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動詞的時態(tài)考點探究

2016-12-22 02:06李燕
高中生學習·高二版 2016年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:主句時態(tài)謂語

李燕

動詞的考查是高考英語中的重點,而動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)既是英語學習的基礎(chǔ),又是英語測試的難點。

一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進行時

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1. 一般現(xiàn)在時

一般現(xiàn)在時表示一個習慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作。常與表示習慣的副詞always, every time,now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等連用。對一般現(xiàn)在時的考查常用過去時態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)進行干擾。

(1)考查表示按時間表將要發(fā)生的動作或事件。

例1 What we used to think _______ impossible now does seem possible.

A. is B. was

C. has been D. will be

解析 B。句意為:我們原先認為不可能的事,如今確實變得可能了。What we used to think為主語從句的主語從句,was為主語從句的謂語動詞。

(2)考查表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時的情況或狀態(tài)。

例2 The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.

A. hasnt lived B. didnt live

C. had lived D. doesnt live

解析 D。謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時,表示現(xiàn)在不住在這里。

(3)考查表示普遍真理、事實。

例3 Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

解析 B。盡管我們橫渡太平洋是幾個月前的事情,但是海洋的名稱是存在的事實。

(4)考查一般現(xiàn)在時的替代用法。

在以when, till/until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引導的時間狀語從句,在以if, unless, once等引導的條件狀語從句和以no matter, however, even if等引導的讓步狀語從句中,如果主句中的動詞用一般將來時,從句中的動詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。

例4 —What would you do if it _____ tomorrow?

—We have to carry it on, since weve got everything ready.

A. rain B. rains

C. will rain D. is raining

解析 B。if引導條件狀語從句,在條件狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

2. 現(xiàn)在進行時

(1)考查表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作或發(fā)生的事。

例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.

A. will be repaired B. is repaired

C. is being repaired D. has been repaired

解析 C。謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時態(tài),說明現(xiàn)在汽車正在被修理。

(2)考查表示某個按最近的計劃或安排將要進行的動作、即將開始或結(jié)束的動作。常用的這類動詞有:go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。

例6 —Whats the terrible noise?

—The neighbours _______ for a party.

A. have prepared B. are preparing

C. prepare D. will prepare

解析 B。從上下文語境看講的是現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事。

1. 一般過去時

一般過去時表示在過去某時某刻發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),它常與表示過去的時間狀語連用,如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, at that time等。但是一般過去時也經(jīng)常用在沒有說明過去的時間狀語的句子中。

例7 Its said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and education.

A. were being designed B. have designed

C. have been designed D. were designed

解析 D。the early說明以前歐洲撲克牌的設(shè)計是為了娛樂和教育。

例8 My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _______ there for a few months and then went to America.

A. worked B. would work

C. would be working D. has been working

解析 A。two years ago說明是發(fā)生在過去的事情。

例9 More than a dozen students in that school ______ abroad to study medicine last year.

A. sent B. were sent

C. had sent D. had been sent

解析 B。last year表示過去,同時主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式。

2. 過去進行時

把過去進行時放在when, while, as等引導的時間狀語從句中考查。如果主句謂語和從句謂語都發(fā)生在過去,動作時間長的用過去進行時,表達談話背景;動作時間短的用一般過去時,表達新的信息。

例10 —You were out when I dropped in at your house.

—Oh, I ______ for a friend from England at the airport.

A. was waiting B. had waited

C. am waiting D. have waited

解析 A。句意為:——我順路去你家時,你不在家?!?,(那個時候)我在機場等從英國來的朋友。強調(diào)在過去某一時間(你來我家時)正在進行的動作(在機場等人)。

例11 Shirely ______ a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.

A. has written B. wrote

C. had written D. was writing

解析 D。根據(jù)I dont know whether she has finished it可判斷去年她不可能寫完這本書,因而去年應(yīng)該一直在寫。選項部分的謂語動詞的動作并非在過去某一時間已經(jīng)完成,而是指在過去某一時間正在進行,故應(yīng)選過去進行時。

3. 過去完成時

過去完成時,經(jīng)常以“過去”為背景,要想表達比這一背景更早的動作,常用此時態(tài)。

(1)把過去完成時放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中考查。

例12 When the old man _______ to walk back to his house, the sun _______ itself behind the mountain.

A. started; had already hidden

B. had started; had already hidden

C. had started; was hiding

D. was starting; hid

解析 A。主句的動作在前,從句的動作在后,從句中謂語動詞started to walk back表示過去時間點,因此主句的動作應(yīng)用過去完成時。

(2)把過去完成時放在“by+時間點”或“by the time+從句”的句子里考查。

例13 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ______ in Beijing.

A. would be completed

B. was being completed

C. has been completed

D. had been completed

解析 D。by the end of last year常與過去完成時連用,表示到過去某個時候前已經(jīng)完成的動作。

例14 I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _______ to half a dozen other groups.

A. was giving B. am giving

C. had given D. have given

解析 C。句意為:我在給一大群人做報告,與給其余六組人做過的是同一個報告。依據(jù)上下文的時間概念,推斷出所需要的時間(過去的過去)。

1. 現(xiàn)成完成時

(1)考查表示所發(fā)生的動作或事情對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。

例15 Although medical science _______ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.

A. achieved B. has achieved

C. will achieve D. had achieved

解析 B。盡管句中未出現(xiàn)時間狀語,但可以判斷出醫(yī)學已經(jīng)控制住了一些危險的疾病。

例16 Millions of pounds worth of damage ______ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.

A. has been caused B. had been caused

C. will be caused D. will have been caused

解析 A。storm后的定語從句有明確的時間狀語last night,故主語時態(tài)應(yīng)確定為完成時,但D項為將來完成時,顯然與語境不符。B項為過去完成時,但本句強調(diào)昨晚發(fā)生的風暴對現(xiàn)在的影響。

(2)考查表示一個從過去某個時間開始,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。即過去的動作一直延續(xù)至今并可能繼續(xù)下去,常與for或since等短語連用。

例17 —The window is dirty.

— I know. It ________ for weeks.

A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean

C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned

解析 D。句意為:——窗戶很臟了?!抑?。好幾周沒有擦了。關(guān)鍵詞for weeks,表示到目前為止的結(jié)果,好幾周不擦了;窗戶與擦的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系,故被動語態(tài)。

注意,由終止性動詞leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等構(gòu)成的完成時不能與for或since引導的時間狀語連用。但這些終止性動詞的否定式可以與for或since短語連用。如:I havent met him for two years.

例18 My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.

A. served B. is serving

C. had served D. has served

解析 D。時間狀語all his life說明我的朋友從過去到現(xiàn)在一直在奧委會工作。

2. 現(xiàn)成完成進行時

主要考查表示一個從過去某時開始發(fā)生,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去的動作?,F(xiàn)在完成進行時是由“have/has been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,表示從過去某一時刻發(fā)生的動作,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還可能繼續(xù)下去。它與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別如下:

(1)現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是完成的動作,而現(xiàn)在完成進行時是持續(xù)了一段時間的動作,這個動作剛停止或仍在繼續(xù)。

I have written an article. (已完成)

I have been writing an article. (還在寫)

(2)有些延續(xù)性動詞,如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時差別不大。

I have lived here for ten years.=I have been living here for ten years.

另外要注意的是:表示短暫動作的動詞(finish, marry, get up, come, go等)一般不能用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。

例19 Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _______ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.

A. had considered B. has been considering

C. considered D. is going to consider

解析 B。句意為:既然露西失業(yè)了,她一直在考慮返校讀書,但她還沒有定下來。用完成進行時,表示過去的動作(考慮返校學習)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(還沒有決定)今后還有可能進行的動作。

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