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P27蛋白與頭頸鱗狀細胞癌△

2017-01-12 13:39胡林平滕堯樹陳漫漫曾國輝朱瑾
中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志 2017年1期
關鍵詞:細胞質細胞核鱗狀

胡林平 滕堯樹 陳漫漫 曾國輝 朱瑾

·綜 述·

P27蛋白與頭頸鱗狀細胞癌△

胡林平 滕堯樹*陳漫漫 曾國輝 朱瑾*

頭頸鱗狀細胞癌(HNSCCs)是人體常見惡性腫瘤之一,發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢,但其發(fā)病機制目前尚不清楚。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞核內、外的P27 蛋白異常表達,可通過不同的信號轉導機制,在多種HNSCCs細胞的浸潤和遷移等病理過程中發(fā)揮不同的調控作用,從而影響HNSCCs患者的預后。本文綜述P27蛋白在HNSCCs臨床病理特征及預后判斷中的研究進展。(中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志,2017,17:68-70)

P27蛋白;頭頸鱗狀細胞癌;病理機制;預后

頭頸鱗狀細胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinomas,HNSCCs)作為全球第六大常見的惡性腫瘤,發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢,惡性程度較高,預后與腫瘤局部復發(fā)和淋巴結轉移密切相關,但其浸潤、轉移的分子病理機制目前尚不清楚。 P27 蛋白是由P27基因表達而來,其主要是通過抑制細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶(cyclin dependent kinases,CDKs)復合物活性,以發(fā)揮限制性調節(jié)細胞周期進程的作用。近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),P27蛋白的異常表達參與了HNSCCs細胞的浸潤和遷移等病理過程,因而與HNSCCs臨床病理特征密切相關。本文綜述P27蛋白在HNSCCs的臨床病理特征及預后判斷中的研究進展,以期為探索HNSCCs的分子病理機制及分子靶向治療提供新的理論依據(jù)。

1 P27蛋白概述

P27蛋白又稱細胞周期依賴性激酶抑制蛋白B(cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors B, DKNIB),屬于CDKI中的Cip/Kip家族。Polyak等[1]于1994年首次發(fā)現(xiàn),P27蛋白作為一種熱穩(wěn)定蛋白,對細胞周期具有調控作用[2]。P27基因位于染色體12p13,與染色體12p12緊鄰[3]。P27蛋白通常位于細胞核,抑制CyclinE/CDK2復合物,從而負性調控細胞周期(從G1期進入S期),而異位于細胞質的P27則被認為是一種促腫瘤因子[4-6]。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),P27蛋白是通過關鍵殘基磷酸化來決定其在亞細胞中的定位,其中細胞核P27蛋白S10磷酸化修飾后,在出核因子(chromosome maintenance region 1,CRMI)協(xié)助下,促進P27蛋白從細胞核向細胞質輸出。細胞質中的P27蛋白在kip1泛素促進復合物(ubiquitin promoting complex,KPC)作用下可發(fā)生降解,然而P27蛋白T157和T198磷酸化則使P27蛋白滯留于細胞質[7-9]。在細胞核中,P27 蛋白T187被Cyclin-CDK2復合物磷酸化,然后在SCFskp2作用下發(fā)生泛素化降解[9]。另有研究[10-11]發(fā)現(xiàn),泛素連接酶PIRH2(P53-induced RINGH2)對細胞核內和細胞質的P27蛋白均可起到負性調控作用。

分子病理學研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在多種不同類型的腫瘤中,除了細胞核P27蛋白表達下降外,細胞質P27蛋白的表達明顯升高,提示細胞質P27蛋白在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中起至關重要的調控作用[12-14]?,F(xiàn)研究[15-16]認為,細胞質P27蛋白通過非依賴CDK蛋白機制,發(fā)揮促進腫瘤細胞浸潤和遷移的作用,其中可抑制Rho信號轉導通路,進而促進細胞遷移。動物實驗也證實,腫瘤細胞胞質P27蛋白過表達能提高Akt蛋白的水平和穩(wěn)定性,促進移植瘤模型動物的成瘤[17]。由此可見,細胞質P27蛋白能促進腫瘤細胞的遷移、浸潤和轉移。

2 P27蛋白在HNSCCs臨床病理及預后判斷中的研究

目前普遍認為,P27蛋白異常表達參與了人類多種惡性腫瘤的病理生理過程, 且P27蛋白低表達提示腫瘤(如乳腺腫瘤及非小細胞肺癌)患者可能預后不良[18-19]。Kurozumi等[20]通過分析P27Kip1與HER2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)陽性乳腺癌對新型化療病理完全反應率的相關性,發(fā)現(xiàn)P27蛋白低表達可作為HER2陽性乳腺癌患者對新型化療結合曲妥單抗具有良好病理完全反應率的一個預測指標。然而,P27蛋白表達與HNSCCs臨床病理特征之間是否存在關系,目前國內外尚有爭議。Shimada等[21]通過研究泛素連接酶PIRH2和P27蛋白表達與HNSCCs患者預后的相關性,發(fā)現(xiàn)P27蛋白表達水平與腫瘤大小、病理分期、分化程度呈負相關,與患者生存時間呈正相關,而與淋巴結轉移無顯著相關性。這可能與泛素連接酶PIRH2部分降解P27蛋白有關。Moreno-Galindo等[22]則認為P27蛋白表達水平與HNSCCs原發(fā)部位、TN分級、病理分期及分化程度在統(tǒng)計學上均無顯著相關性,但其可作為獨立預測化療敏感度的生物學指標。有學者[23]在研究埃羅替尼治療頭頸部復發(fā)或轉移性鱗狀細胞癌的藥效生物學標志物時發(fā)現(xiàn),埃羅替尼治療后的腫瘤組織中P27蛋白表達下降,且與患者總體生存率改善顯著相關,故其可作為埃羅替尼治療此類患者的預后判斷指標。van den Broek等[24]在研究包括P27蛋白在內的分子標志物預測以順鉑為基礎同步放、化療對HNSCCs療效時發(fā)現(xiàn),P27蛋白表達水平與HNSCCs局部控制率存在相關性。由此可見,P27蛋白可作為臨床上預測HNSCCs療效的重要生物學指標。

2.1 P27蛋白與鼻咽鱗狀細胞癌 鼻咽鱗狀細胞癌是一個極富地域特色的腫瘤,在中國的南部和東南亞地區(qū)高發(fā)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),P27蛋白表達水平與鼻咽癌臨床病理特征密切相關。Hwang等[25]對69例鼻咽癌患者組織標本中P27蛋白表達水平進行檢測及分析發(fā)現(xiàn),P27蛋白低表達能促進鼻咽癌的侵襲行為,且與鼻咽癌局部復發(fā)存在顯著相關性,與鼻咽癌TNM分期、5年生存率等臨床特征無顯著相關性。但Jiang等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鼻咽癌組織中P27蛋白表達水平顯著低于非腫瘤鼻咽組織,且P27蛋白表達與鼻咽癌T分級、TNM臨床分期呈顯著負相關,鼻咽癌組織P27蛋白表達水平低下患者的總體生存率明顯低于P27蛋白高表達者。另有研究[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常鼻咽組織相比,鼻咽癌組織中細胞質P27蛋白表達水平顯著降低,與T分級呈顯著負相關,但與淋巴結轉移無顯著相關性。Liu等[28]研究鼻咽癌組織標本(n=130)中細胞核P27蛋白表達與鼻咽癌臨床病理特征的相關性,發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞核P27表達水平與T分級和臨床分期呈顯著負相關,細胞核P27蛋白高表達鼻咽癌患者的總體生存率顯著高于細胞核P27蛋白表達缺失患者,且細胞核P27蛋白表達水平與患者生存時間呈正相關。這些研究都表明,細胞核或細胞質P27蛋白可作為預測鼻咽癌患者預后轉歸的內源性因子。

2.2 P27蛋白與口腔鱗狀細胞癌 口腔鱗狀細胞癌約占口腔惡性腫瘤的90%,由于其具有較高的局部復發(fā)率和遠處轉移率,患者的5年生存率仍然較低。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),口腔鱗狀細胞癌組織中細胞核P27蛋白表達顯著降低,且P27蛋白表達水平與口腔鱗狀細胞癌患者的生存率、淋巴結轉移、TNM分期和腫瘤分化程度相關[29-31]。然而,也有學者認為,細胞核P27蛋白表達與口腔鱗狀細胞癌臨床病理特征之間不存在顯著相關性[4,32-34]。Gao等[35]通過對14項研究的1 010例口腔鱗狀細胞癌患者臨床資料進行薈萃分析進一步證實,P27蛋白表達水平與口腔鱗狀細胞癌組織學分級、TNM分期和淋巴結轉移密切相關,P27蛋白表達降低提示口腔鱗狀細胞癌患者預后不良。由此可見,P27蛋白參與了口腔鱗狀細胞癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,但其在口腔鱗狀細胞癌病理進程中的作用及其調控機制,仍有待進一步闡明。

2.3 P27蛋白與喉鱗狀細胞癌 有研究[36]發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞核P27蛋白低表達多提示喉基底樣鱗狀細胞癌高侵襲性和預后不良。Bodnar等[37]的一項關于P27蛋白表達與喉鱗狀細胞癌淋巴結轉移關系的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞核P27蛋白在伴淋巴結轉移的喉鱗狀細胞癌原發(fā)灶組織中表達明顯降低[IRS(免疫反應得分) ≤76],提示P27蛋白可能是喉鱗狀細胞癌發(fā)生潛在淋巴結轉移的一個預測指標。關于喉鱗狀細胞癌復發(fā)與P27蛋白之間的關系,目前尚存在爭議。Korkmaz等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞核P27蛋白雖在早期喉癌中過表達率為36.7%,但其過表達預示該喉癌易發(fā)生復發(fā);而Yang等[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在喉鱗狀細胞癌復發(fā)組中細胞核P27蛋白陽性表達率(20.0%)較未復發(fā)組(47.7%)明顯降低,提示喉鱗狀細胞癌易復發(fā)可能與細胞核P27蛋白表達降低有關。因此,對于此類細胞核P27蛋白陰性表達患者術后需密切隨訪。

2.4 P27蛋白與鼻-鼻竇鱗狀細胞癌 關于鼻-鼻竇鱗狀細胞癌臨床病理與P27蛋白的關系,新近研究較少。Bandoh等[40]通過對70例上頜竇鱗狀細胞癌組織標本進行細胞核P27蛋白免疫組織化學染色分析發(fā)現(xiàn),P27蛋白陽性表達病例的凋亡指數(shù)(apoptotic index,AI)較P27蛋白表達缺失者明顯升高,而P27蛋白的表達水平與無病生存(diease-free survival,DFS)時間之間無顯著相關性。Tsou等[41]對內翻性乳頭狀瘤癌變病例研究發(fā)現(xiàn),癌變病例腫瘤組織中細胞核P27蛋白表達水平較未癌變病例低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,提示細胞核P27蛋白低表達對鼻-鼻竇鱗狀細胞癌的發(fā)生可能有促進作用。

3 總結與展望

HNSCCs發(fā)病機制復雜,雖然目前關于P27蛋白表達與HNSCCs臨床病理特征及預后之間的關系,尚存在一定爭議,但大多數(shù)學者普遍認為,P27蛋白是一個評估HNSCCs患者預后的重要生物學標志,其發(fā)揮抑癌或促癌作用與P27蛋白的亞細胞定位密切相關。細胞核P27蛋白在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展中扮演抑癌因子的角色;而細胞質P27蛋白則發(fā)揮促癌作用。然而,關于HNSCCs中P27蛋白亞細胞定位及P27蛋白在HNSCCs生物學行為中的作用及其分子病理機制,目前研究較少,有待進一步深入研究。隨著組織芯片技術、免疫共沉淀技術及基因敲除技術等分子生物學方法在分子腫瘤學研究領域中的應用及推廣,并結合腫瘤細胞體內外功能實驗,將有助于闡明P27蛋白在HNSCCs發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用機制,從而為HNSCCs分子靶向治療提供新的思路。

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(本文編輯 楊美琴)

Relation of p27 and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

HULin-ping,TENGYao-shu*,CHENMan-man,ZENGGuo-hui,ZHUJin*.

DepartmentofOtorhinolaryngology,theSecondClinicalMedicalCollegeofZhejiangChineseMedicalUniversity,Hangzhou310053,China

ZHU Jin, Email: zhujin2698@163.com

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCs) is one of the common human malignant tumors. Its incidence is increasing year by year, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. The current studies have found that the abnormal expression of P27 molecule in the nucleus and cytoplasm play different regulatory roles in various pathological processes including invasion and migration of HNSCCs cells through different signal transduction mechanisms, which affect the prognosis of patients with HNSCCs. Therefore, this article will review the research progress of P27 protein in the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of HNSCCs. (Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol,2017,17:68-70)

P27 protein; Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas; Pathological mechanism; Prognosis

浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計劃項目(2015KYB292);南京醫(yī)科大學科技發(fā)展基金重點項目(2015NJMUZD087)

浙江中醫(yī)藥大學第二臨床醫(yī)學院 杭州 310053;*浙江省杭州市第一人民醫(yī)院耳鼻喉科 杭州 310006

朱瑾(Email:zhujin2698@163.com)

10.14166/j.issn.1671-2420.2017.01.022

2016-04-26)

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