(tǒng)療效未能達到預期，而第二類型的可回收支架取栓系統(tǒng)療效達到預期，表現(xiàn)卓越。

綜上所述，血管內(nèi)治療已獲得臨床充分肯定，中國神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師、相關(guān)學者和科研機構(gòu)也緊隨時代步伐在該領(lǐng)域作出大量工作［48?49］。隨著相關(guān)設(shè)備和技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，相信在不久的將來，血管內(nèi)治療必將得到進一步的完善和普及。

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Research progress of endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke

LIN Yu?yi1,TAN Jing2,LU Xing?chen3

1Department of Neurosurgery,Southeast Hospital of Chongqing,Chongqing 401336,China

2Department of Neurology,Chongqing Armed Corps Police Hospital,Chongqing 400061,China

3Medical Team,Unit 78526 of Chinese PLA,Leshan 614100,Sichuan,China
Corresponding author:LU Xing?chen(Email:410484527@qq.com)

Acute ischemic stroke which has the high mobidity,disability rate and mortality is one of the most serious diseases threatening mankind.Endovascular therapy is difinite.Slection of patient,therapeutic time window and device is closely associated with the prognosis.This paper reviews the issues mentioned above.

Stroke;Brain ischemia;Thrombolytic therapy;Angioplasty;Review

10.3969/j.issn.1672?6731.2017.09.013

401336重慶市東南醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科（林育意）；400061武警重慶總隊醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科（譚靜）；614100樂山，解放軍78526部隊衛(wèi)生隊（路星辰）

路星辰（Email：410484527@qq.com）

2017?08?21）