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腦血紅蛋白表達增高可減輕α-突觸核蛋白引起的MES23.5細胞凋亡

2016-12-23 01:34:46楊巍巍李旭冉李旭穎
首都醫(yī)科大學學報 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:胞質(zhì)電勢復合物

楊巍巍 李旭冉 李 昕 李旭穎 于 順,3*

(1.首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)生物學研究室,北京 100053;2.帕金森病研究北京重點實驗室,北京 100053;3.北京腦重大疾病研究院帕金森病研究所,北京 100053)

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· 基礎(chǔ)研究 ·

腦血紅蛋白表達增高可減輕α-突觸核蛋白引起的MES23.5細胞凋亡

楊巍巍1,2李旭冉1,2李 昕1,2李旭穎1,2于 順1,2,3*

(1.首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)生物學研究室,北京 100053;2.帕金森病研究北京重點實驗室,北京 100053;3.北京腦重大疾病研究院帕金森病研究所,北京 100053)

目的 觀察腦血紅蛋白(neuronal hemoglobin,nHb)在α-突觸核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-syn)引起的細胞凋亡中的作用。方法 在MES23.5細胞中瞬時轉(zhuǎn)染空載(myc)和nHb質(zhì)粒,部分轉(zhuǎn)染細胞外加α-syn,免疫熒光化學方法鑒定基因表達情況。Western blotting法檢測α-syn與nHb表達水平。JC-1檢測各組細胞線粒體膜電勢水平,TUNEL染色和MTT法檢測各組細胞死亡情況。結(jié)果 過表達nHb可與α-syn在胞質(zhì)及線粒體均形成復合物,并顯著降低游離α-syn在胞質(zhì)及線粒體的水平,同時,nHb過表達可顯著逆轉(zhuǎn)α-syn所致線粒體膜電勢下降及細胞凋亡。結(jié)論 nHb表達增高可緩解α-syn致細胞損傷。

α-突觸核蛋白;血紅蛋白;線粒體;凋亡

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是一種復雜的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,以運動障礙為主要臨床特征。目前,PD發(fā)病機制尚不明確,但研究[1-3]顯示遺傳因素與PD發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。

路易體的主要成分是α-突觸核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-syn),其被認為是與散發(fā)性和遺傳性PD發(fā)生發(fā)展緊密相關(guān)的蛋白[4-5]。近來文獻[6-8]報道α-syn可以與其他蛋白如超氧化物歧化酶1(superoxide dismutase 1, SOD1)、 促微管聚集蛋白(tubulin polymerization promoting proteins, TPPP)及3,4-二羥基苯乙醛(3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, DOPAL)等發(fā)生相互作用從而參與了α-syn的病理機制。同時,文獻[9]顯示α-syn可引起線粒體損傷。

神經(jīng)球蛋白屬于氧結(jié)合蛋白家族,包括腦紅蛋白,腦血紅蛋白(neuronal hemoglobin,nHb),肌紅蛋白,這些蛋白被普遍認為參與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮性、氧自由基清除及調(diào)節(jié)細胞存活[10]。但這些蛋白最主要的作用是維持線粒體正常生理功能[11-18]。神經(jīng)球蛋白同時也參與了神經(jīng)退行性病變的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。例如,在PD患者腦內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)nHb異常過表達[19]。但是nHb是否緩解α-syn所致的線粒體損傷及細胞凋亡尚未見報道。本文主要探討nHb與α-syn的關(guān)系及nHb對MES23.5細胞的保護作用,可能有助于為PD的發(fā)病機制及藥物作用靶點研究提供新思路。

1 材料和方法

1.1 儀器與試劑

DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清和胰蛋白酶(美國Gibco公司);actin抗體(美國Sigma公司);鼠抗人Hb單克隆抗體(美國Abcam公司);myc抗體(美國Clontech公司);鼠抗人α-syn單克隆抗體3D5由本室制備;生物素化的鼠單克隆抗體3D5(北京康為世紀生物科技有限公司);4-硝基磷酸二鈉鹽(美國Sigma公司);辣根過氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)標記山羊抗小鼠IgG多克隆抗體(北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司);ELISA 96孔酶標板(美國Corning公司);酶標儀(瑞士Tecan公司);細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒(美國Roche公司);MTT(北京欣經(jīng)科生物公司);Lipofectamine 2000 (德國Qiagen公司);HRP標記的二抗(美國KPL公司);人源nHb質(zhì)粒(pCMV-myc-nHb) 及其空載對照(pCMV-myc) 均由于順教授實驗室構(gòu)建,其他試劑為分析純。

1.2 方法

1)細胞培養(yǎng)及轉(zhuǎn)染:MES23.5細胞采用含5%(體積分數(shù))胎牛血清和Sato’s添加液、100 U/mL青霉素和100 U/mL鏈霉素的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基,置于37 ℃,5%(體積分數(shù))CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染按照Lipofectamine2000操作說明書進行。

2) MTT方法檢測細胞活力:分組為正常對照組(Con),外加α-syn處理組(10mol/L,1、3、6 h)空載對照組(myc),空載對照組外加α-syn(10mol/L,1、3、6 h)單純過表達nHb組,過表達nHb外加α-syn處理組(10mol/L,1、3、6 h)

上述各組MES23.5細胞按1×105個/孔接種于96孔板,每組細胞接種8個復孔。接種后24 h,向各孔加入MTT(5 g/L) 20 mL,37 ℃,5%(體積分數(shù)) CO2培養(yǎng)箱繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。后每孔加入100 mL二甲基亞砜,振蕩10 min。將孔板置于酶標儀中,取550 nm波長處的吸光度值統(tǒng)計分析。實驗至少重復3次進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

3) Western blotting分析:實驗分組為正常對照組(Con),外加α-syn處理組(10mol/L,6 h)空載對照組(myc),空載對照組外加α-syn(10mol/L,6 h)單純過表達nHb組,過表達nHb外加α-syn處理組(10mol/L,6 h)。將上述每組細胞按2×108個接種于每個大培養(yǎng)皿中,每組細胞接種3個大皿。抽提上述各組細胞胞質(zhì)、線粒體及胞膜蛋白,選用BCA法測定蛋白濃度,SDS-PAGE電泳,半濕轉(zhuǎn)法將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜,10%(質(zhì)量分數(shù))脫脂牛奶封閉1 h,分別入抗3D5單抗 (1∶5 000),Hb(1∶1 000),actin (1∶1 000),VDAC(1∶1 000),calnexin(1∶1 000)室溫孵育3 h。后入相應HRP標記的羊抗兔(或鼠)免疫球蛋白抗體中(1∶5 000),室溫孵育1 h。加入化學發(fā)光液,于暗室化學發(fā)光及顯影、定影。實驗至少重復3次進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

4)nHb檢測:抽提上述各組細胞胞質(zhì)、線粒體及胞膜蛋白,利用Western blotting分別檢測上述各細胞組分中的nHb,利用肌動蛋白(actin)、電壓依賴的選擇性陰離子通道蛋白(voltage-dependent anion-selective channel, VDAC)、鈣連接蛋白(calnexin)分別作為胞質(zhì)、線粒體、膜組分的內(nèi)參。以nHb條帶灰度值比不同內(nèi)參的灰度值作為標準化后不同組細胞各亞細胞組分nHb的水平。實驗至少重復3次進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

5) 免疫細胞化學染色:上述各組細胞培養(yǎng)24 h后進行myc或者nHb質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染,轉(zhuǎn)染24 h后做免疫熒光染色,1 ×PBS沖洗2次,加入4%(質(zhì)量分數(shù))多聚甲醛,室溫固定20 min,10%(體積分數(shù))山羊血清室溫孵育1 h封閉,加入抗myc(1∶500)及3D5一抗(1∶1 000),室溫避光孵育3 h,然后與Alexa Fluor標記山羊抗小鼠(或兔)熒光二抗(1∶5 000)室溫孵育1 h。加入4,6-二氨基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)于37 ℃避光孵育5 min復染細胞核,甘油封片后用共聚焦掃描顯微鏡觀察。

6) 與血紅蛋白結(jié)合的α-syn的ELISA檢測: 實驗分組為正常對照組(Con),外加α-syn處理組 (10mol/L,6 h)空載對照組(myc),空載對照組外加α-syn(10mol/L,6 h)單純過表達nHb組,過表達nHb外加α-syn處理組(10mol/L,6 h)。將上述每組細胞按2×108個接種于每個大培養(yǎng)皿中,每組細胞接種3個大皿。抽提每組細胞胞質(zhì)、線粒體、胞膜組分,BCA定量后進行ELISA檢測。用質(zhì)量濃度為2 mg/L 血紅蛋白單抗包被96孔酶標板,2.5%(質(zhì)量分數(shù))明膠封閉2 h。加入各組細胞樣品100L(0.1g/L),37 ℃孵育2 h,再加入生物素標記3D5抗體 (終質(zhì)量濃度1 mg/L),37 ℃孵育2 h。向各孔加入100 mL堿性磷酸酶標記的親和素 (1∶5 000),37 ℃孵育1 h。最后加入100 mL對硝基酚磷酸顯色液 (pNPP),37 ℃顯色30 min。405 nm處測定吸光度值。實驗至少重復3次進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

7)與血紅蛋白結(jié)合的α-syn免疫共沉淀檢測:實驗所用細胞樣本數(shù)同上,將上述細胞組織勻漿20 mg/L與7 mg/L的抗人紅蛋白抗體于4 ℃孵育過夜,然后與protein G 反應,12 000 g離心5 min,棄上清,0.01 mol/L PBS緩沖液500L洗滌沉淀3次,棄上清,將沉淀用3D5抗體進行Western blotting檢測,以分析各組細胞不同亞細胞部位與血紅蛋白結(jié)合的α-syn的量。實驗至少重復3次進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

8) TUNEL染色:實驗分組為正常對照組(Con),外加α-syn處理組(10mol/L,6 h)空載對照組(myc),空載對照組外加α-syn(10mol/L,6 h)單純過表達nHb組,過表達nHb外加α-syn處理組(10mol/L,6 h)。將上述每組細胞按1×103個接種于每個confocal培養(yǎng)皿中,每組細胞接種3個confocal皿。將上述各組細胞用1×PBS沖洗3次,后用4%(質(zhì)量分數(shù))多聚甲醛,室溫固定20 min,5g/mL蛋白酶K處理細胞5 min,PBST沖洗3次,加入TdT酶反應液,37 ℃孵育1 h,避光。DAPI復染細胞核,甘油封片后用共聚焦掃描顯微鏡觀察。實驗至少重復3次進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

9) MES23.5細胞線粒體膜電勢檢測:JC-1是一種廣泛應用于檢測線粒體膜電勢(ΔΨm)的染料。在ΔΨm 增高時,JC-1形成聚合物(J-aggregates)并聚集在線粒體基質(zhì)中,可以產(chǎn)生紅色熒光;在線粒體受損膜電位下降時,JC-1呈單體形式存在且不聚集在線粒體基質(zhì)中,可以產(chǎn)生綠色熒光。通過紅綠熒光強度的比值則可以判斷線粒體膜電位的變化。MES23.5細胞轉(zhuǎn)染myc/nHb質(zhì)粒24 h后外加α-syn孵育1、3、6 h。收集上述各組細胞,以F12培養(yǎng)基稀釋JC-1至工作質(zhì)量濃度10g/mL,37 ℃,5%(體積分數(shù)) CO2培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)孵育10 min后,利用流式細胞儀進行檢測。實驗至少重復3次進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法

2 結(jié)果

2.1 在MES23.5細胞中nHb-α-syn復合物形成可減少線粒體游離nHb

Western blotting及免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示,MES23.5細胞中均沒有檢測到內(nèi)源性α-syn信號(圖1A、B)。然而,在α-syn處理組細胞胞質(zhì)、線粒體及胞膜組分中,均檢測到外源性α-syn存在(圖1A、B)。過表達nHb后,在細胞胞質(zhì)及線粒體中nHb顯著增高(P<0.05);而在α-syn處理組中,胞質(zhì)以及線粒體中游離nHb分別較未處理組降低顯著(P<0.05),詳見圖1A;而Co-IP及ELISA結(jié)果顯示,細胞過表達nHb后,nHb-α-syn復合物在胞質(zhì)及線粒體組分顯著增高(P<0.05),詳見圖1C。

2.2 nHb可緩解α-syn所致MES23.5細胞線粒體膜電勢降低

JC-1染色結(jié)果顯示,α-syn可顯著降低MES23.5細胞線粒體膜電勢(P<0.05,圖2A、B)。然而,過表達nHb后,MES23.5細胞線粒體膜電勢較α-syn處理組增高顯著(P<0.05),詳見圖2A、B。

2.3 nHb可緩解α-syn所致MES23.5細胞凋亡

TUNEL及MTT結(jié)果顯示,α-syn可使細胞凋亡數(shù)目增加并使細胞活力降低(P<0.05),而nHb過表達則明顯緩解α-syn所致細胞凋亡,并增加細胞活力(P<0.05),詳見圖3A~C。

3 討論

本文在MES23.5多巴胺能神經(jīng)細胞中外加人源性重組α-syn純蛋白,在線粒體及胞質(zhì)組分可明顯觀察到α-syn表達顯著增高。這是由于α-syn加入細胞培養(yǎng)基后,可以通過被動擴散迅速進入到MES23.5細胞中[20]。但是在胞質(zhì)及線粒體組分均發(fā)現(xiàn)游離nHb在α-syn細胞處理組降低顯著。同時,筆者還觀察到α-syn積聚可顯著增加線粒體中nHb-α-syn復合物。原因目前尚不明確,但有可能是由于MES23.5細胞內(nèi)源性α-syn極低,所以導致內(nèi)源性nHb-α-syn復合物處于較低水平,而當添加外源性α-syn后,線粒體內(nèi)α-syn濃度迅速增高并與nHb結(jié)合,因此,顯示出較高的nHb-α-syn復合物形成,并在一定觀察時間內(nèi)沒有降低到基線水平。更重要的是,nHb-α-syn復合物的形成可顯著降低線粒體內(nèi)游離nHb。

文獻[12]顯示,內(nèi)源性nHb主要定位于線粒體,并且在減輕魚藤酮致細胞線粒體損傷中起關(guān)鍵作用。線粒體nHb可提高線粒體膜電勢并且維持線粒體ATP產(chǎn)量[21]。筆者進而觀察了α-syn積聚所致線粒體nHb減低是否能使細胞線粒體膜電勢降低并增加細胞凋亡。結(jié)果顯示,加入外源性α-syn可使線粒體游離nHb降低并同時伴隨線粒體膜電勢降低。而過表達nHb可顯著緩解α-syn積聚所致的線粒體損傷。由于線粒體介導的凋亡起始于線粒體膜電勢降低,筆者進一步觀察了nHb抵抗α-syn致細胞凋亡的保護作用。結(jié)果表明,nHb可明顯減輕α-syn致細胞凋亡及細胞活力降低。以上結(jié)果提示nHb可能通過維持線粒體膜電勢進而抵抗α-syn所介導的細胞凋亡。

圖1 在MES23.5細胞中nHb-α-syn復合物形成可減少線粒體游離nHb

Fig.1 Reduction of free mitochondrial nHb levels by formation of nHb-a-syn complex in MES23.5 cells

A:The amount of free nHb, myc, α-syn expressed indicated by Western blotting analysis of the protein samples before IP. Actin, VDAC, Calnexin were detected as a cytosol, mitochondria and membrane loading control, respectively.*P<0.05vs1 group (n=6);#P<0.05vs1, 3, 5 group, respectively (n=6);B: Cells were transfected with a myc or myc/nHb vector for 24 h with or without α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 6 h. At 24 h after transfection, MES23.5 cells fixed and stained with myc and α-syn antibody, followed by a mouse Alexa 488- or rabbit Alexa 594-conjugated secondary antibody. The nucleus was counterstained by DAPI. Bar=50 μm;C: α-syn immunoprecipitated by an Hb antibody was detected in cytosolic- and mitochondrial-fraction in 2, 4, 6 lanes (upper panel). Levels of nHb-α-syn complex were detected in cytosol, mitochondria and membrane by ELISA (lower panel).*P<0.05vs1 group (n=6);#P<0.05vs2 or 4 group (n=6); Data were expressed as the mean±SD; Tukey’s multiple comparisons test after ANOVA; Hb-Ab: hemoglobin antibody; Cyto-nHb-α-syn: neuronal hemoglobin-α-syn complex in cytosolic fraction; M-nHb-α-syn: neuronal hemoglobin-a-syn complex in membrane fraction; Mt-nHb-α-syn: neuronal hemoglobin-α-syn complex in mitochondrial fraction; 1: control group; 2: α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 6 h group; 3: myc vector transfection for 24 h group; 4: myc vector transfection for 24 h with α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 6 h group; 5: myc/nHb vector transfection for 24 h group; 6: myc/nHb vector transfection for 24 h with α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 6 h group,α-syn:α-synuclein; nHb:neuronal hemoglobin;VDAC:voltage dependent anion-selective channel.

圖2 nHb可緩解α-syn致細胞線粒體膜電勢降低

Fig.2 nHb alleviated α-syn induced reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential

MES 23.5 cells were transfected with a myc or myc/nHb vector for 24 h with or without α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for indicated times. At 24 h after transfection, MES23.5 cells were stained by JC-1 and detected the mitochondrial membrane potential. A: Representative images showed the J-aggregate (FL 2) and J-monomer (FL 1) fluorescence intensity. B: Statistical results showed the ratios of J-aggregate/J-monomer fluorescence intensity. Data were expressed as the mean ±SD. Tukey’s multiple comparisons test after ANOVA.*P<0.05vscontrol group (n=6);#P<0.05vsa-syn treatment groups (n=6); α-syn;α-synuclein; nHb:neuronal hemoglobin.

圖3 nHb可緩解α-syn所致MES23.5細胞凋亡

Fig.3 nHb alleviated α-syn induced MES23.5 cells apoptosis

A: Cells were transfected with a myc or myc/nHb vector for 24 h with or without α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 6 h. At 24 h after transfection, MES23.5 cells fixed and stained with TUNEL, the nucleus was counterstained by DAPI. Bar=50 μm; B: Statistical results show the TUNEL positive cells. C: MTT assay of the cell viability in 1 - 6 groups with or without addition of α-syn (10mol/L) for 1, 3, 6 h. Data were expressed as the mean ±SD. Tukey’s multiple comparisons test after ANOVA.*P<0.05vs1 group (n=6);#P<0.05vs2 or 4 group (n=6); 1: control group; 2: α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 1, 3, 6 h group; 3: myc vector transfection for 24 h group; 4: myc vector transfection for 24 h with α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 1, 3, 6 h group; 5: myc/nHb vector transfection for 24 h group; 6: myc/nHb vector transfection for 24 h with α-syn (10mol/L) treatment for 1, 3, 6 h group. α-syn:α-synuclein, nHb:neuronal hemoglobin.

綜上所述,在MES23.5細胞中,nHb與α-syn可形成復合物,使線粒體游離nHb顯著降低,并緩解α-syn致細胞凋亡及線粒體膜電勢降低。這一發(fā)現(xiàn),可能有助于為PD的發(fā)病機制及藥物作用靶點研究提供新思路。

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編輯 孫超淵

Expression of neuronal hemoglobin alleviates α-synuclein-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells

Yang Weiwei1,2,Li Xuran1,2,Li Xin1,2,Li Xuying1,2,Yu Shun1,2,3*

(1.DepartmentofNeurobiology,XuanwuHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100053,China;2.KeyLaboratoryofNeurodegenerativeDisease,MinistryofEducation,Beijing100053,China;3.CenterforParkinson’sDisease,BeijingInstituteforBrainDisorders,Beijing100053,China)

Objective To explore the effect of neuronal hemoglobin (nHb) on α-synuclein(α-syn)-induced cell apoptosis. Methods myc vector or nHb was transiently transfected into MES23.5 cells with or without addition of exogenous α-syn. As identification of gene expression by immunofluorescence, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of α-syn and nHb. JC-1 staining was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential. The cell injuries were observed by TUNEL staining and MTT assay. Results nHb gene overexpression in MES23.5 cells lead to formation the complexes with α-syn in cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction, and reduced free nHb levels. Meanwhile, nHb could reverse α-syn-induced reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis. Conclusion Increase of nHb could alleviate α-syn-induced cell injuries.

α-synuclein (α-syn);hemoglobin;mitochondria;apoptosis

國家重點基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計劃(2011CB504101),國家自然科學基金(81071014, 81371200,81401042),國家科技支撐計劃課題(2012BAI10B03),首都衛(wèi)生發(fā)展科研專項課題(2011-4001-01),北京市自然科學基金(7122035)。 This study was supported by Major State Basic Research Development Program (“973” Program) of China (2011CB504101), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81071014, 81371200, 81401042), National Science and Technology Support Program (2012BAI10B03),The Capital Health Research and Development Special Fund (2011-4001-01), Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (7122035).

時間:2016-12-14 20∶10

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.r.20161214.2010.016.html

10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2016.06.016]

R 338

2016-02-14)

*Corresponding author, E-mail:yushun103@163.com

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