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幽門螺桿菌感染對(duì)植入藥物洗脫支架急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征患者長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后的影響

2016-12-23 01:34王德昭李世敬陳步星
關(guān)鍵詞:螺桿菌幽門血小板

王德昭 王 軍 李世敬 陳步星*

(1. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科, 北京 100050; 北京市門頭溝區(qū)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科, 北京 102300)

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· 心血管疾病的病理生理機(jī)制 ·

幽門螺桿菌感染對(duì)植入藥物洗脫支架急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征患者長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后的影響

王德昭1王 軍2李世敬2陳步星1*

(1. 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科, 北京 100050; 北京市門頭溝區(qū)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科, 北京 102300)

目的 探討幽門螺桿菌(Helicobacterpylori, Hp)感染和急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)患者植入藥物洗脫支架(drug eluting stent, DES)后長(zhǎng)期隨訪心血管不良事件的關(guān)系。方法 回顧性選擇2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日行DES植入術(shù)的326例ACS患者。所有患者均已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了13C尿素呼氣試驗(yàn),高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(high sensitive C-reactive protein, hsCRP),同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, HCY)等檢查,根據(jù)Hp感染情況及是否行Hp根除治療分為3組:無(wú)Hp感染的患者組(Hp- group,n=176),Hp陽(yáng)性行根治術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)陰患者(Hp+therapy group,n=75),Hp陽(yáng)性沒(méi)有根除治療患者(Hp+no therapy group,n=75)。隨訪5年內(nèi)主要心血管不良事件(main adverse cardiovascular event, MACE)和上消化道出血(upper gastrointestinal bleeding, UGIB)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 隨訪5年,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)Hp+no therapy患者較其他2組MACE和UGIB發(fā)生率高(P值分別為0.009和0.000)。Hp+no therapy是預(yù)測(cè)累積MACE事件(HR:2.441, 95%CI:1.354~4.400,P=0.003)和UGIB(HR:5.257, 95%CI:2.572~10.745,P<0.001)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論 植入藥物洗脫支架合并Hp感染的ACS患者有更多的MACE和UGIB發(fā)生, Hp根除治療可以降低MACE和UGIB的發(fā)生率。

幽門螺桿菌;根除治療; 急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征;主要不良心臟事件;遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后

幽門螺桿菌(Helicobacterpylori, Hp)感染被認(rèn)為是許多疾病的致病因素,是導(dǎo)致消化不良的常見(jiàn)原因,與食管運(yùn)動(dòng)失調(diào)、胃食管反流病以及消化性潰瘍相關(guān)的消化道出血(upper gastrointestinal bleeding, UGIB)關(guān)系密切[1-3]。隨著越來(lái)越多的急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)患者使用藥物洗脫支架(drug eluting stent, DES),需要進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療的患者也越來(lái)越多,隨之而來(lái),在這些患者中UGIB的發(fā)生率也逐年增高。雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物治療患者UGIB發(fā)生率為12.5%,而非雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物治療的患者上消化道出血發(fā)生率為4.0%[4-5]。許多ACS患者在接受雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療同時(shí)也伴隨Hp感染,這些都大大增加了UGIB的發(fā)生率。

Hp感染可能在冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(coronary artery disease, CAD)發(fā)病中發(fā)揮某種潛在的作用[6]。有研究[7]表明,血清學(xué)陽(yáng)性的Hp感染與ACS的發(fā)生和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)展呈顯著正相關(guān)。中國(guó)2013年消化科指南建議,服用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物的患者,如果沒(méi)有消化性潰瘍,不需要Hp根除治療,而日本和韓國(guó)的指南則建議采取根除治療[8]。這些患者是否應(yīng)該采取根除治療是有爭(zhēng)議的。

本研究目的是探討Hp感染與服用雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療的ACS患者長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系,并評(píng)價(jià)Hp根除療法對(duì)于主要心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events, MACE)和UGIB的意義。

1 材料與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象

本研究入選自2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日在北京市門頭溝區(qū)醫(yī)院連續(xù)住院的ACS患者。圖1是試驗(yàn)的流程圖,有365例患者入組,所有患者均簽署了知情同意書(shū),并通過(guò)北京市門頭溝區(qū)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)同意。排除7例非藥物涂層支架和6例失訪患者外,隨訪期結(jié)束后有326例患者資料齊全。記錄患者的病史﹑體格檢查和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果。入選患者分為3組。第1組:Hp陰性組(Hp,n=176),第2組:Hp陽(yáng)性并進(jìn)行根除Hp治療組(Hp+治療,n=75),和第3組:Hp陽(yáng)性未根除Hp治療組(Hp +無(wú)治療,n=75)。Hp陽(yáng)性組利用數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)決定是否進(jìn)行根除治療。

圖1 入組患者隨訪流程圖

Fig.1 Flow chart of the patients enrolled into the trial

Hp:Helicobacterpylori; DES: drug eluting stent.

1.2 入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

根據(jù)2012年歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)指南[9],入選的ACS患者由不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛,非ST段抬高心肌梗死和ST段抬高心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)組成。所有患者服用雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療,住院期間植入藥物洗脫支架后,沒(méi)有消化系統(tǒng)癥狀及體征。

1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

曾在1月內(nèi)有胃腸道出血者,有胃切除術(shù)、心功能不全、甲狀腺功能異常病史,任何部位的現(xiàn)癥感染。在1個(gè)月內(nèi)使用抗生素、質(zhì)子泵抑制劑、H2受體拮抗劑、鉍劑或硫糖鋁。住院期間未行DES植入術(shù)也被排除在外。有反酸、燒心、惡心、嘔吐、胃痛、腹瀉或已明確存在Hp感染而致的消化性潰瘍患者被排除。

1.4 方法

1.4.1 常規(guī)檢查

所有患者入院后第二天進(jìn)行下面的檢查,受試者抽血化驗(yàn)前至少空腹2 h:血常規(guī)、糖化血紅蛋白、血清高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(high sensitive C-reactive protein, hs-CRP)、血清同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, HCY)、凝血4項(xiàng)。

1.4.213C尿素呼氣試驗(yàn)

13C尿素呼氣試驗(yàn)使用HCBT-01呼氣試驗(yàn)自動(dòng)化測(cè)試儀(深圳中核海德威生物科技有限公司)。Hp感染由13C/12C同位素比值確定(δ‰)。Hp感染被定義為δ≥(4±0.4)‰[10]。

1.4.3 超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查

采用GE VIVID超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)GE公司)進(jìn)行超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查?;颊弑灰笤谧髠?cè)臥位。在胸骨旁長(zhǎng)軸、胸骨旁短軸、心尖四腔心切面和心尖兩腔圖中使用。左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑和左心房?jī)?nèi)徑均采用胸骨旁長(zhǎng)軸切面測(cè)量。雙側(cè)辛普森公式用來(lái)量化左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular eject fraction, LVEF)。

1.4.4 冠狀動(dòng)脈血管造影術(shù)(coronary angiography, CAG)和經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)

所有的急性心肌梗死患者接受再灌注治療為直接PCI。所有患者不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者進(jìn)行擇期PCI。術(shù)前簽署知情同意書(shū)后,立即給予負(fù)荷劑量阿司匹林(300 mg)和氯吡格雷(300 mg)服用??鼓o予普通肝素(100 IU / kg),活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間≥60 s。血栓抽吸、球囊血管成形術(shù)和支架植入術(shù)采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)。

1.5 Hp根除療法

根除治療組給予為期10 d的雷貝拉唑(20 mg,每天2次)、阿莫西林(1 g,每日2次)和左氧氟沙星(250 mg,每天2次)治療。Hp根除治療后30 d再進(jìn)行13C尿素呼氣試驗(yàn)為陰性。

1.6 隨訪

所有患者出院后門診隨訪5年。出院后1個(gè)月在心內(nèi)科門診進(jìn)行隨訪,此后每6個(gè)月進(jìn)行隨訪。監(jiān)測(cè)MACE事件(包括非致死性心梗,非致死性靶血管血運(yùn)重建以及全因死亡)[11]和UGIB。所有患者完成數(shù)據(jù)采集后,進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)錄入和分析。

1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

連續(xù)變量采用t檢驗(yàn),非連續(xù)變量采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。當(dāng)連續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)不呈正態(tài)分布,組間比較采用非參數(shù)Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)。采用Kaplan-Meier比較3組間的MACE發(fā)生率和UGIB發(fā)生率。使用Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型對(duì)MACE和UGIB的影響因素先進(jìn)行單因素分析,P<0.1的變量進(jìn)入多因素回歸分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 3組患者基線資料比較

3組患者h(yuǎn)sCRP和HCY水平比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),其余變量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。

2.2 Cox回歸分析結(jié)果

Cox單因素分析顯示,Hp+無(wú)治療、年齡和多支病變與MACE事件的發(fā)生有關(guān),Cox多因素回歸分析顯示,Hp+無(wú)治療(RR:2.441,95%CI:1.354~4.400,P=0.003)、年齡(RR:1.022,95%CI:1.001~1.043,P=0.038)、多支病變(RR:1.781,95%CI:1.011~3.138,P=0.046)和HsCRP(RR:0.964,95%CI:0.932~0.997,P=0.035)是MACE事件發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)因子(表2)。

Cox單因素分析顯示,Hp+無(wú)治療和年齡與UGIB事件的發(fā)生有關(guān),Cox多因素回歸分析顯示,Hp+無(wú)治療(RR:5.257,95%CI:2.572~10.745,P<0.001)、年齡(RR:1.037,95%CI:1.011~1.063,P=0.004)、糖尿病(RR:0.287,95%CI:0.112~0.735,P=0.009)和HsCRP(RR:0.940,95%CI:0.893~0.989,P=0.017)是UGIB事件發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)因子(表3)。

表1 3組患者基線資料

Tab.1 Baseline data of the three groups

ItemHp?group(n=176)Hp+therapygroup(n=75)Hp+notherapygroup(n=75)PvalueFemale89(50.6)45(60.0)36(48.0)0.280Hypertention94(53.6)44(58.7)34(45.3)0.254Hyperlipemia53(30.1)21(28.0)28(37.3)0.414Diabetes50(28.4)16(21.3)22(29.3)0.448Smoke93(52.8)40(46.7)29(38.7)0.115Cerebraldisease14(8.0)8(10.7)13(17.3)0.089HistoryofCAD13(7.4)6(8.0)7(9.3)0.873Fundusarterylesion106(60.2)48(64.0)37(49.3)0.154Coronarylesion0.079 Singlelesion96(54.5)52(69.3)41(54.7) Doublelesion51(29.0)12(16.0)16(21.3) Triplelesion29(16.5)11(14.7)18(24.0)ACS0.203 UAP125(71.0)53(70.7)45(60.0) AMI51(29.0)22(29.3)30(40.0)PrimaryPCI49(27.8)17(22.7)29(38.7)0.084Asprin173(98.3)73(97.3)1(98.7)0.825Plevix174(98.9)74(98.7)2(97.3)0.689GⅡbⅢa24(13.6)12(16.0)9(12.0)0.774SBP/mmHg△120.0±15.3122.0±15.7124.0±16.80.144Heartrate/min-170.7±7.371.6±13.871.0±12.30.826Age/a62.1±12.461.2±11.564.4±14.20.268BMI/(kg·m-2)24.5±3.524.9±3.524.3±4.10.631WBC/(×109·L-1)6.3±1.56.5±2.16.7±2.00.364LVEF/%60.8±7.161.3±9.658.5±12.00.118hsCRP/(mg·L-1)2.1(1.20-5.77)3.9(1.58-15.00)6.9(3.5-12.00)0.000HCY/(μmol·L-1)10.1(8.60-5.77)14.0(10.90-17.90)16.1(11.20-18.00)0.000

△1mmHg=0.133kPa;Hp:Helicobacterpylori;CAD: coronary artery disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; UAP: unstable angina pectoris; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PCI:percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WBC: white blood-cell count; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; HCY: homocysteine.

表2 Cox回歸分析MACE的影響因素(進(jìn)入法)

Tab.2 Predictors of presence of MACE in Cox proportional hazards regression model (enter)

CategoryUnivariateRR95%CIPMultivariateRR95%CIPHp+notherapy2.1871.260-3.7980.0052.4411.354-4.4000.003Age1.0261.006-1.0470.0101.0221.001-1.0430.038Smoke1.0330.631-1.6930.8961.1340.675-1.9050.635Hypertention0.9230.562-1.5150.7510.9930.591-1.6680.978Diabetes0.7610.420-1.3790.3680.7100.356-1.4180.332Hyperlipemia0.8080.463-1.4090.4521.0310.541-1.9640.927HistoryofCAD1.0250.411-2.5570.9571.1750.441-3.1330.747Multiplevessellesion1.8811.078-3.2810.0261.7811.011-3.1380.046hsCRP0.9760.949-1.0050.1040.9640.932-0.9970.035HCY1.0250.996-1.0560.0921.0160.984-1.0500.333 MACE:majoradversecardiacevents;Hp:Helicobacterpylori;RR:relativerisk;CI:confidenceinterval;CAD:coronaryarterydisease;hsCRP:highsensitiveC?reactiveprotein;HCY:homocysteine.

表3 Cox回歸分析上消化道出血的影響因素(進(jìn)入法)

Tab.3 Predictors of presence of UGIB in Cox proportional hazards regression model (enter)

CategoryUnivariateRR95%CIPvalueMultivariateRR95%CIPvalueHp+notherapy3.1371.643-5.9920.0015.2572.572-10.7450.000Age1.0331.008-1.0580.0091.0371.011-1.0630.004Smoke0.6960.384-1.2650.2351.5660.844-2.9050.155Hypertention1.0110.559-1.8260.9720.9730.523-1.8100.930Diabetes0.5820.271-1.2530.1670.2870.112-0.7350.009Hyperlipemia1.1600.622-2.1640.6402.0810.996-4.3470.051HistoryofCAD1.1530.412-3.2220.7861.3520.449-4.0760.592Multiplevessellesion0.4400.157-1.2300.1180.4570.162-1.2850.138hsCRP0.9700.933-1.0090.1260.9400.893-0.9890.017HCY1.0220.986-1.0590.2351.0090.967-1.0540.673 UGIB:uppergastrointestinalbleeding;Hp:Helicobacterpylori;RR:relativerisk;CI:confidenceinterval;CAD:coronaryarterydisease;hsCRP:highsensitiveC?reactiveprotein;HCY:homocysteine.

2.3 比較3組 MACE和UGIB的發(fā)生率

隨訪60個(gè)月,3組患者M(jìn)ACE 的發(fā)生率分別為15.9%,16.0%和30.7%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log rank testF=9.462,P=0.009),詳見(jiàn)圖2。3組UGIB 的發(fā)生率分別為9.7%,9.3%和26.7%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log rank testF=16.188,P<0.001),詳見(jiàn) 圖3。

圖2 3組患者累積MACE事件的Kaplan Meier曲線

Fig.2 Kaplan-Meier curves of MACE among three groups

MACE:main adverse cardiovascular event; Hp:Helicobacterpylori.

3 討論

Hp是一種強(qiáng)制性的細(xì)胞內(nèi)病原體,可導(dǎo)致持久性感染,在某些患者中可能終生存在,并可以產(chǎn)生永久的抗體[3]。有研究[12-13]報(bào)道Hp陽(yáng)性和心臟X綜合征的患者有較大相關(guān)性,Hp感染與ACS之間亦關(guān)系密切[7,14],但是也有研究[15-17]顯示二者并無(wú)明確相關(guān)性。本研究評(píng)估了326例行DES植入的ACS患者未來(lái)5年內(nèi)Hp感染與MACE和UGIB的關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)Hp感染是預(yù)測(cè)MACE和UGIB的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Hp陽(yáng)性未根除治療的患者相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是Hp陰性組的2.441倍。Hp陽(yáng)性患者如果給予根除Hp治療則與Hp陰性的患者的MACE和UGIB發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這也從側(cè)面證實(shí)Hp根除治療可以降低MACE和UGIB的發(fā)生率。

圖3 3組患者UGIB事件的Kaplan Meier曲線

Fig.3 Comparison of Kaplan-Meier curves as a function of time to the UGIB among three groups

UGIB:upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Hp:Helicobacterpylori.

研究[18-19]指出Hp感染對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有促進(jìn)作用:首先,Hp感染啟動(dòng)一種急性期反應(yīng),并激活腫瘤壞死因子-1、白細(xì)胞介素-6和纖維蛋白原,這些炎性細(xì)胞因子可以直接或間接地參與動(dòng)脈壁的炎性反應(yīng)。其次,Hp也可以導(dǎo)致血小板聚集,并通過(guò)引起內(nèi)皮損傷來(lái)激活自身免疫反應(yīng)[20-21],由于抗原模仿,細(xì)菌和熱休克蛋白之間產(chǎn)生交叉免疫反應(yīng)[22],這個(gè)過(guò)程可能導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[23]。此外,Hp可以直接定植于動(dòng)脈血管壁[18],有研究者[24]利用聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)技術(shù)在動(dòng)脈粥樣斑塊處發(fā)現(xiàn)了Hp。在ACS和斑塊破裂的急性期,Hp可能導(dǎo)致局部炎性反應(yīng),加重血小板聚集,導(dǎo)致急性心肌缺血的發(fā)生[22],這可以解釋Hp感染與長(zhǎng)期不良事件相關(guān)。

以往對(duì)于Hp感染與未來(lái)心血管不良事件發(fā)生率之間關(guān)系是有爭(zhēng)議的,這種差異可能是由于研究人群不同所致。例如,有研究[18]入選的是健康成年人,而還有研究[25]則入選了冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病患者。此外,以前的研究[26]只是檢測(cè)Hp IgG和IgA抗體,二者對(duì)評(píng)估Hp感染的敏感性和特異性均較差。本研究采用13C尿素呼氣試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)是否存在Hp感染,該檢測(cè)技術(shù)是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外認(rèn)可的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[26-27]。在本研究中,傳統(tǒng)的心血管危險(xiǎn)因素包括高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙、家族史和MACE的發(fā)生率無(wú)顯著相關(guān),可能是因?yàn)楸狙芯咳脒x的患者均為ACS患者,絕大多數(shù)患者均存在若干上述危險(xiǎn)因素,而且在隨訪期間對(duì)上述傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素已給予了積極的治療。另外,也可能存在選擇偏倚、單中心研究和樣本量偏小的問(wèn)題,尚期待大規(guī)模的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究。

綜上,本研究表明,在植入DES的ACS患者中,Hp感染患者在長(zhǎng)期隨訪中有更多的MACE和UGIB發(fā)生,Hp根除治療可以降低MACE和UGIB的發(fā)生率。

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編輯 孫超淵

Helicobacterpyloriinfection impact on long-term prognosis in patients implanted with drug-eluting stent with acute coronary syndrome

Wang Dezhao1, Wang Jun2, Li Shijing2, Chen Buxing1*

(1.DepartmentofCardiology,BeijingTiantanHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100050,China; 2.DepartmentofCardiology,BeijingMentougouDistrictHospital,Beijing102300,China)

Objective To explore the relationship betweenHelicobacterpylori(Hp) infection and the long-term outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Methods We retrospectively analyzed consecutive 326 patients who were treated with DES implantation from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012. Demographic data were collected and all patients underwent examination of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), homocysteine (HCY) and other biochemical indicators. All the patients were divided into three groups according to the result of13C urea breath test. Group 1 had 176 patients without Hp infection; Group 2 had 75 patients with Hp infection with eradication therapy; and group 3, 75 patients with Hp infection without eradication therapy. We explored the correlations of Hp infection with major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) after 5 years of follow-up using survival analysis. Results After 5 years of follow-up, we found that patients with Hp infection without therapy had more MACE and UGIB than the other two groups (Pvalue is 0.009 and 0.000, respectively). Survival analysis showed that Hp infection was a predictor of MACE with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.441, with 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.354-4.400,P=0.003 and UGIB with HR of 5.257, with 95%CI: 2.572-10.745,P<0.001. Conclusion Patients after DES implantation with Hp infection had more MACE and UGIB after 5 years of follow-up. Hp eradication therapy maybe able to lower the rate of MACE and UGIB.

Helicobacterpylori; eradication therapy; acute coronary syndrome; major adverse cardiac events; long-term outcome

北京市優(yōu)秀青年基金項(xiàng)目(2011D008017000002)。This study was supported by Outstanding Youth Fund Project the of Beijing(2011D008017000002).

時(shí)間:2016-12-15 09∶52

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.R.20161215.0952.002.html

10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2016.06.006]

R 54

2016-10-03)

*Corresponding author, E-mail:chbux@126.com

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