QIAN Maiping, ZOU Songmei, LI Shuang, JIANG Ren, SUN Ailian, ZU Yikang, SHI Fei, YU Junjie, PENG Bo, ZENG Jianwei

(1. Nanjing Geological Survey Center of China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China; 2. Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, Jiangsu, China; 3. Sihong Bureau of Land and Resources, Sihong 223700, Jiangsu, China; 4. Land and Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, Jiangsu, China)

The Discovery of A Late Pleistocene Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis from Sihong County, northern Jiangsu Province, China

QIAN Maiping1, ZOU Songmei2, LI Shuang3, JIANG Ren1, SUN Ailian4, ZU Yikang3, SHI Fei3, YU Junjie1, PENG Bo1, ZENG Jianwei1

(1. Nanjing Geological Survey Center of China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China; 2. Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, Jiangsu, China; 3. Sihong Bureau of Land and Resources, Sihong 223700, Jiangsu, China; 4. Land and Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, Jiangsu, China)

A relatively complete fossil skeleton of a Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis was unearthed from yellowish brown and light grayish green silty clay in Late Pleistocene upper part of Qizui Formation during land consolidation at Guitai of Maoshan Village in Shiji Town of Sihong County, northern Jiangsu Province on April 23, 2016. Although fossils of Palaeoloxodon have been found at several sites in China before, most of them are molars, tusks and a few fragmentary bones. The specimen is one of the most well-preserved skeletons of Palaeoloxodon in China, and the wear degree of last lower molar (m3) indicates this elephant died at 50 years old, and the femur length suggests its shoulder height was of more than 4 meters and its body mass of over 10 tonnes. The Pleistocene period Palaeoloxodon lived was marked by repeated glacial cycles, and it caused blend-isolated cycles between groups of these elephants repeatedly. Palaeoloxodon evolved eventually numerous species, varied widely in size, suited to their different habitats. The species of Palaeoloxodon tended to be of huge size in extensive continents, for instance,Palaeoloxodonreckiin Africa,Palaeoloxodonantiquesin Europe,Palaeoloxodonnamadicusin South Asia, andPalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisin China, while species of this elephant became examples of insular dwarfism in confined islands, such asPalaeoloxodonfalconeri,Palaeoloxodonmelitensis,Palaeoloxodonmnaidriensis,PalaeoloxodonCypriotes,Palaeoloxodonchaniensis,Palaeoloxodontiliensisin Mediterranean islands, as well asPalaeoloxodonnaumanniin Japan, and therefore the species of Palaeoloxodon include the smallest and the largest Proboscidea.

Palaeoloxodonhuaihoensis; Late Pleistocene; Qizui Formation; Sihong County; northern Jiangsu Province

0 Introduction

The fossil skeleton of a huge prehistoric elephant was excavated at 3.5 meters underground from the bottom of a brook at Guitai of Maoshan Village in Shiji Town of Sihong County (Fig.1), northern Jiangsu Province, during the Project of High-standard Primary Farmland Construction and Land Consolidation, on April 23, 2016. At the invitation of Land and Resources of Jiangsu Province and Sihong Prefectural Bureau of Land and Resources on May 12, we made a field survey in the fossil site and recognized the skeleton is the specimen ofPalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisQi, 1999 in Pleistocene Tarantian upper part of Qizui Formation, and the fossil horizon′s age is approximately 50 ka.

Fig.1 The location of the fossil site of Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis (yellow arrow) at Guitai of Maoshan Village in Shiji Town of Sihong County, Jiangsu Province(maps adopted from Chinese version of the Google Earth)

1 Geological background and stratigraphy

The fossil site ofPalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisat Sihong region is located in the Huanghuai Plain, including the Huaihe River valley, i.e., Lixiahe area, lower reaches of Yi and Shu rivers and part of the old Yellow River channel. This plain′s area is about 8,000 km2, or about three fourth of Jiangsu Province. Quaternary are rich in fossils, with a thickness of more than 300 m, and the sequences of the order are Douchong, Bogang, Qizui and Lianyungang formations (Table 1).

The Early-Middle Pleistocene are mainly of fluvial facies, while main part of Middle-Late Pleistocene are alluvial facies with two or three layers of transitional sediments occurences in the upper part. Owing to the strong neotectonic movement in the late stage of Late Pleistocene, Huanghuai Plain was uplifted. As a result, the sediment types are dependent on their locations. The sediments of the Sihong region are mainly alluvial-lacustrine intercalated with some transgressional beds (Du, 2003; Qian et al., 2013).

Table 1 The stratigraphic division of Quaternary in northern Jiangsu Province

2 The Specimen

Scientific Classification

Order: Proboscidea Illiger, 1810

Family: Elephantidae Gray, 1821

Genus:PalaeoloxodonMatsumoto, 1924

Palaeoloxodonhuaihoensis, Qi, 1999

Synonym

1957,PalaeoloxodonnaumanniChow. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 5 (2): 283.

1964,Elephasnamadicusnamadi(typicus) Chang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 8 (3): 269.

1977,PalaeoloxodonnaumannihuaihoensisLiu. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 15 (4): 278.

Diagnosis: A large-sized species with a lamellar index of 4.5 ～ 5; enamal layer rather thin with distinct plications or wrinkles. The worn ridge plate often shows different patterns of point and dash, with rhomboid or ellipse patterns and median sinus (Fig.2). The proximal width of radius is larger than 85% of its distal width.

Fig.2 Themandible with left and right m3 (occlusal view) of Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis in yellowish brown and light grayish green silty clay (Late Pleistocene upper part of Qizui Formation)(Note the worn ridge plate shows points and dashes, with rhomboid or ellipse patterns and median sinus)

Horizon: Late Pleistocene upper part of Qizui Formation (age estimated 50 ka, during MIS 3 Interglacial Phase)

Occurence: The specimen was excavated from yellowish brown and light grayish green silty clay or loam at around 3.5 meters underground from the bottom of brook at Guitai of Maoshan Village in Shiji Town of Sihong County, northern Jiangsu Province (Fig.3).

Fig.3 A Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis′ disperse relatively complete skeleton with the upper incisors of large size distributed within an area of about 40 km2

Fig.4 The excavated bones of Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis include humeri, radii, ulnae, skull fragments, upper incisor, mandible with lower third molar, left scapula, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, as well as some vertebrae and ribs etc.

Description: A disperse relatively complete skeleton of large size and distributed within an area of about 40 square meters. The excavated bones include humeri, radii, ulnae, skull fragments, upper incisor, mandible with lower third molar, left scapula, right femur, patella, tibia and fibula, as well as some vertebrae and ribs, etc (Fig.3, 4). The upper incisor is more than 3 meters long. The last lower molar (m3) is broad-crowned and broken at front (Fig.2), and its wear degree indicating this elephant was about 50 years old when it died. Glenoid cavity of a nearly complete left scapula is fairly deep (Fig.5). The limb bones are massive and heavy. Based on the 1.3-meter-long femur (Fig.6), it is estimated that this specimen stood approximately 4 meters or more at its shoulder and weighs over 10 tonnes.

Taphonomy: The specimen was buried in yellowish brown and light grayish green silty clay or loam deposited in the washland or marsh.Palaeoloxodonhuaihoensislikes wet and warm environment and therefore the living environment at that time was relatively hot and humid, with lush forest and developed water system. This elephant might get caught by wet mud when he was drinking or eating at the riverside or lakeside washland or marsh. As an elephant gets old, its remaining molars are sensitive and worn down, so it prefers to eat softer food. A washland or marsh is a perfect place for soft plant food, where this elephant was unfortunately swallowed by wet mud. As a result of water disturbance, its bones were slightly scattered (Fig.3, 4).

Fig.5 The left scapula of Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis, medial aspect(Note the glenoid cavity of scapula is fairly deep, yellow arrow)

Fig.6 The left hindlimb bones of Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis, anterior view, including femur, patella, tibia and fibula

3 Discussions

Fossils ofPalaeoloxodonare known to be widely distributed in China (Hopwood, 1935; Chow, 1957; Chang, 1964; Wei, 1976; Liu, 1977; Zhang et al., 1983; Zheng, 2007; Gao, 2008). While most of the remains found are molars, tusks and a few fragmentary bones, this skeleton is very rare (Liu, 1977). This specimen ofPalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisfrom Sihong in northern Jiangsu is one of the most well-preserved skeletons in China and it can provide important information for in-depth exploration of the evolutionary history of this elephant species.

The generic name ofPalaeoloxodonwas first introduced by Hikoshichiro Matsumoto (1924). However, there had been controversy on whether species of this genus should be classified asElephas,Elephas(Palaeoloxodon), orPalaeoloxodon(Maglio, 1973; Beden, 1979; Shoshani et al., 1996). Since the 2000s, different studies focusing on cranial observations conclude thatPalaeoloxodonis a bona fide genus (Inuzuka, 2004; Shoshani et al., 2005; Shoshani et al. 2007) (Fig.7).

Fig.7 Skulls comparison of Palaeoloxodon to other proboscideans from left to right: Palaeoloxodon namadicus, Mammuthus primigenius, Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana

The species ofPalaeoloxodoninclude the smallest and the largest Proboscidea. ThePalaeoloxodonfalconeriwas the smallestPalaeoloxodon; the material from Spinagallo Cave (Middle Pleistocene, southeastern Sicily), described by Ambrosetti (1968) indicates that these island proboscideans were only up to 110 cm (adult male) at the shoulders and close to 300 kg in body mass (Fig.8), while thePalaeoloxodonreckifound in the Koobi Fora Formation can reach 450 cm at its shoulder′s height and its body mass is about 12 ～ 14 tons (Todd, 2005), and it could be one of the largest elephants in the world (Fig.9) (Larramendi, 2016). This is probably attributed to the special climate and geography during the Pleistocene. The time periodPalaeoloxodonlived was marked by repeated glacial cycles in which continental glaciers pushed to the 40th parallel in some places. Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets of 1,500 to 3,000 meters thick, resulting in temporary sea-level lowering of 100 meters or more over the entire surface of the Earth, and most of continental shelves were exposed, i.e. most of the continental shelf seas, such as Mediterranean Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea, etc, and became lands across which groups ofPalaeoloxodonwidely migrated and spreaded to occupy new suitable habitats. While each interglacial prevalence gave off huge volumes of water from melting continental ice sheets, resulting in sea-level rise of 100 meters or more over the entire surface of the Earth, continental shelves were submerged again. Thus the continental shelf seas restored separated these groups ofPalaeoloxodonin different continents or islands respectively. Repeated glacial-interglacial cycles during the Pleistocene caused blend-isolated cycles between groups of these elephants repeatedly.Palaeoloxodonevolved eventually numerous species varied widely in size suited to their different habitats respectively. The species ofPalaeoloxodontended to be of huge size in extensive continents, for instance,Palaeoloxodonreckiin Africa,Palaeoloxodonantiquesin Europe,Palaeoloxodonnamadicusin South Asia, andPalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisin North China, East China and Korea, while species of this elephant became examples of insular dwarfism in confined islands, such asPalaeoloxodonfalconeri,Palaeoloxodonmelitensis,Palaeoloxodonmnaidriensis,PalaeoloxodonCypriotes,Palaeoloxodonchaniensis,Palaeoloxodontiliensisin Mediterranean islands, as well asPalaeoloxodonnaumanniin Japan. ThisPalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisfrom Sihong County in northern Jiangsu Province is another huge-sized fossil elephant recorded in East China.

Fig.8 Size of Palaeoloxodon falconeri (from left to right: adult male, juvenile and adult female) compared to Homo sapiens (male, H 180 cm)(after Larramendi, 2016)

Fig.9 Size of Palaeoloxodon recki compared with modern Elephas maximus and Homo sapiens (male, H 180 cm)(modified from Larramendi, 2016)

4 Conclusions

ThePalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisfrom late Pleistocene upper part of Qizui Formation (age estimated 50 ka, during MIS 3 Interglacial Phase) at Guitai of Maoshan Village in Shiji Town of Sihong County (northern Jiangsu Province) is one of the most well-preserved skeletons in China, and it is another giant example ofPalaeoloxodonwhich was about 50 years old and stood more than 4 meters at its shoulder and over 10 tonnes in its body mass. The specimen was buried in yellowish brown and light grayish green silty clay or loam deposited in the washland or marsh, suggesting its living environment at that time was relatively hot and humid, with lush forest and developed water system.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from China Geological Survey (121201008000150004) and (DD20160063). We would like to give our special thanks to Sihong Prefectural Bureau of Land and Resources, Sihong Prefectural Bureau of Cultural Heritage and Sihong Museum for their full support during the field survey.

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江蘇泗洪晚更新世淮河古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis)化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)

錢(qián)邁平1， 鄒松梅2， 李 爽3， 蔣 仁1， 孫愛(ài)蓮4， 祖益康3， 時(shí) 飛3， 于俊杰1， 彭 博1， 曾劍威1

(1.中國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局南京地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心，江蘇南京210016; 2.江蘇省地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究院，江蘇南京210018； 3.江蘇省泗洪縣國(guó)土資源局，江蘇泗洪223700； 4.江蘇省國(guó)土資源廳，江蘇南京210017)

江蘇省泗洪縣石集鄉(xiāng)毛山村在實(shí)施高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基本農(nóng)田建設(shè)土地整治期間，在上更新統(tǒng)塔蘭托階戚嘴組上部棕黃、棕紅色粉砂質(zhì)亞黏土夾淺灰綠色粉砂層中發(fā)掘出一體形巨大、保存較完整的淮河古菱齒象(PalaeoloxodonhuaihoensisQi, 1999)骨架化石。雖然中國(guó)許多地方的第四紀(jì)地層都發(fā)現(xiàn)了古菱齒象化石，但多為零散的牙齒和殘破的骨骼。此次出土的標(biāo)本顯示，其巨大的門(mén)齒說(shuō)明該象為雄性，第3臼齒磨損程度反映其死亡年齡約50歲，從其股骨長(zhǎng)度推測(cè)，可能肩高超過(guò)4 m，體重超過(guò)10 t。對(duì)比世界各地已發(fā)現(xiàn)的古菱齒象化石，可見(jiàn)在冰期—間冰期反復(fù)交替的更新世，古菱齒象為尋找適合的生存環(huán)境不斷遷徙。冰期氣候變冷，海平面下降，大陸架淺海大多暴露成為陸地，它們遷徙擴(kuò)散，追尋合適的生境；間冰期氣候變暖，海平面上升，大陸架完全淹沒(méi)成為淺海，它們被分隔在不同的大陸和島嶼，為適應(yīng)不同的生境，各自獨(dú)立演化。如此反復(fù)的遷徙擴(kuò)散—隔離—再遷徙融合—再隔離的交替循環(huán)，導(dǎo)致古菱齒象種群的多樣化分異。在食物資源豐富、活動(dòng)空間廣闊、掠食動(dòng)物橫行的大陸，它們體形趨向巨大化，如非洲的瑞氏古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonrecki)，歐洲的古老古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonantiquus)，南亞的納瑪古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonnamadicus)及中國(guó)的淮河古菱齒象；在食物資源和活動(dòng)空間都很受限制，掠食動(dòng)物威脅相對(duì)較弱的島嶼，它們的體形趨向侏儒化，如地中海島嶼的法氏古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonfalconeri)，馬耳他古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonmelitensis)，莫奈德里古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonmnaidriensis)，塞浦路斯古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodoncypriotes)，哈尼亞古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonchaniensis)，蒂洛斯古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodontiliensis)及日本的諾氏古菱齒象(Palaeoloxodonnaumanni)。由此演化出的物種體形大小差異很大，包含了長(zhǎng)鼻目(Proboscidea)最大和最小的個(gè)體。

淮河古菱齒象；晚更新世；戚嘴組；泗洪；蘇北

Q915.2+3

A

1674-3636(2016)04-0545-07

2016-09-03；

2016-10-19；編輯：陳露

中國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局地質(zhì)調(diào)查項(xiàng)目“欽杭成礦帶德興—歙縣地區(qū)地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查”(121201008000150004)、“長(zhǎng)三角覆蓋區(qū)1∶5萬(wàn)填圖試點(diǎn)”(DD20160063)

錢(qián)邁平(1954— ),男,研究員,博士,地層古生物專(zhuān)業(yè),E-mail： qianmaiping@163.com

10.3969/j.issn.1674-3636.2016.04.545

Manuscript received Mar. 8, 2016; Edited by CHEN Lu

About the first author: QIAN Maiping (1954— ), male, researcher, PhD, majored in paleontology and stratigraphy. E-mail： qianmaiping@163.com