張先達(dá),陳奕龍,張丹雁
(1.深圳市寶安區(qū)中心醫(yī)院,廣東深圳518102;2.廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥學(xué)院,廣東廣州510006)
南大青葉及其混偽品生藥學(xué)研究
張先達(dá)1,陳奕龍2,張丹雁2
(1.深圳市寶安區(qū)中心醫(yī)院,廣東深圳518102;2.廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥學(xué)院,廣東廣州510006)
【目的】對(duì)市售南大青葉及其常見混偽品進(jìn)行鑒別,為南大青葉藥材及其中藥制劑質(zhì)量控制提供參考。【方法】采集南大青葉藥材(野生及栽培品)及其混偽品球花馬藍(lán)葉、廣西馬藍(lán)葉、路邊青葉,采用性狀、半顯微、顯微鑒定方法對(duì)其進(jìn)行鑒別?!窘Y(jié)果】南大青葉正品與混偽品在性狀鑒別上的差異,主要在于葉形、葉片和葉柄的長(zhǎng)度、葉肉顏色、葉尖端、葉緣、上下表面覆蓋物及氣味等;在半顯微鑒別上的區(qū)別,主要在于葉柄、主脈、側(cè)脈和葉肉上的毛茸特點(diǎn)及葉肉上是否能看到鐘乳體等;而顯微鑒別特征主要在于上下表皮細(xì)胞形狀、氣孔軸式、腺鱗、非腺毛及結(jié)晶的類型等?!窘Y(jié)論】性狀鑒定、半顯微鑒定及顯微鑒定法相結(jié)合可準(zhǔn)確鑒別、區(qū)分南大青葉及其混偽品,為南大青葉的鑒別提供理論依據(jù)。
南大青葉;馬藍(lán);球花馬藍(lán);廣西馬藍(lán);路邊青;鑒別
南大青葉來源于爵床科植物馬藍(lán)Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees)Bremek.的干燥葉及幼嫩莖,苦、咸、大寒,具有清熱解毒、涼血定驚等功效[1],主要分布于我國華南、西南和華東等地區(qū)[2],為抗病毒常用中草藥[3],具有悠久的臨床藥用歷史,但尚未列入地方及國家藥品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。由于馬藍(lán)野生資源不足,栽培產(chǎn)量難以滿足市場(chǎng)需求,市售南大青葉多為同科混偽品(球花馬藍(lán)葉、廣西馬藍(lán)葉等),部分地區(qū)則將馬鞭草科路邊青的葉當(dāng)南大青葉藥用。目前,已有文獻(xiàn)探討了南大青葉與球花馬藍(lán)葉、蓼藍(lán)葉、路邊青葉等的鑒別特征[5-9],但所做表述較為簡(jiǎn)略、片面。因此,本研究在本課題組前期研究[10]的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合《中國藥典》要求,分別從性狀鑒定、顯微鑒定及理化鑒定等方面對(duì)南大青葉與混偽品的生物學(xué)特征進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的描述說明,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 藥材栽培南大青葉采自福建仙游和廣東圍墾,野生南大青葉采自廣東從化和廣東河源,混偽品球花馬藍(lán)葉、廣西馬藍(lán)葉及路邊青葉采自貴州、廣西、廣東等地,以上樣品均經(jīng)廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥鑒定教研室張丹雁教授鑒定,分別為爵床科馬藍(lán)Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees)Bremek.的干燥葉及幼嫩莖,球花馬藍(lán)Strobilanthes Pentstemonoides(Nees) T.Ander、廣西馬藍(lán)Strobilanthes guangxiensis S.Z. Huang及馬鞭草科路邊青Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz.的干燥葉。
1.2 儀器游標(biāo)卡尺(三圈牌,上海),X5Z-H COIC三目顯微鏡(重慶奧特光學(xué)儀器有限責(zé)任公司),TP510電子目鏡及SMZ-T4連續(xù)變倍體視顯微鏡(重慶奧特光學(xué)儀器有限責(zé)任公司)。
2.1 性狀鑒別采用傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)鑒別方法分別對(duì)南大青葉正品及混偽品的葉片形狀、顏色、葉緣、表面覆蓋物等外觀特征進(jìn)行觀察比較,并測(cè)量葉片長(zhǎng)度、寬度,結(jié)果見表1。
2.2 半顯微鑒別采用體視鏡觀察南大青葉正品及混偽品的葉片上下表面覆蓋物、葉脈毛茸密集程度、葉脈及腺點(diǎn)等,結(jié)果見表2及圖1~10。
2.3 顯微鑒別
2.3.1 整體透化裝片及粉末透化裝片采用顯微鏡觀察葉片的整體透化裝片以及粉末透化裝片,觀察其上下表面特征,包括上下表皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)、氣孔軸式、腺鱗及非腺毛形態(tài)、導(dǎo)管類型、結(jié)晶類型及形狀等。在光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察2種葉片裝片的顯微特征并拍照,采用顯微圖像分析系統(tǒng)測(cè)量,并比較各樣品數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果見表3及圖11~16。
表1 南大青葉正品與混偽品藥材性狀比較Table 1Comparison of the appearance characters of the leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia and the mixed adulterants
表2 南大青葉正品與混偽品體視鏡特征比較Table 2Comparison of the semi-microscopic characters of the leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia and the mixed adulterants detected by stereoscope
圖1 栽培品南大青葉(正面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 1Stereoscopic features of obverse side of leafves of cultivated Baphicacanthus cusia(×20)
圖2 栽培品南大青葉(背面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 2Stereoscopic features of reverse side of leaves of cultivated Baphicacanthus cusia(×20)
圖3 野生品南大青葉(正面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 3Stereoscopic features of obverse side of leaves of wild Baphicacanthus cusia(×20)
圖4 野生品南大青葉(背面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 4Stereoscopic features of reverse side of leaves of wild Baphicacanthus cusia(×20)
圖5 球花馬藍(lán)葉(正面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 5Stereoscopic features of obverse side of leaves of Qiuhuamalan(×20)
圖6 球花馬藍(lán)葉(背面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 6Stereoscopic features of reverse side of leaves of Qiuhuamalan(×20)
圖7 廣西馬藍(lán)葉(正面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 7Stereoscopic features of obverse side of leaves of Guangxi Malan(×20)
圖8 廣西馬藍(lán)葉(背面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 8Stereoscopic features of reverse side of leaves of Guangxi Malan(×20)
圖9 路邊青葉(正面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 9Stereoscopic features of obverse side of leaves of Lubianqing(×20)
圖10 路邊青葉(背面)體視鏡特征表現(xiàn)(×20)Figure 10Stereoscopic features of reverse side of leaves of Lubianqing(×20)
圖11 南大青葉與混偽品氣孔軸式(×40)Figure 11Comparison of shaft-type stomata of Baphicacanthus cusia and its mixed adulterants(×40)
2.3.2栽培品與野生品南大青葉組織特征比較分別將新鮮南大青葉及嫩莖于流水下洗凈,選取完整的葉片及嫩莖,固定于FAA固定液中;以常規(guī)石蠟法制片,切片厚度為15~20 μm;以苯胺藍(lán)染色,中性樹膠封片,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察顯微特征并拍照;利用顯微圖像分析系統(tǒng)測(cè)量,比較數(shù)據(jù),栽培品與野生品南大青葉組織特征比較結(jié)果見表4及圖17~21,栽培品與野生品馬藍(lán)嫩莖組織特征比較結(jié)果見表5及圖22~25。
圖12 南大青葉與混偽品腺鱗比較(×40)Figure 12 Comparison of adeno-squamous hair of leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia and its mixed adulterants(×40)
圖13 南大青葉與混偽品非腺毛比較(×40)Figure 13Comparison of non-glandular hairs of leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia and its mixed adulterants(×40)
圖14 南大青葉與混偽品鐘乳體比較(×40)Figure 14Comparison of cystoliths of Baphicacanthus curia and its mixed adulterants(×40)
圖15 南大青葉靛藍(lán)結(jié)晶(×40)Figure 15Indigo-blue crystallization in the leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia(×40)
圖16 路邊青葉晶鞘纖維(×40)Figure 16Crystal fibers in leaves of Lubianqing(×40)
表4 栽培品與野生品南大青葉組織特征比較Table 4Comparison of the histological features of the leaves of cultured and wild Baphicacanthus cusia samples
圖17 南大青葉橫切面顯微特征(×4)Figure 17Microscopic features of cross section of Baphicacanthus cusia leaves(×4)
圖18 南大青葉上表皮及柵欄組織(×40)Figure 18Upper epidermis and palisade tissues of Baphicacanthus cusia leaves(×40)
圖19 南大青葉下表皮及腺鱗(×40)Figure 19Lower epidermis and glandular tissues of Baphicacanthus cusia leaves(×40)
圖20 南大青葉木質(zhì)部及韌皮部(×10)Figure 20Xylem and phloem of Baphicacanthus cusia leaves(×10)
圖21 南大青葉鐘乳體(×40)Figure 21 Cystoliths of Baphicacanthus cusia leaves(×40)
圖22 馬藍(lán)嫩莖橫切面顯微特征(×4)Figure 22Microscopic features of cross section of tender stems of Baphicacanthus cusia(×4)
南大青葉藥材栽培品與野生品性狀極為相似,須泡水展開后觀察其葉形、葉寬、葉先端、葉基部、厚薄及長(zhǎng)寬比等并進(jìn)行鑒別。南大青葉正品與混偽品在性狀鑒別上差異主要在于葉形、葉片和葉柄的長(zhǎng)度、葉肉顏色、葉尖端、葉緣、上下表面覆蓋物及氣味等;在半顯微鑒別上區(qū)別主要在于葉柄、主脈、側(cè)脈和葉肉上的毛茸特點(diǎn)及葉肉上是否能看到鐘乳體等;而顯微鑒別特征主要在于上下表皮細(xì)胞形狀,氣孔軸式、腺鱗、非腺毛及結(jié)晶的類型等。
栽培品馬藍(lán)為大田種植,蔭蔽度低,光照強(qiáng),蒸騰作用強(qiáng),而野生品多生于山坡、草叢及林邊等較蔭蔽潮濕的地方,蔭蔽度高,蒸騰作用較栽培品弱[11]。因此,從葉形上看,栽培的南大青葉葉片較寬而厚,而野生的南大青葉為獲得光照而不斷伸展,使得葉片長(zhǎng)而薄。另外,從顯微結(jié)構(gòu)看,栽培品由于光照和肥水充足,代謝旺盛,葉及嫩莖組織結(jié)構(gòu)中木化程度高,木質(zhì)部及韌皮部明顯較野生品寬,細(xì)胞排列較疏松,毛茸及次生產(chǎn)物靛藍(lán)、鐘乳體數(shù)量亦明顯較野生品多。南大青葉栽培品與野生品之間的差異反映了藥材性狀及組織結(jié)構(gòu)與生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。
表5 栽培品與野生品馬藍(lán)嫩莖組織特征比較Table 5Histological features of the tender stems of the cultured and wild Baphicacanthus cusia
圖23 馬藍(lán)嫩莖皮層及厚角組織(×20)Figure 23Cortex and collenchyma of tender stems of Baphicacanthus cusia(×20)
圖24 馬藍(lán)嫩莖木射線及導(dǎo)管(×10)Figure 24Wood ray and vessel of tender stems of Baphicacanthus cusia(×10)
圖25 馬藍(lán)嫩莖髓部(×10)Figure 25Centrum of tender stems of Baphicacanthus cusia(×10)
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【責(zé)任編輯:黃玲,侯麗穎】
Pharmacognostical Studies of Leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees)Bremek. and Its Adulterants
ZHANG Xianda1,CHEN Yilong2,ZHANG Danyan2
(1.Central Hospital ofBao’an District,Shenzhen 518102 Guangdong,China;2.College ofChinese Herbal Medicine,Guangzhou UniversityofChinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo identify the leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees)Bremek.from its commonly-seen adulterants in China markets,so as to provide a reference for the quality control of Baphicacanthus cusia and its preparations.MethodsThe leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia(wild or cultivated samples)and its adulterants of Strobilanthes Pentstemonoides(Nees)T.Ander(Qiuhuamalan),Strobilanthes guangxiensis S.Z.Huang(Guangxi Malan),and Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz.(Lubianqing)were collected for the identification of their macroscopic,semi-microscopic and microscopic characteristics.ResultsGreat differences of appearance characters were shown in the leaves of Baphicacanthus curia and the mixed adulterants,and the differences were mainly present in leaf shape,leaf and petiole length,leaf color,leaf apex,leaf edge,leaf surface coverings and leaf smell.The main differences of the semi-microscopic features lied in the petioles,midrib and lateral veins,fluffy characteristics of the mesophyll,and the presence of cystoliths on the mesophyll.The differences of the microscopic characteristics mainly lied in the upper and lower epidermal cell shape,shaft type stomata,adenosquamous and non-glandular hairs and crystallization types.ConclusionThe combination of the macroscopic identification,semi-micro scopic and microscopic identification methods can be used for the exact identification of leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia and its adulterants,which will provide the theory basis for the identification of leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia.
leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees)Bremek.;Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees)Bremek;Strobilanthes Pentstemonoides(Nees)T.Ander(Qiuhuamalan);Strobilanthes guangxiensis S.Z.Huang(Guangxi Malan);Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz.(Lubianqing);identification
R286.0
A
1007-3213(2016)06-0860-08
10.13359/j.cnki.gzxbtcm.2016.06.024
2016-05-17
張先達(dá)(1975-),男,主管藥師;E-mail:71203955@qq.com
張丹雁(1964-),女,教授,博士研究生導(dǎo)師;E-mail:danyan64@163.com
廣東省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2010B030700067)